Mobility Management
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DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR INTERNAL POLICIES POLICY DEPARTMENT DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR INTERNAL POLICIES STRUCTURAL AND COHESION POLICIESB POLICY DEPARTMENT AgricultureAgriculture and Rural and Development Rural Development STRUCTURAL AND COHESION POLICIES B CultureCulture and Education and Education Role The Policy Departments are research units that provide specialised advice Fisheries to committees, inter-parliamentary delegations and other parliamentary bodies. Fisheries RegionalRegional Development Development Policy Areas TransportTransport and andTourism Tourism Agriculture and Rural Development Culture and Education Fisheries Regional Development Transport and Tourism Documents Visit the European Parliament website: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/studies PHOTO CREDIT: iStock International Inc., Photodisk, Phovoir DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR INTERNAL POLICIES POLICY DEPARTMENT B: STRUCTURAL AND COHESION POLICIES TRANSPORT AND TOURISM MOBILITY MANAGEMENT NOTE This document was requested by the European Parliament's Committee on Transport and Tourism. AUTHORS TRT - Trasporti e Territorio* RESPONSIBLE ADMINISTRATOR Nils DANKLEFSEN Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies European Parliament B-1047 Brussels E-mail: [email protected] EDITORIAL ASSISTANCE Angélique LOURDELLE LINGUISTIC VERSIONS Original: EN Translations: DE, ES, FR, IT, NL, PL ABOUT THE EDITOR To contact the Policy Department or to subscribe to its monthly newsletter please write to: [email protected] Manuscript completed in November 2009. Brussels, © European Parliament, 2009. This document is available on the Internet at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/studies DISCLAIMER The opinions expressed in this document are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position of the European Parliament. Reproduction and translation for non-commercial purposes are authorised, provided the source is acknowledged and the publisher is given prior notice and sent a copy. * Silvia Maffii, Angelo Martino, Alessio Sitran and Maurizia Giglio DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR INTERNAL POLICIES POLICY DEPARTMENT B: STRUCTURAL AND COHESION POLICIES TRANSPORT AND TOURISM MOBILITY MANAGEMENT NOTE Abstract This note aims to provide an analysis of the concept of Mobility Management, an important instrument for dealing with urban traffic and congestion problems. It focuses on three main types of soft measure – car sharing, car pooling and travel plans – and presents some key experiences in selected European cities. It concludes by providing recommendations concerning the role of the EU and local authorities. IP/B/TRAN/FCW/2006-156/lot7/C1/SC6 2009 PE 431.593 EN Mobility management ____________________________________________________________________________________________ CONTENTS CONTENTS 3 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 5 LIST OF TABLES 7 LIST OF FIGURES 9 LIST OF BOXES 11 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 13 1. INTRODUCTION 17 1.1. Urban mobility 17 1.2. EU initiatives 18 1.3. This briefing note 18 1.4. The structure of this briefing note 20 2. MOBILITY MANAGEMENT: CONCEPTS AND CURRENT PROBLEMS 21 2.1 The concept 21 2.2 Soft measures 25 2.3 Mobility Management instruments 26 3. CURRENT EXPERIENCES 29 3.1 Car sharing 29 3.1.1 Characteristics 29 3.1.2 Significant case studies 32 3.1.3 Main challenges 32 3.2 Car pooling 33 3.2.1 Characteristics 33 3.2.2 Significant case studies 34 3.2.3 Main challenges 36 3.3 Travel plans 37 3.3.1 Characteristics 37 3.3.2 Significant case studies 37 3.3.3 Main challenges 38 3.4 Mobility centres 39 3.4.1 Characteristics 39 3.4.2 Significant case studies 40 3 Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 43 4.1 Main lessons learnt 43 4.2 What role for the European Union? 43 REFERENCES 45 ANNEX 53 A.1 Examples of car sharing schemes in Europe 53 A.2 Examples of car pooling schemes in Europe 56 A.3 Recent EU research projects and travel plan schemes 58 A.4 An integrated urban mobility approach: the case of Bremen 62 4 Mobility management ____________________________________________________________________________________________ LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ACT Association for Commuter Transport ATG AutoTeilet Genossenschaft ATOC Association of Train Operating Companies CIVITAS CIty-VITAlity-Sustainability Initiative CO2 Carbon dioxide CoR Committee of the Regions DB Deutsche Bahn DfT Department for Transport EC European Commission EEA European Environment Agency EESC European Economic and Social Committee