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The Nordic An International Handbook of the History of the North

Edited by Oskar Bandle (main editor) • Kurt Braunrmiller Ernst Hakon Jahr • Allan Karker -Peter Naumann • Ulf Teleman Consulting Editors: Lennart Elmevik • Gun Widmark

Volume 1

Walter de Gruyter • Berlin --New 2002 Contents

Volume 1 Preface

Abbreviations XXIII

I. Introduction 1. Lars . Vikor, The Nordic area and the languages in the north of Europe 1 2. Arne Torp, The Nordic languages in a Germanic perspective 13 3. Oskar Bandle, Diachrony and synchrony in Nordic language history 25 4. Venas, Previous attempts at establishing periods in Nordic language history 31 5. Kjartan Ottosson, The data basis of a Nordic language history .... 38

II. Perspectives in research history I: From the beginnings to the middle of the 20th 6. Oskar Bandle, Previous attempts at writing a Nordic language history 49 7. Stig Orjan Ohlsson, Outline of research on Nordic language history before 1800 60 8. Bente Holmberg, Research in history 1850-1950. An overview : 68 9. Lennart Elmevik, Research in history 1850-1950. An overview '' 76 10. Helge , Research in history 1850-1950. An overview 86 11. Kjartan Ottosson, Research in history 1850-1950. An overview 95 12. Hagstrom, Research in history 1850-1950. An overview 102

III. "" Perspectives in research history II: The contribution of Nordic research to (until 1950) 13. J0rgen Rischel, Nordic contributions to historical linguistics before 1800 108 14. Oddvar Nes, Contributions to Nordic language history by non-Nordic linguists (until ca. 1980) 116 15. Jorgen Rischel, The contribution of the to historical- : and his followers 124 XII Contents/Volume 1

16. Jorgen Rischel, The contribution of Scandinavian neogrammarians . 133 17. Claes-Christian Elert, The Scandinavian contribution to structuralism (until 1950) 148

IV. Perspectives in research history III: Theoretical and methodological perspectives in current historical linguistic description (after 1950) 18. Lars Heltoft, Nordic language history and structural linguistics .... 157 19. Christer Platzack, Nordic language history and generative transformational 166 20. John Ole Askedal, Nordic language history and language typology . 172 21. Marit Christoffersen, Nordic language history and research on 182 22. Cecilia Falk, Nordic language history and research on universals and theories of linguistic change 192 23. Bengt Nordberg, Nordic language history and sociolinguistics 198 24. . Michael Schulte, Nordic language history and research on languages in contact and on 213 25. Birger Liljestrand, Nordic language history and research on styles and registers 221 26. Niels Haastrup, Nordic language history and pragmatics 229 27. Ole Togeby, Nordic language history and research on types of texts 235 28. Hans-Peter Naumann/Katrin Luthi, Nordic language history and phraseology/idiomatics 241 29. Stig Eliasson, Nordic language history and historical contrastive linguistics 247 30. Wolfgang Ullrich Wurzel, Nordic language history: Semiotics and the theory of naturalness 253 31. Helga Hannesdottir, Nordic language history and (lexical) semantics .• 262 32. Sture Allen, Nordic language history and computer-aided lexical research 268

V Perspectives in research history IV: The contribution of Nordic dialectology 33. f Ringgaard, General history of Nordic dialectology 272 34. Lars-Erik Edlund, The contribution of Nordic dialectology history 282 35. Helge Sandoy, Nordic language history and current trends in dialectology 304

VI. Nordic language history as a part of social and cultural history 36. Allan Karker, Nordic language history and studies in general history 313 37. Stefan Brink, Nordic language history and archaeology 317 Contents/Volume 1 XIII

38. Hanne Ruus/Jonna Louis-Jensen, Nordic lexical items and the history of material culture 325 39. Oskar Bandle, Nordic language history and cultural geography .... 338 40. Bo Ruthstrom, Nordic language history and legal history 344 41. Flemming Lundgreen-Nielsen, Nordic language history and the history of ideas I: Humanism 354 42. Erik Vive Larsen, Nordic language history and the history of ideas II: Rationalism and Enlightenment since the 18th century 363 43. Frans Gregersen, Nordic language history and the history of ideas III: , identity and democratic movements in the 19th and 20th 373 44. Hermann Reichert, Nordic language history and religion/ecclesiastical history I: The pre-Christian period 389 45. Hans Schottmann, Nordic language history and religion/ecclesiastical history II: Christianization 403 46. Lillemor Santesson, Nordic language history and religion/ecclesiastical history III: Luther's 412 47. Hjelde, Nordic language history and religion/ecclesiastical history IV: From Pietism to the present 424 48. Dag Gundersen, Nordic language history and natural and technical sciences 435 49. Allan Karker, Nordic language history and literary history I: 441 50. Birger Liljestrand, Nordic language history and literary history II: 449 51. Steinar Gimnes, Nordic language history and literary history III: 458 52. Porleifur Hauksson, Nordic language history and literary history IV: 470 53. Bjorn Hagstrom, Nordic language history and literary history V: 482 54. Frans Gregersen, Nordic language history and the,; history of philosophy 487 55. Flemming Lundgreen-Nielsen, The special case of Grundtvig: Poet, philosopher, politician, educator 494 56. Niels Haastrup^Nordic language history and the history of I: Danish 502 57. Lars Wollin, Nordic language history and the history of translation II: Swedish 511 58. Sylfest Lomheim, Nordic language history and the history of translation III: Norwegian 518 59. GuSrun Kvaran, Nordic language history and the history of translation IV: Icelandic 527 60. Johan Hendrik . Poulsen, Nordic language history and the history of translation V: Faroese 533 61. Odd Haugen, Nordic language history and philology: Editing earlier texts 535 XIV Contents/Volume 1 VII. Nordic as a part of Old Germanic 62. Jurgen Udolph, Nordic, Germanic, Indo-European and the structure of the Germanic 544 63. Piergiuseppe Scardigli, Nordic-Gothic linguistic relations 553 64. Hans Frede Nielsen, Nordic-West Germanic relations 558 65. Arend Quak, Nordic and Germanic relations 568 66. Piergiuseppe Scardigli, Contact with non-Germanic languages I: Relations to the West' 572 67. Jorma Koivulehto, Contact with non-Germanic languages II: Relations to the East 583 68. Ludwig Rubekeil, in the light of ancient tradition 594

