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The Philippines The Philippines: National Urban Policies and City Profiles for Manila and Batangas Written by University of the Philippines Planning and Development Research Foundation, Inc. (PLANADES) Type Research Report Authors Dr Mario R. Delos Reyes Mark Anthony M. Gamboa Ryan Randle B. Rivera Keith Gerard L. Daguio Date 31|10|18 Cover photo: People drive in heavy traffic in Manila, Philippines Table of Contents List of Tables ......................................................................................... iv List of Figures ......................................................................................... v List of Maps .......................................................................................... vii Executive Summary ........................................................................... viii 1 National Policy Framework ............................................................ 1 1.1 Urbanization and the national urban hierarchy ........................................ 1 1.2 Population and internal migration ............................................................ 16 1.3 Land ownership and land issues ............................................................... 19 1.4 National health policy framework ............................................................ 20 1.4.1 Development of health services delivery ...................................................... 20 1.4.2 Health services delivery framework ................................................................ 21 1.4.3 Major health sector reforms ............................................................................. 30 1.4.4 Private sector services provision ...................................................................... 31 1.4.5 Health sector financing .................................................................................... 33 1.4.6 Government guarantees for the health sector............................................. 34 1.5 National education policy framework ..................................................... 36 1.5.1 Development of health services delivery ...................................................... 36 1.5.2 Education services delivery network .............................................................. 38 1.5.3 Major basic education sector reforms ........................................................... 42 1.5.4 Basic Education Reform Agenda (BESRA) ..................................................... 44 1.5.5 Technical and Vocational Education and Training ..................................... 50 1.5.6 Higher education .............................................................................................. 55 1.6 Private sector education services provision ............................................ 61 1.7 Education sector financing ....................................................................... 63 1.8 Educational progress through the years .................................................. 64 1.8.1 Technical-vocational education .................................................................... 65 1.8.2 Higher education .............................................................................................. 65 i 2 City of Manila Profile ..................................................................... 67 2.1 History, geography, and administration and political context ............. 67 2.1.1 Historical overview ............................................................................................. 67 2.1.2 Geography ......................................................................................................... 73 2.1.3 Administration and political context .............................................................. 75 2.1.4 Demographic Trends ........................................................................................ 87 2.1.5 Housing types and durable structure ............................................................. 89 2.1.6 Migration ............................................................................................................. 90 2.2 Economic development and constraints ................................................ 91 2.2.1 Infrastructure and utilities .................................................................................. 91 2.2.2 Employment and minimum wage .................................................................. 93 2.2.3 Public markets and business establishments ................................................. 93 2.2.4 Tourism ................................................................................................................. 93 3 City Profile Batangas ..................................................................... 95 3.1 History, geography, and administration and political context ............. 95 3.1.1 Historical overview ............................................................................................. 95 3.1.2 Geography ......................................................................................................... 98 3.1.3 Administration and political context ............................................................ 101 3.1.4 Planning and land use expansion ................................................................. 114 3.1.5 Demographic trends ....................................................................................... 116 3.2 Economic development and constraints .............................................. 121 3.2.1 Infrastructure and utilities ................................................................................ 121 3.2.2 Employment and minimum wage ................................................................ 123 3.2.3 Public markets and business establishments ............................................... 123 3.2.4 Cooperatives and financial institutions ........................................................ 123 3.2.5 Agriculture, fisheries, and farm animals........................................................ 124 3.2.6 Industry and Shipping ..................................................................................... 124 3.2.7 Constraints in development ........................................................................... 124 3.3 Observations and challenges ................................................................. 125 3.3.1 Urban development and planning ............................................................... 126 3.3.2 Health sector .................................................................................................... 127 3.3.3 On inequity ....................................................................................................... 128 3.3.4 On governance ............................................................................................... 131 ii 3.3.5 On health outcomes ....................................................................................... 133 3.4 Education sector ...................................................................................... 136 3.4.1 Basic education ............................................................................................... 136 3.4.2 TVET .................................................................................................................... 138 1.1.1 Higher education ............................................................................................ 139 4 Summary: the cities of Manila and Batangas ........................... 140 References ........................................................................................ 142 iii List of Tables Table 1: geographical-political units in the Philippines ............................................................ 1 Table 2: Legal requisites for the creation of local government units ........................................ 3 Table 3: Definitions of urban areas on the Philippines ............................................................. 4 Table 4: Summary of devolved services .................................................................................... 9 Table 5: Major policies for rational land use and sustainable urban development ................ 13 Table 6: DOH organizational outcomes and programs .......................................................... 22 Table 7: Health facilities in the Philippines by type and ownership, 2018 ............................. 32 Table 8: Key reform thrusts and activities of BESRA .............................................................. 44 Table 9: Enrollees in levels of education by institution (2014-2017) ...................................... 61 Table 10: Percentage distribution of students in public and private institutions ................... 62 Table 11:Budget allocation to educational institutions ............................................................ 63 Table 12: Accessibility and quality indicators of education ..................................................... 64 Table 13: TVET sector progress ............................................................................................... 65 Table 14: TVET sector progress ............................................................................................... 66 Table 15: Manila City Government's current operating income .............................................. 76 Table 16: Manila City Government’s expenditures221 .............................................................. 77 Table 17: Health professionals in the City of Manila ..............................................................
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