YOUR GLOBAL SOURCE FOR TEST AND MEASUREMENT SOLUTIONS True Arbitrary Waveform Generators Offer More Than Function Generators with Arbitrary Capability Introduction The purpose of this article is to provide an A more appropriate term would be a function understanding of the basic differences between True generator with arbitrary capability. and DDS Arbitrary Waveform Generators. The DDS device operates with a fixed sample clock. For the past decade or so, Arbitrary Waveform [1,4] The shortcoming of this architecture is that Generators (AWGs) have been used to replace an when the user is attempting an arbitrary output and increasing variety of signal generation devices. wishes to vary the output frequency, the instrument These devices range from pulse generators, function must compromise waveform data in order to generators, and sweep generators to low distortion compensate for the fixed sample clock. It does this oscillators. The main reasons for this trend is the by incorporating the use of a phase accumulator and multi-functional capability of today’s AWGs and the phase increment register. [1] The exact operation growing demand for specialized signal creation. and intricate description of how these devices AWGs have the ability to serve as the traditional operate is not important. Of most importance is the single-function generator of the past but with the end result. A simple illustration and logic will make added capability of arbitrary wave creation. Most the same point. Consider the basic relationship engineers welcome this benefit for almost no between waveform output frequency, sampling rate difference in price. and waveform data: With AWGs, there are two fundamental design variations: DDS (Direct Digital Synthesis) and True (Traditional) Arbitrary Waveform Generators. [2] OUTPUT SAMPLING RATE Each design variation has its own unique advantages = FREQUENCY # OF DATA and disadvantages. Because the application POINTS determines instrument selection, an understanding of the basic differences between True and DDS AWGs FIGURE 1: Simplified relationship between output is highly beneficial. frequency, sampling rate, and waveform data. DDS - Direct Digital Synthesis A DDS device generates a waveform at a certain The DDS–type AWG is more common than the frequency by outputting data from a lookup table at traditional design or true AWG. It is usually a rate determined by the sample clock. If the output combined with a function generator in the same box. frequency must be increased and the sample rate We can speculate that the reason for the DDS’s cannot change, then the number of output samples popularity is due to its simplicity and slightly lower per waveform cycle must decrease. The DDS cost. However, the simplicity and lower cost do not generator will skip wave data points in order to come without compromise. Because of the increase output frequency. [1,4] fundamental operation of a DDS device, it cannot be labeled as a True Arbitrary Waveform Generator. [4] TEN TEGAM WAY • GENEVA, OHIO 44041 1 440-466-6100 • FAX 440-466-6110 www.tegam.com • e-mail: [email protected] YOUR GLOBAL SOURCE FOR TEST AND MEASUREMENT SOLUTIONS Similarly, if the output frequency must decrease and DDS generators do have some advantages over True the sample rate remains unchanged, then the number AWGs. In fact, DDS designs have a much better of samples must increase. The DDS generator ability to perform real-time, frequency sweeps. [4] simply repeats data points. [1,4] This action alters They are also easier to use than True AWGs because the original scheme of waveform data resulting in a there are less variables to control. And finally DDS modified or compromised waveform. devices typically cost less than a true AWG, which makes them very attractive for high volume, general- The bottom line is that skipping or repeating data purpose applications. points may or may not be acceptable to the test engineer. In most cases, engineers would require that the data defining the wave shape would be True Arbitrary Waveform Generators accurately reproduced and not compromised in any way. This is especially true for precise simulations True Arbitrary Waveform Generators are usually or pulse applications. bundled with a basic function generation capability. The standard function generator waveforms are actually created by predefined arbitrary waveform 2A: Waveform algorithms stored in waveform memory. This way data is an integer value of the the user has easy access to some of the more output's common wave shapes and can modify their fundamental frequency. parameters by simple data entry. 