Mandatory Premarital Hiv Testing: a Bibliography

MANDATORY PREMARITAL HIV TESTING: A BIBLIOGRAPHY

Journal Articles, Legal Documents, Reports, Report Chapters and Conference Proceedings Ahmed, Kabir. 2006. Goa proposes mandatory HIV tests before marriage, Lancet, 6 (5): 267. Akani, C.I., O. Erhabor, and S. Babatunde. 2005. Pre-marital HIV testing in couples from faith-based organizations: experience in Port Harcourt, Nigeria, Nigerian Journal of Medicine, January-March, 14 (1): 39-44. Al-Arrayed, S.S. 2005. Campaign to Control Genetic Blood Diseases in Bahrain, Community Genetics 8, 52-55. Allen, S., Meinzer-Derr, J., Kautzman, M., Zulu, I., Trask S., Fideli, U., Musonda R. Kasolo F., Goa F., Haworth A. 2003. Sexual behavior of HIV discordant couples after HIV counseling and testing, AIDS, 17: 733-740. Allen, S., Tice, J., Van de Perre, P., Serufilira, A., Hudes, E., Nsengumuremyi, F., et al. 1992. Effects of serotesting and counselling on condom use and serocoversion among HIV discordant couples in Africa, British Medical Journal, 304: 1605-1609. American Civil Liberties Union. 1998. Mandatory Pre-Marital HIV Testing: A Record of Failure, March. Amnesty International. 2004. Albania: Disability and the Right to Marry, Press Release, http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/EUR11/005/2004/en/dom- EUR110052004en.html Asante, A.D. (National Centre in HIV Social Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia). 2007. Scaling up HIV prevention: why routine or mandatory testing is not feasible for sub-Saharan Africa, Bulletin of the World Health Organization (Perspectives section) 85 (8) August, 644-646. Altman R, Shahied SI, Pizzuti W, Brandon DN, Anderson L, Freud C. 1992. Premarital HIV-testing in New Jersey, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 5 p.7-11. Atack, Chris. 2008. Researchers are looking to sociology, education and social policy to help slow the spread of AIDS among young people in southern Africa, McGill Special Report, http://www.mcgill.ca/headway/spring2008/specialreport3/ Beckwith, Curt G., Timothy P. Flanigan, Carlos del Rio, Emma Simmons, Edward J. Wing, Charles C. J. Carpenter, and John G. Bartlett. 2005. It is time to implement routine, not risk-based, HIV testing, Clinical Infectious Diseases 40 number S4 April 1, pp. 1037-1040. Bunnell R.E., Nassozi J., Marum E., Mubangizi J., Malamba S., Dillon B., Kalule J., Bahizi J., Musoke N., and Mermin J.H. 2005. Living with discordance: knowledge, challenges and prevention strategies of HIV-discordant couples in Uganda. AIDS Care, 17:999–1012. Bunnell, Rebecca, J Ekwaru1, R King1, S Bechange1, D Moore, K Khana1, W Were, A Coutinho, J Tappero, and J Mermin et al. 2008. 3-year follow-up of sexual behavior and HIV transmission risk of persons taking ART in rural Uganda. 15th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Boston, USA, 3–6 February 2008, Abstract 29. http://www.retroconference.org/2008/Abstracts/31270.htm Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network. 2006. India: Supreme Court denies right to marry for people living with HIV, then resiles from this conclusion, Courting Rights: Case Studies in Litigating the Human Rights of People Living with HIV, UNAIDS Best Practices Division, March, pp. 21-26. Castilla, Jesús Castilla, Jorge del Romero, Victoria Hernando, Beatriz Marincovich, Soledad García, Carmen Rodríguez. 2005. Effectiveness of highly active antiretroviral therapy in reducing heterosexual transmission of HIV. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 40 pp. 96–101. Center for Arab Genomic Studies. 2006. Generic Diseases in Bahrain in Genetic Disorders in the Arab World Vol.2. www.cags.org.ae/cb25c.pdf China, People’s Republic of. 1994. Law on Maternal and Infant Health Care (母婴保健法)

