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Reporter Apr-03.Qxd April 2003 International Society for Reporter Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions IN THIS ISSUE Rooting GMOs in Africa Muffy Koch, Innovation Biotechnology, Box 30923, Kyalami, South Africa, 1684 Rooting GMOs [email protected] in Africa ............................1,2 & 4 Biotechnology and Agenda 21 Report on Preparations for 11th IS-MPMI Congress...................... 3 Last year there was a strong call from delegates at the World Summit On Sustainable Development (WSSD, Johannesburg 2002) to implement Agenda 21 in order to meet the Genome Research of obligations set out in the Convention On Biological Diversity. Access to and transfer of tech- Agriculturally Important nology between parties to the Convention and the environmentally sound management of Bacteria in Germany ............. 4, 5 biotechnology are central to the implementation of Agenda 21. Agenda 21 acknowledges the benefits biotechnology can offer to address poverty alleviation, sustainable development and MPMI Journal biodiversity conservation (UNEP/CBD/MYPOW/5, 2003). It sees value in both the old and Articles ........................... 6, 7 new biotechnology techniques and through the Cartagena Protocol On Biosafety, it sets out New Members .................... 8 mechanisms for safe and responsible use of living modified organisms. The assessment of our progress in implementing Agenda 21 will be undertaken in 2010, just 7 years away. This News from the begs a review of what impact biotechnology is having in Africa — if only to serve as a base- USDA ARS .......................... 8 line for future assessments of the continent’s progress, but also to spur us on to establishing and completing programs for biotechnology transfer to developing countries. IS-MPMI Treasurer’s Report ................................ 8 Biosafety in Africa Calendar of Events ............. 9, 10 The findings of two regional reviews (Komen et al., 2000; Johannsen, 2001) both indicate an acceptance of non-controversial biotechnology techniques such as tissue culture and molecu- Employment ..................... 10 lar breeding in most of the African states with scientific capacity, including Egypt, Ghana, Membership Kenya, Mauritius, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania and Zimbabwe. The implementation of Directory....................... 11-23 genetic modification, however, is slow. The testing of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) is limited to countries with established biosafety frameworks. In these countries, IS-MPMI REPORTER DEADLINE activities with GMOs can be reviewed and approved (or refused) based on the level of risk they may generate and the ability to manage, monitor and minimize any risks to acceptable Deadline for submitting items levels (Kitch, et al. 2002). for the next issue is June 25, 2003. Submission of materials as Three countries have passed laws to regulate genetic modification activities. These are South electronic files, either on disk or as Africa, Zimbabwe and Malawi. The first two have functioning national biosafety frameworks e-mail attachments, will speed pro- and the third is currently implementing such a framework. Other countries, such as Egypt, cessing. Please submit black-and- Kenya, Mauritius, Tanzania and Uganda, are using interim biosafety measures to test GMOs white or color photos generated in the field while national regulation is being developed. Most of the testing in Africa has from negatives. If your image was been the result of technology transfer where international developers have evaluated their created digitally, please submit a available technology to assess efficacy and relevance to local conditions and markets. The laser print of the image and a disk containing the electronic graphics result of technology transfer has been the approval to use four GM crops in South Africa: file (.tif and .eps formats are pre- Insect tolerant cotton and maize, and herbicide tolerant cotton and soya. However, in this ferred). country, less than 5 per cent of the over 340 field trials carried since 1990 have been for For more information on sub- locally developed GMOs. mitting electronic images contact Kayleen Larson at South Africa, Mauritius and Zimbabwe have active programs for developing GMOs, acknowl- [email protected]. edging that the solutions to major regional problems will come from within the continent. Send items to: Scientists in Mauritius have patiently held locally developed GM crops in greenhouses for Senior Editor: Jonathan D.Walton over three years while waiting for formal biosafety regulations that will enable them to run Michigan State University, field trials. DOE – Plant Research Lab East Lansing, MI 48824 Policy options Phone: 517.353.4885 Fax: 517.353.9168 Under the UNEP/GEF Project 47 