VIII. Ancient Nordic (lst-7th century) 69. Kerstin Cassel, The Ancient Nordic period. A historical survey .... 605 70. Hans Frede Nielsen, Delimitation of Ancient Nordic from Common Germanic and Old Nordic 615 71. Birkmann, A survey of Ancient Nordic sources 619 72. Morten Axboe, The Ancient Nordic period: An archaeological survey 626 73. James . Knirk, : Origin, development of the futhark, functions, applications, and methodological considerations 634 74. Kurt Braunmiiller, The Ancient Nordic linguistic system from a typological point of view: , graphemics, morphology, , and word order 649 75. Michael Schulte, The development of Pro to-Nordic lexicon 657 76. Lena Peterson, The development of Proto-Nordic personal names .. 664 77. Svante Strandberg, The development of Proto-Nordic place-names . 671 78. Stefan Brink, Sociolinguistic perspectives and in Proto-Nordic 685

IX. From Ancient Nordic to Old Nordic (from the 6th century until 1100) 79. Thomas Birkmann, From Ancient Nordic to Old Nordic: Definition and delimitation of the period 691 80. Stefanie Wurth, The sources of the transitional period between Ancient Nordic and Old Nordic 698 81. Bo Ralph, Phonological and graphematic developments from Ancient Nordic to Old Nordic 703 82. Martin Syrett, Morphological developments from Ancient Nordic to Old Nordic 719 83. Jan Terje Faarlund, Syntactic developments from Ancient Nordic to Old Nordic 729 84. Jan Paul Strid, Lexical developments from Ancient Nordic to Old Nordic 733 85. Lena Peterson, Developments of personal names from Ancient Nordic to Old Nordic 745 Contents/Volume 1 XV

86. Staffan Fridell, The development of place-names from Ancient Nordic to Old Nordic 753 87. Stefan Brink, Sociolinguistic perspectives in the transitional period between Proto-Nordic and Old Nordic 761 88. Michael Schulte, Language contact in the period between Ancient Nordic and Old Nordic 769

X. Old Nordic (from 1100 to the mid-14th century) I: General survey, tradition 89. Hilde Inntjore, Nordic history in the and the extension of Nordic: Cultural and historical preconditions of language 778 90. Kjartan Ottosson, Old Nordic: A definition and delimitation of the period 787 91. Sverrir Tomasson, The history of Old Nordic manuscripts I: Old Icelandic 793 92. Magnus : The history of Old Nordic manuscripts II: (incl. Faroese) 801 93. Jonas Carlquist, The history of Old Nordic manuscripts III: 808 94. Britta Olrik Frederiksen, The history of Old Nordic manuscripts IV: Old Danish 816 95. Odd Einar Haugen, The development of script I: in Norway . 824 96. Stefan Karlsson, The development of II: in Iceland .... 832 97. Borje Westlund, The development of Latin script III: in Sweden . .. 841 98. Herluf Nielsen, The development of Latin script IV: in Denmark .. 850 99. Kari Ellen Gade, History of Old Nordic metrics 856

XL Old Nordic II: Grammatical system, lexicon, texts 100. Michael Schulte, The various Old Nordic , their systems and their typology: A general survey of the classical Old Nordic of the 871 101. Michael Schulte, The phonological systems of Old Nordic I: Old Icelandic and Old Norwegian 882 102. Tomas Riad, The phonological systems of Old Nordic II: Old Swedish and Old Danish 896 103. Kristian Emil Kristoffersen, The morphology of Old Nordic I: Old Icelandic and Old Norwegian 911 104. Lars-Olof Delsing, The morphology of Old Nordic II: Old Swedish and Old Danish 925 105. Jan Terje Faarlund, The syntax of Old Nordic 940 106. Erik Simensen, The Old Nordic lexicon 951 107. Evert Melefors, The development of Old Nordic personal names ... 963 108. Staffan Fridell, The development of Old Nordic place-names 972 109. Oliver Szokody, Old Nordic types of texts I: Old Icelandic and Old Norwegian 981 XVI Contents/Volume 1

110. Nils Jorgensen, Old Nordic types of texts II: Old Swedish and Old Danish 990 111. Kirsten Wolf, and interference by translation in Old Nordic I: Old Icelandic and Old Norwegian 1000 112. Lars Wollin, Translations and interference by translation in Old Nordic II: Old Swedish and Old Danish 1005 XII. Old Nordic III: The ecology of language 113. Jan Ragnar Hagland, Dialects and written language in Old Nordic I: Old Norwegian and Old Icelandic 1015 114. Harry Perridon, Dialects and written language in Old Nordic II: Old Danish and Old Swedish 1018 115. Kurt Braunmiiller, Language contact during the Old Nordic period I: with the , and the 1028 116. Baldur Panzer, Language contact during the Old Nordic period II: with Eastern Europe 1039 117. Reidar Astas, Language contact during the Old Nordic period III: The impact of on Old Nordic 1045 118. Michael P. Barnes, History and development of Old Nordic outside the Scandinavia of today 1053