China, People’s Republic of. 2003. Marriage Registration Regulation (婚姻登记条例)

Cleary PD, MJ Barry, KH Mayer, AM Brandt, L Gostin, HV Fineberg. 1987. Compulsory Premarital Screening for the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Journal of the American Medical Association, 258 no. 13 October 2, pp.1757-1762. Closen, Michael L. et al. 1986. AIDS: Testing Democracy—Irrational Responses to the Public Health Crisis and the Need for Privacy in Serologic Testing, 19 J. Marshall L. Rev. 835 (discussing the constitutionality of mandatory premarital HIV testing and the requirement of having a compelling public purpose for such testing), cited in Closen, Gamrath and Hopkins 1994, note 3. Closen, Michael, Robert Gamrath and Dem Hopkins. 1994. Mandatory Premarital HIV Testing: Political Exploitation of the AIDS Epidemic, Tulane Law Review, Tulane University. Coates, T., Coates G. Sanigwa, G. Balmer, D., Furlonge, C., Kamenga, C., and Gregorich, S. 1998. Serodiscordant married couples undergoing counseling and testing reduce risk behavior with each other but not with extra-marital partners, XII World Conference on AIDS, Geneva, abstract 33268, June 28-July 3. Conseil Oecumenique des Eglises. 2003. Modèles et Prédications et Méditations Bibliques dans le Contexte du VIH/SIDA en Afrique. http://www.wcc- coe.org/wcc/what/mission/predications.pdf De Cock, Kevin M, Dorothy Mbori-Ngacha and Elizabeth Marum. 2002. Shadow on the Continent: Public Health and HIV/AIDS in Africa in the 21st Century, Lancet, 360 issue 9326, July 6, pp. 67-72, 2002. De Cock, Kevin M, Rebecca Bunnell, and Jonathan Mermin. 2006. Unfinished Business—Expanding HIV Testing in Developing Countries, The New England Journal of Medicine 354, February 2, pp. 440-442, Décret n°92-143 du 14 février 1992 relatif aux examens obligatoires prénuptial, pré et postnatal http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000540419&date Texte= Del Rio, C., Mellado A., Quintanilla M., Muniz M. 1994. Premarital HIV testing: the case of Mexico, International AIDS Conference, August 7-12; 10:328 (abstract no. PC0243) Del Rio C, Muniz-Martelon M, Mellado E, Trevino A, Baez-Villasenor J. 1995. Summer. Premarital HIV Testing: The Case of Mexico. AIDS and Public Policy Journal 10(2), pp. 104-6. Demetriades, Andreas K. 2003. Premarital Screening: Lessons from Thalassaemia in Cyprus, British Medical Journal 326 277-279 March 24. www.bmj.com/cgi/eletters/326/7383/277 Delvaux, Therese and Christiana Nostlinger. 2007. Reproductive Choice for Women and Men Living with HIV: Contraception, Abortion and Fertility. Reproductive Health Matters 15 (29 Supplement), 46-66. Desgrées-du-Loû, Annabel and Joanna Orne-Gliemann. 2008. Couple-centred testing and counselling for HIV serodiscordant heterosexual couples in sub-Saharan Africa. Reproductive Health Matters 16 (32) November, 151-161 Dixon-Mueller, Ruth. 2007. The Sexual Ethics of HIV Testing and the Rights and Responsibilities of Partners, Studies in Family Planning, 38.4, December, pp. 284-296. Dunkle, Kristin L, Rob Stephenson, Etienne Karita, Elwyn Chomba, Kayitesi Kayitenkore, Cheswa Vwalika, Lauren Greenberg, and Susan Allen. 2008. New heterosexually transmitted HIV infections in married or cohabitating couples in urban Zambia and Rwanda: an analysis of survey and clinical data. The Lancet 371, June 28, pp. 2183-2191. Fatima Faisal Al Halwachi. 