African countries are currently developing and implement- E-mail: [email protected] ing national biosafety frameworks. Each country will set its own level of precaution based on its understanding of the role biotechnology can play in sustainable development and the Rooting GMOs in Africa continued on page 2 Published by the International Society for Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions IS-MPMI • 3340 Pilot Knob Road • St. Paul, MN 55121-2097 USA • Phone +1.651.454.7250 • Fax +1.651.454.0766 • www.ismpminet.org Rooting GMOs in Africa continued from page1 effectiveness of biosafety to manage risks associated with Biotechnology transfer to Africa GMOs. To their detriment, the African Model Law On Biotechnology is not the only answer to Africa’s develop- GMOs will guide some of these counties. This overtly ment problems, but together with other tools, it is helping cautious regulatory model was designed to hinder the to address major constraints such as food production, implementation of biotechnology and fits firmly into the control of pests and diseases, conservation of biological “preventative” group of biosafety regulations described by resources, access to benefits from these resources and Paarlberg (2000) in his review of policy options for more sustainable use of raw materials with reduced global biosafety regulators. pollution. The Association for Sustainable Agriculture Research in East and Central Africa (ASARECA) has identi- Other countries will be guided by the Model Act For A fied the top agricultural constraints in their ten member Workable Biosafety Framework (www.arentfox.com) or countries and the available technology solutions to the ISNAR conceptual framework for implementing address these needs (Johanson, 2002). This sub-regional biosafety (McLean, et al., 2002). These models will enable group has acknowledged that other constraints such as countries to position their regulations in relation to good governance, access to markets and viable transport national legal traditions, existing laws and in accordance routes will need to be addressed as well if agriculture is with the requirements of the Cartagena Protocol On to play a meaningful role in sustainable development. Biosafety. Whatever these countries decide, we hope they However, biotic and abiotic constraints for crop and ani- will chose an efficient process that will enable them to mal production are still major targets for technological test and implement GMOs safely and deal effectively with solutions. the diversity and volume of GM applications that will cross their desks in ten years time. Certainly, knowledge about plant-microbe interactions will be critical in finding solutions for these constraints. Mode- Implementation delays of-action studies on microbial pests and diseases will help So what is holding back biotechnology development in identify effective molecular targets for technological solu- Africa? It has been suggested that considerable negative tions. In addition, the relationships between microbes and publicity, bolstered by inaccurate reporting, has been plants with respect to nutrient availability and uptake will used to caution the continent against the use of biotech- help to address the abiotic stresses of salty, dry, infertile nology (Morris and Koch, 2002). This orchestrated dissem- soils. Researchers working in the area of plant-microbe ination of misinformation has kept many African leaders interactions need to consider whether their research is in the dark with respect to the role biotechnology can potentially relevant technology for Africa. Partnerships and is playing to help meet national social and economic that test how appropriate and effective these products are targets in developing countries. Just last year President will assist the global goal of implementing Agenda 21 in Mwanawasa of Zambia, based upon advice from his sci- the next decade. entists, refused GM food aid for his starving people, claiming it was “poison”. However, not all political leaders References have been misinformed. Following the launching of the Betz FS, Hammond BG and Fuchs RL. 2000. Safety and advan- New Partnership For Africa’s Development (NEPAD), tages of Bacillus thuringiensis-protected plants to control insect some African leaders have spoken strongly in favor of the pests. Regulatory Toxicology 32, 156-173. role biotechnology will play in the economic and social revitalization of the continent: “We have to devote the nec- Ismaël Y, Beyer L, Piesse J and Thirtle C. 2001. Smallholder essary resources to scientific and technological research adoption and economic impacts of Bt cotton in the Makhathini and development, including biotechnology. We must fur- Flats, Republic of South Africa. DFID Natural Resources Policy ther encourage innovation among our people
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