ELTIS European Local Transport Information Service EP European Parliament EPOMM European Platform on Mobility Management EU European Union GDP Gross domestic product HOT High Occupancy Toll HOVs High Occupancy Vehicles ICS Iniziativa Car sharing ICT Information and Communication Technology IEEP Institute for European Environmental Policy ITS Intelligent Transport Systems MAX Successful Travel Awareness Campaigns and Mobility Management Strategies MOST MObility management STrategies for the next decades 5 Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies ____________________________________________________________________________________________ MOVE International Cluster for Mobility Management Development and Research Dissemination OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SBB Schweizerische Bundesbahnen [Swiss Railways] SMS Short Message Service SUTPs Sustainable Urban Transport Plans TL Transports publics de la région Lausannoise [Lausanne Region Public Transport] UITP International Association of Public Transport UK United Kingdom UN United Nations VMZ Verkehrsmanagementzentrale WoW Walk on Wednesday or Walk once a Week ZVV Zürcher Verkehrsverbund [Zurich Transport Association] 6 Mobility management ____________________________________________________________________________________________ LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Main features of SUTPs, mobility management and cycling 19 Table 2 Mobility management features 24 Table 3 Soft measures and hard measures 25 Table 4 Users of car sharing around the world (2007) 31 Table 5 Overview of international car sharing parking policies 31 Table 6 Mobility services 41 Table 7 Levels and actions for EU intervention 44 Table 8 Travel plan measures during CIVITAS II (2005-2009) 60 Table 9 Scheduled travel plan measures during CIVITAS Plus (2009-2012) 61 7 Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 8 Mobility management ____________________________________________________________________________________________ LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Passenger cars per thousand people in Europe 22 Figure 2 Levels of the integrated transport planning process 24 Figure 3 Organisation levels within mobility management 27 Figure 4 Development of Mobility CarSharing from 1997 to 2008 53 Figure 5 Mobility stations in Bremen 63 Figure 6 Bremen Karte Plus: one card for e-ticketing, car sharing and shopping 63 Figure 7 Car sharing stations in Bremen 64 9 Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 10 Mobility management ____________________________________________________________________________________________ LIST OF BOXES Box 1 Car ownership rates and modal split in Europe 22 Box 2 Car2go: rent a car anywhere and anytime 32 Box 3 HOV (high occupancy vehicle) lanes 35 Box 4 Safety checks on car pooling services in Germany 36 Box 5 Cycling to work and school in the United Kingdom 39 11 Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 12 Mobility management ____________________________________________________________________________________________ EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Background Mobility may be regarded as the ability to travel (Giuliano, Hu, & Lee, 2003), although its meaning could be much broader since mobility encompasses not only the activity of travel but also, more importantly, the possibility for the traveller to decide when and where to travel, by being aware and making use of an information set for optimising the journey. Although mobility plays a crucial role in contributing to the socioeconomic growth of urban areas, its positive effects have to be also weighed alongside the negative impacts which the increasing demand for mobility has rapidly generated over the last 20 years. ‘More sustainable’ is thus regarded as the main goal that underpins current approaches to and solutions for future mobility. Sustainability should lie at the heart of all policies and strategies for a more sustainable transport system in environmental (CO2, air pollution, noise) and competitiveness (congestion) terms, while also addressing social concerns. This is why the concept of sustainability goes far beyond the need to respond to managing road traffic flows and their impacts, because it should also address, for instance, the cost of mobility in relation to social exclusion, economic and social cohesion, and the demographic changes that will shape the structure of European cities in the future. Based on the background outlined, and even if local authorities are primarily responsible for urban policies according to the principle of subsidiarity, the European Union (EU) has taken an active role since the adoption of the White paper on transport policy (EC, 2001).