2005. Premarital Screening in Bahrain: An interview with Dr. Emam Sharaf, English Language Unit Newsletter Arabian Gulf University, Vol 5 (2) February. www.agu.edu.bh/elun/Vol5-No2/premaritalscreening.htm Fawole, O.I., M.C. Asuzu, and S.O. Oduntan. 1999. Survey of knowledge, attitudes and sexual practices relating to HIV infection/AIDS among Nigerian secondary school students, African Journal of Reproductive Health, 3 (2), pp. 15-24. Federal Government of Nigeria. 2003. National Policy of HIV/AIDS 2003, sourced from website Education Research Network for West and Central Africa (ERNWCA). France: Code de la Santé Publique. 2008 revision. http://www.droit.org/codes/CSANPUNL.html#sectionLEGISCTA000006155013 Frodsham L.C., Smith J.R., Gilling-Smith C. 2004. Assessment of welfare of the child in HIV positive couples, Human Reproduction 19 (10), 2420-2324. Fu Hualing. 2007. Multi-Country Review of Laws and Policies on HIV Testing and Counseling in Asia and the Pacific, A Country Report: People’s Republic of China, draft report for UNICEF EAPRO, June. Gable, Lance, Katharina Gamharter, Lawrence O. Gostin, James G. Hodge, Jr., and Rudolf V. Van Puymbroeck. 2007. Legal Aspects of HIV/AIDS: A Guide to Policy and Law Reform, Global HIV/AIDS Program and Legal Vice Presidency, The World Bank. Gan'czak, Maria, Peter Barss, Fatima Alfaresi, Shamma Almazrouei, Amal Muraddad, and Fatma Al-Maskari. 2007. Break the Silence: HIV/AIDS Knowledge, Attitudes, and Educational Needs among Arab University Students in United Arab Emirates, Journal of Adolescent Health 40 572.e1-572.e8. Ghana National Anti-AIDS Commission. 2003. National Guidelines for the Development and Implementation of HIV Voluntary Counseling and Testing in Ghana. Ministry of Health. November. http://webapps01.un.org/nvp/frontend!policy.action?id=161 Guidelines for HIV Counselling and Testing in Ethiopia. 2007. Federal HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control Council /Federal Ministry of Health. Gray, Ronald H, Maria J Wawer, Ron Brookmeyer, Nelson K Sewankambo, David Serwadda, Fred Wabwire-Mangen, Tom Lutalo, Xianbin Li, Thomas vanCott, Thomas C Quinn, the Rakai Project Team. 2001. Probability of HIV-1 transmission per coital act in monogamous, heterosexual, HIV-1 discordant couples in Rakai, Uganda, Lancet 357 no. 9263, April 14, pp. 1149-1153. Gregorich, S., Kamenga, C., Sangiwa, G., Furlonge, C., and Balmer, D. 1998. Impact of HIV counseling and testing in three developing countries: Results from the voluntary HIV counseling and testing study, XII World Conference on AIDS, Geneva, abstract 33268, June 28-July 3. Habte, Dereje, Negussie Deyessa, and Gail Davey. 2006. Assessment of the utilization of pre-marital HIV testing services and determinants of VCT in Addis Ababa, 2003, Ethiopian Journal of Health Development, 20 (1): 18-23. Hesketh, Therese. 2003. Getting married in China: pass the medical first, British Medical Journal 326, February 1, pp. 277-279. Hesketh, T., X.M. Huang, Z.B. Wang, Z.W. Xing, D.W. Cubitt, and A.M. Tomkins. 2003. Using the pre-marital examination for population-based surveillance for HIV in China: A Pilot Study, AIDS, 17: 1572-1574. Hira SK, Nkowane BM, Kamanga J, Wadhawan D, Kavindele D, Macuacua R, et. al. 1990. Epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus in families in Lusaka, Zambia, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 3, pp. 83-86. Human Rights Watch. 