2B: Waveform data is not an integer value of the True AWGs cost slightly more than DDS Generators output's because their architecture is open and allows for fundamental frequency. expanded capabilities. It is good practice to invest into a system with open architecture. This allows the FIGURE 2: Illustration of phase truncation in the time domain. test system to be versatile and to accommodate future changes or upgrades with minimal effort. Other errors associated with DDS-type generators Some of the expanded capabilities of a true AWG are phase truncation and spectral leakage. [1] These include a variable sample clock, waveform wave replication errors are closely related and are sequencer and programmable synchronous outputs caused by the limitations of a fixed sample clock or a limited useable amount of waveform data. The A True AWG permits full control of the sample inconsistencies of phase truncation and spectral clock rate. Unlike a DDS generator, this allows the leakage are remedied in DDS devices by providing output waveform to be produced at varying filters at the instrument’s output. However, for frequencies without compromising waveform detail-oriented waveforms, these problems must be integrity. In a true AWG, if 1000 data points are addressed before they occur at the output. used to define a waveform, every single data point is Otherwise, valuable waveform data becomes non- represented at the output and the waveform is repeatable or lost. Thus, by design limitation, the consistently reproduced exactly the same way for DDS generator becomes inadequate for many every cycle. As a result of this consistency, a stable applications requiring high-resolution and repeatable waveform is produced at the instrument’s output waveform production. with essentially no jitter and complete repeatability. 2 TEN TEGAM WAY • GENEVA, OHIO 44041 440-466-6100 • FAX 440-466-6110 www.tegam.com • e-mail: [email protected] YOUR GLOBAL SOURCE FOR TEST AND MEASUREMENT SOLUTIONS Unlike DDS generators, True AWG waveform In addition, some synchronous outputs allow an memory may be divided into to smaller segments of unlimited number of sync pulses to be generated for data. [3,5] Numerous independent waveforms can be each sync output. This feature allows complex created, stored and re-called independently. interaction between multiple instruments with respect to the arbitrary waveform and is very popular True AWGs also have sequencers. A sequencer among integrators and test engineers. Some allows a series of waveform instructions to be instruments provide up to four fully programmable created and stored into what is called a waveform synchronous outputs. sequence. A waveform sequence can be viewed as a wave execution program. Within a sequence, there are a number of steps. Each step calls a wave MASTER segment and instructs the address counter to loop the AWG UNIT waveform a finite number of times. SLAVE SLAVE SLAVE SLAVE AWG #1 AWG #2 AWG #3 AWG #4 WAVEFORM FIGURE 4: Multiple synchronous outputs can be used to MEMORY WAVE #0 WAVE #1 WAVE #2 cascade an unlimited number of instruments. STEP 0: LINK WAVE#0, LOOP:1 STEP 1: LINK WAVE#2, LOOP:2 SEQUENCE STEP 2: LINK WAVE#1, LOOP:4 Similarities and Differences True Arbitrary Waveform Generators and DDS OUTPUT Function Generators with Arbitrary Capability are similar in many ways. Both instruments are priced similarly and have built-in function generators for FIGURE 3: Example of how a sequencer builds waveforms from individual wave segments. general-purpose applications. Most models have waveform creation software that Once the looping is complete, the sequencer allows the user the flexibility of importing waveform proceeds to the next step and loops the next segment data from a DSO (Digital Storage Oscilloscope) and so on. [5] The sequencer adds tremendous spreadsheet or other common data format. The leveraging power to a True AWG’s memory and is software is also a useful tool for creating waveforms very useful in applications that require extended using standard waveform profiles with variable waveform lengths. parameters, math functions or transfer functions. These tools add more capability to the waveform Programmable synchronous outputs are provided in creation process and make AWGs preferable over some AWGs and they allow multiple instruments to traditional signal generation instruments. be controlled by a single AWG. Because they are fully programmable, synchronous outputs do not In addition, DDS and True AWG designs both store limit triggering to the start or end of a waveform. A waveform data in memory and produce an output at trigger pulse may be initiated by any data point of a rate determined by the sample clock. But this is the arbitrary waveform. [5] where the similarities end. 3 TEN TEGAM WAY • GENEVA, OHIO 44041 440-466-6100 • FAX 440-466-6110 www.tegam.com • e-mail: [email protected] YOUR GLOBAL SOURCE FOR TEST AND MEASUREMENT SOLUTIONS Make the Best Choice The most significant difference between the two There are many features and functions to consider design types is in the way that they execute the when evaluating a waveform generator for a specific waveform data and produce their respective outputs. application. If your application is complex, As we discussed, the DDS unit compensates for a significant time should be invested in determining fixed sample clock by using a phase accumulator.