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Cover page to print here – own file - CARSHARING 2000 – HAMMER FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Inside cover page to print here– own file - Carsharing 2000 – A Hammer for Sustainable Development Contents: Foreword.......................................................................................... 1 Welcoming note from OECD Environment Directorate................... 2 Editorial and acknowledgements..................................................... 4 Part I: SETTING THE STAGE ................................................. 6 Why carsharing has not, cannot, and will never work!.................... 7 Executive Summary......................................................................... 9 1. Road map and compass ......................................................... 14 2. A Short History of Carsharing in the 90's............................... 18 3. Case study of the diffusion process:....................................... 41 4. Carsharing? An alternative vision and a bit of history ............ 47 Part II. PROJECTS - THE PATTERN BREAKS ........................ 57 5. CarSharing – The Key to Combined Mobility........................ 58 6. Car sharing in the Netherlands................................................. 72 7. Sweden -- getting mobilised .................................................... 89 8. Who are the early adopters of car sharing? (Denmark) .......... 96 9. Praxitèle : Station car experiment in France........................ 109 10. CarLink - A smart carsharing system.................................. 121 11. The Bremen approach to carsharing and transport system integration .................................................................................... 129 12. Edinburgh City Car Club Goes Live .................................... 139 Part III. CAN CARSHARING WORK IN THE THIRD WORLD?. 155 13. Carsharing In Latin America............................................... 156 Part IV. KEYS TO THE FUTURE ........................................... 176 14. Carsharing as a socio-technical learning system ............... 177 15. How one family kicked the car habit.................................... 186 16. Carsharing: A survey of preferences .................................. 189 18. Carsharing benefits to consumers and society.................... 201 19. So you want to start a car sharing service.......................... 207 20. How car-sharing will help re-establish the neighbourhood economy? .................................................................................... 216 21. Carsharing kit - Why wait for it to come to you? .................. 224 22. Recognizing the revolutionary nature of car sharing ............ 228 23. What happens next?............................................................. 235 SUPPORTING ANNEXES........................................................... 244 A: The process behind this report ............................................. 245 B: Austria - CASUAL carsharing manual & comments............... 250 C. Caisse-Commune, Paris – Progress report......................... 256 D. Caisse-Commune (Machine translation of text) .................. 264 E. Praxitèle, le concept, l’experimentation,............................. 271 F. Praxitèle, demonstration results – (machine translation) .... 281 Index of Names and Key Terms.................................................. 289 CARSHARING 2000 – HAMMER FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT [Next page, page 1, to print as odd numbered page (right)] CARSHARING 2000 – HAMMER FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Foreword As we poise to enter the new century, transport professionals around the world find themselves, somewhat to their surprise, in a pivotal position to deliver serious increases in quality of life and urban civilization for a significant proportion of the planet's population. This brings with it huge opportunities that are directly comparable with those exploited by public health professionals in European cities in the 1840s and 1850s. Our mid-19th century colleagues not only delivered untold increases in health and well being and with it a huge transformation of the physical infrastructure of cities, they also found ways to change mindsets, pioneer new ways of thinking about risk and safety and harness the private sector to deliver huge increments in the public good. In late 20th century language they “deconstructed” all the traditional value systems of the time and produced a transformation of urban living that has yet to be equaled. Now it is our turn. Now we must deliver. This collection of original material on carshare thinking and carshare practice conceived and led by my friend and colleague Eric Britton who has taken this challenge in hand, is not thus just one more technical contribution to what we might do to manage traffic a bit better than we have in the past. If we read it with care we can see that it provides the raw materials of a map of how to begin transforming our cities so that mobility can be delivered in a way that meets fundamental ethical, economic, social and environmental objectives. It is about smart mobility, as opposed to stupid mobility. It is about re-engineering our thought processes, and not just about introducing some clever new idea by mechanical formula. It is about being bold and being radical and being prepared to question all our prejudices and assumptions about the way accessibility and mobility work. It is about working with citizens, with communities and with private sector and public sector organizations to deliver high quality solutions that sell themselves. It is about making sure that everything that needs to change to make all this possible does change. We have to get our land use planning right, we have to get our fiscal systems right and above all else we have to get our mobility expectations and provisions right within a framework that encourages smart decision making in smart cities. To be really sure of success we need to look at ourselves. If we can break down barriers, co-operate and not compete, work with local citizens as active participants and co-workers and push decision making nearer to ordinary citizens then we can all achieve what we all want to achieve. We can of course carry on as before and miss all these opportunities but somehow I don't think this is an option. It wasn't an option in the 1840s and it isn't now. John Whitelegg, Editor and Publisher Vol. 5, No. 3, September 1999 1 THE JOURNAL OF WORLD TRANSPORT POLICY & PRACTICE Welcoming note from OECD Environment Directorate The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has a long history of examining policies relating to transport and the environment. The scope of this work has been fairly wide, ranging from noise pollution, energy supply issues, air and water quality, land-take and biodiversity issues and even safety. Early on in this work, however, it became clear that many seemingly conflicting agendas were at play in this sometimes volatile field. In the early 1990’s, the OECD Environment Directorate began examining the notion of “sustainability” as a possible framework for reconciling many of these viewpoints while at the same time addressing the long-term impacts stemming from transport activity. In this context, the OECD initiated a project on Environmentally Sustainable Transport (EST) in 1994. The project was designed as a creative yet structured brainstorming exercise on the future of transport and its environmental impacts. It is structured around a quantified and qualitative definition of “environmentally sustainable transport” composed of six criteria that serve as proxies for a wide range of transport-related environmental impacts and a broad definition of sustainability for the transport sector. Business-as- usual scenarios to the year 2030 have been developed by participating country teams, as have a number of scenarios in which the criteria for “environmentally sustainable transport” have been met. The project will conclude with an analysis of the types of policies (and the timing of their implementation) necessary to fulfill the sustainable development scenarios. To-date, the project has already produced some fairly interesting conclusions -- not so much in their originality, but rather because they have emerged from a rigorous exercise involving hundreds of people in a total of 22 countries (including 12 OECD Members). · The first is that current trends are very far from being “sustainable” by almost any definition. · The second is that “sustainability”, if it is to be reached in the transport sector, will entail massive reductions of transport-related emissions of air pollutants and carbon dioxide. · The third is that the participating countries have all envisaged ways in which these changes may come about while still experiencing economic growth. Vol. 5, No. 3, September 1999 2 CARSHARING 2000 – HAMMER FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT · And finally that technology-based solutions, alone, will not be sufficient to reach the country teams sustainability targets. Indeed, technological measures need to be supplemented by actions to favour mobility management. One interesting element of the work to-date has to do with the current dichotomy between public- and private transport in many current policy debates. If we are to move towards greater sustainability in the transport sector, we are going to have to profoundly re-think the manner in which we fulfill our needs for access to people goods and services and the mobility practices that accompany this quest. It is wholly conceivable

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