2006. AIDS Conference: Drive for HIV Testing must Respect Human Rights, http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/08/09/canada13944.htm IPPF (International Planned Parenthood Federation). 2008. Verdict on a Virus. November 14. Downloadable at http://www.unaids.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/Resources/FeatureStories/archive/2008/2008 1114_Verdict_on_Virus_IPPF.asp Izazola Licea JA, Sánchez Pérez HJ, del Río Chiriboga C. 1992. The serological exam for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as part of the premarital exams, Gac Med Mex. 128(3), May-June, pp. 317-27 Jeremiah ZA, Okon IA, Jeremiah TA. 2007. Seroprevalence of HIV and frequencies of haemoglobin genotypes, ABO and Rh blood groups, among premarital couples in Port Harcourt, Nigeria, South African Family Practice 49 (2), March. http://www.safpj.co.za/index.php/safpj/article/viewArticle/488 Joseph, S.C. 1989. Premarital AIDS Testing: public policy abandoned at the alter, Journal of the American Medical Association, 261(23), p. 3456. Jurgens, Ralf. 2007. Increasing Access to HIV Testing and Counseling while Respecting Human Rights, Open Society Institute Pubic Health Program, August. 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Working with people living with HIV/AIDS organizations: Background Document, http://www.oikoumene.org/en/resources/documents/wcc-programmes/justice-diakonia- and-responsibility-for-creation/health-and-healing/hivaids/wcc-statements-and- studies/2005-working-with-people-living-with-hivaids-organizations.html#c11340 World Relief. 2006. The Church at Work: World Relief 2006 AGL Partnership Report. WHO. 2003. Report on the Consultation to develop HIV voluntary counselling and testing for countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Cairo Egypt 28-20 July. WHO. 2004. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use 3rd ed. Geneva. WHO. 2008. Towards Universal Access: Scaling up priority HIV/AIDS interventions in the health sector. Progress Report 2008. WHO/UNAIDS. 2007. Guidance on Provider Initiated HIV Testing and Counseling in Health Facilities, World Health Organization, May. Wu Zunyou, Keming Rou, Chen Xu, Wei Lou, and Roger Detels. 2005. 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News Reports and Blogs Abdelkader, Rima. 2008. Limited Data on HIV/AIDS Cases in Middle East and North Africa Unhelpful, Arabisto.com. June 6. http://www.arabisto.com/article.cfm?articleID=1121 African Press in Norway. 2006. Introduce death sentence in all countries to deal with those spreading HIV/AIDS intentionally! December 27. http://africanpress.wordpress.com/2006/12/27/introduce-death-sentence-in-all-countries- to-deal-with-those-spreading-hivaids-intentionally/ Afrol News. Nov 24 2008. Burundi to criminalise homosexuality. http://www.afrol.com/articles/31801 Agencia de Informacacao Mocambique. 2006. Mozambique: First Lady Urges End to Dangerous ‘Traditions.’ Altermedia.info. 2007. Arabie saoudite : test prénuptial de dépistage du sida exigé dès début 2008. http://fr.altermedia.info/general/arabie-saoudite-test-prenuptial-de-depistage- du-sida-exige-des-debut-2008_11371.html September 1. Associated Press. 2005. Report: Premarital Testing to be Mandatory for Muslims in Malaysian State, May 5. Atabib Blog. 2008. Wednesday December 24. http://atabib.blogspot.com/2008/12/care- for-mind-bender_24.html BBC Monitoring South Asia—Political. 2006. India’s Goa to make pre-marital HIV tests voluntary, September 16. Business Day (South Africa). 