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GIBSONISM Ecologies of Architecture Radman DSD © TU Delft MMXII GIBSONISM: Ecologies of Architecture Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Technische Universiteit Delft, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus Prof. ir. K.C.A.M Luyben, voorzitter van het College voor Promoties, in het openbaar te verdedigen op maandag, 19 maart 2012 om 15.00 uur door Andrej RADMAN Master of Science in Architecture, Delft University of Technology Bachelor of Science in Architecture, University of Zagreb, Croatia Geboren te Zagreb, Kroatië 1 2 GIBSONISM Ecologies of Architecture RadMan DSD © TU Delft MMXII This thesis is approved by the supervisor: Dit proefschrift is goedgekeurd door de promotor: Prof. dr. A.D. Graafland Co-supervisor: Copromotor: Dr. ir. H. Sohn Composition of Examination Committee: Samenstelling promotiecommissie: Rector Magnificus, voorzitter Prof. dr. A.D. Graafland, Technische Universiteit Delft, promotor Dr. ir. H. Sohn, Technische Universiteit Delft, copromotor Prof. Dr. R. Braidotti, Universiteit Utrecht Prof. Dr. M.C. Boyer, Princeton University, USA Prof. ir. R. van Toorn, Umeå University, Sweden Prof. dr. P. Hekkert, Technische Universiteit Delft Prof. ir. H. Beunderman, reserve ISBN 978-94-6186-024-8 3 GIBSONISM Ecologies of Architecture RadMan DSD © TU Delft MMXII PROPOSITIONS 1 Allographic Curse Architects are prone to 'misplacing concreteness' as a result of adopting a representational approach. The tendency is sustained rather than challenged by the ubiquity of digital technology. 2 Ontotopology Experience is not an event 'in' the mind, separate from the environment. Rather the mind emerges from the interaction with the environment. Consequently, by modulating perception one can already modulate subsequent action. This antecedent level of potentialisation is proto-epistemological and already ontological in that it concerns change in the body's degree of enablement in and towards its environment. 3 Spectrum The law of the excluded middle needs to be challenged because not all potentiality is already an accrued value. A field of an event is much richer than any rationality which is but a subtraction from it. Pure difference, and by extension the entire virtual continuum, is an attempt to think the non-conceptual real difference that underlines our conceptual understanding of the world. 4 Ethico-Aesthetics The eco-logical approach as the relational paradigm calls for a radical revision of ego-logical anthropocentrism of the enlightenment. The focus is on perception which occurs not on the level at which actions are decided but on the level at which the very capacity for action is forming. A life form never pre-exists an event. The principle of process (dynamism and kinesis) dethrones the principle of substance (classical ontology). 5 Mesoscale It is at the mesoscale where life forms and their environments interlock that architecture can make an ethological difference. The choice is dictated by the power of perceiving/acting. Perception is not inner observation confirmed by inference (there is only one world and not two). Rather it is outer exploration accompanied by proprioception. Hence, the perception of space is incomprehensible unless we address it as the problem of space-time. 4 6 Anoetic View The dominant theories of perception are too logocentric (apperception ≠ perception) and not abstract enough. Although logically one advances from space to affordance, developmentally progress runs in the opposite direction. Degree zero of spatial experience occurs at the level of the unconscious and is proto-subjective and sub-representational. 7 Asignifying Sign Semiotics is only one of the many regimes of signs and certainly not the most important one for architecture. Natural stimuli cannot be understood by analogy and with reference to socially coded stimuli for that would be like putting the cart before the horse. Singularities come before identities. Participation precedes cognition. 8 No Meta-Form There is no simple correlation between urban and social form. Architecture does not represent culture but it is a mechanism of culture. The limit of something is the limit of its action and not the outline of its figure. The question is not where does a form stop but rather where does an action stop. 9 The Third 'T' Typological (essentialist) and topographical (metric/extensive) approaches to design need to be complemented by topological (intensive) thinking in order to supersede linear problem-solving. The approach that draws on the concept of 'phase space' from science (thermodynamics) may yield a genuine novelty beyond the ancient un-forgetting (anamnesis) and the modern un-recalling (defamiliarisation). 10 Qu'est-ce que l'architecture? Although architecture transverses the three planes of philosophy, science and art, its sole purpose is to create affordances and make experience 'stand on its own' apart from architecture and distinct from the architect. The principles of sensation constitute the principles of composition of a piece of architecture while its structure reveals the genetic conditions of real experience. These propositions are regarded opposable and defendable and have been approved as such by the supervisor Prof. dr. A.D. Graafland. 5 GIBSONISME Ecologieën van de Architectuur RadMan DSD © TU Delft MMXII STELLINGEN 1 Allografische vloek Architecten zijn geneigd om 'concreetheid te misplaatsen' als gevolg van een representationele aanpak. Deze tendens wordt eerder volhard dan tegengegaan door de alomtegenwoordigheid van digitale technologie. 2 Ontotopologie Ervaring is niet een gebeurtenis 'in' ons denken, los van de omgeving. Integendeel, ons denken ontstaat vanuit de interactie met de omgeving. Door de waarneming te reguleren kan men de daaruit volgende handeling reguleren. Dit voorafgaande niveau van potentialisering is proto-epistemologisch en ontologisch in de zin waar het verandering betreft in de mate van de mogelijkheden van het lichaam in, en in relatie tot zijn omgeving. 3 Spectrum De wet van het uitgesloten midden moet betwijfeld worden omdat niet al het potentieel vermogen een reeds opgebouwde waarde is. Het veld van een gebeurtenis is veel rijker dan welke vorm van rationaliteit dan ook die er slechts een aftreksel van is. De zuivere differentie, en in het verlengde daarvan het gehele virtuele continuüm, is een poging om het niet-conceptuele werkelijke verschil te denken dat ons conceptueel begrip van de wereld onderstreept. 4 Ethico-esthetiek De eco-logische benadering van het relationele paradigma vraagt om een radicale herziening van het ego-logisch antropocentrisme van de Verlichting. De focus ligt op de waarneming die zich niet voordoet op het niveau waar het handelen wordt bepaald maar op het niveau waar het vermogen tot handelen wordt gevormd. Een levensvorm gaat nooit vooraf aan een gebeurtenis. Het principe van het proces (dynamisme en kinese) stoot het principe van substantie (klassieke ontologie) van de troon. 5 Mesoschaal Op de mesoschaal waar levensvormen en hun omgeving samen komen kan architectuur een ethologisch verschil maken. De keuze is bepaald door de kracht van het waarnemen/handelen. Waarneming is niet een innerlijke observatie die bevestigd wordt door een gevolgtrekking (er slechts één wereld, niet twee). Het is eerder een externe verkenning vergezeld van proprioceptie van binnenuit. Daarom is de waarneming van ruimte niet te begrijpen zonder het te benaderen als een vraagstuk van ruimte en tijd. 6 6 Anoetische blik De dominante waarnemingstheorieën zijn te logocentrisch (apperceptie ≠ perceptie) en niet abstract genoeg. Hoewel men zich logisch ontwikkelt van ruimte naar affordance (gebruikseigenschap), beweegt de ontwikkeling zich in de tegengestelde richting. De nulgraad van ruimtelijke ervaring doet zich voor op het niveau van het onbewuste en is proto-subjectief en sub-representationeel. 7 Het tekenloze teken Semiotiek is slechts een van de vele tekensystemen en zeker niet de belangrijkste voor de architectuur. Natuurlijke stimuli kunnen niet begrepen worden door analogie met en verwijzing naar sociaal gecodeerde stimuli omdat dat het paard achter de wagen spannen zou betekenen. Singulariteiten gaan voor identiteiten. Participatie gaat vooraf aan cognitie. 8 Geen meta vorm Er bestaat geen eenvoudige samenhang tussen stedelijke en sociale vorm. Architectuur representeert geen cultuur maar is een mechanisme van cultuur zelf. De grens van iets is de begrenzing van het handelen en niet de grenslijn van een figuur. De vraag is niet zozeer waar een vorm ophoudt maar eerder waar een actie stopt. 9 De derde 'T' Typologische (essentialistische) en topografische (metrisch/extensieve) ontwerpbenaderingen moeten aangevuld worden met topologisch (intensief) denken om het lineaire oplossen van problemen te overstijgen. De benadering van het veld van gerelateerde mogelijkheden in de filosofie ('phase space' in science) kan een werkelijke vernieuwing mogelijk maken voorbij het antieke ont-vergeten (anamneses) en het moderne ont- herinneren (onvertrouwd maken). 10 Qu'est-ce que l'architecture? Hoewel architectuur de drie velden van filosofie, wetenschap en kunst doorsnijdt is haar enige doel het creëren van gebruikseigenschappen (affordance) en de ervaring 'op zichzelf' te laten staan, los van de architectuur en de architect. De ervaringsprincipes vormen de principes van de compositie van een architectonisch werk terwijl zijn structuur de genetische voorwaarden van werkelijke ervaring onthult. Deze stellingen worden opponeerbaar en verdedigbaar geacht en zijn als zodanig goedgekeurd door de promotor Prof. dr. A.D. Graafland.
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