2005. Minister will not debate AIDS Crisis with DA, April 11. Business Intelligence Middle East. 2009. Qatar ready to start pre-marital medical checks, January 19. http://www.bi- me.com/main.php?id=29992&t=1&c=13&cg=2&mset=1011 Chan Li Leen. Dec 28 2008. HIV testing should be done more than once, The Star online, http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/12/28/nation/20081228165827&sec=nat ion China Daily. December 28 2004. China offers free pre-marital medical check. www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-12/18/content_401393.htm China Daily. July 25 2005. Compulsory pre-marital health check-up in NE China creates controvery. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-07/25/content_463175.htm Daily Champion. 2007. Nigeria: Anglican Church Reaffirm HIV Test Before Marriage, August 19. De Young, Karen. 2001. AIDS Challenges Religious Leaders: Opposition to Condoms is Critisized, The Washington Post, August 13, p. A01. Deccan Herald. 2008. Female Circumcision banned in Egypt. June 9. http://www.global- sisterhood-network.org/content/view/2132/59/ Dina El Shammaa. 2009. Couples urged to screen health before marriage, The Nation, January 30. http://www.gulfnews.com/nation/Health/10280654.html Dorcas Ilunga-Chileshe. 2005. ‘No HIV test, no marriage’ Times of Zambia. http://www.times.co.zm/news/viewnews.cgi?category=8&id=1229588623 Ecumenical News International. 2004. Nigerian Anglican Church makes HIV test mandatory for couples. 04-0529, Lagos, 12 August, cited in World Council of Churches 2005. Ethiopian Herald. 2006. HIV-AIDS and STDs: ‘Inheritance Marriage’ Said Fuelling HIV Spread, October 6. Forum Famille. 2008. http://forum.doctissimo.fr/famille/couple-mixte/concernant- hepatite-prenuptial-sujet_775_1.htm, February 2. Gays without Borders. November 24 2008. Burundi: Government moves to criminalize homosexuality—Activist groups express outrage. http://gayswithoutborders.wordpress.com/2008/11/25/burundi-government-moves-to- criminalize-homosexuality-activist-groups-express-outrage/ Govender, Prega. 2008. Call to test all Muslims for HIV before marriage. The Times, July 26. http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=809545 HDN Key Correspondent Team. 2004 (1). Condom U-turn puts many young Ugandans at risk, May 26 (posted on AF-AIDS). HDN Key Correspondent Team. 2004 (2). Re: Condom U-turn puts many young Ugandans at risk, May 27, 2004, (posted on AF-AIDS) healthdev.net. 2008. New HIV law in Singapore and its implications. http://healthdev.net/site/post.php?s=2104 Highlander Blog. 2007. From the Rock, February 11. http://lonehighlander.blogspot.com/2007/02/pre-marital-hiv-test-yes-or-no.html Holbrooke, Richard and Richard Furman. 2004. A Global Battle's Missing Weapon. The New York Times. February 10. Inter Press Service. 2003. Health Senegal: Women’s Groups Seek Mandatory Premarital HIV Testing, September 2. Islam Today (Saudi Arabia). Undated. Mandatory Premarital Medical Examinations. http://www.islamtoday.com/showme2.cfm?cat_id=2&sub_cat_id=634 Jewaira. 2008. Premarital Screening (blog). October 23. http://jewaira.wordpress.com/2008/10/23/premarital-screening/ Kaiser Daily HIV/AIDS Report. 2008. Malaysian Government Will Encourage HIV Tests For Non-Muslim Couples Before Marriage, Deputy Prime Minister Says. December 23http://www.kaisernetwork.org/Daily_Reports/rep_hiv_recent_rep.cfm?dr_cat=1&show =yes&dr_DateTime=12-23-08#56215 Kaiser Net. September 8 2008. World Vision Report Finds Young Brides at Risk of Contracting HIV/AIDS http://www.kaisernetwork.org/daily_reports/rep_index.cfm?DR_ID=54324 Kaminju, Antony. 2007. South Africa's virginity testing. BBC News, May 22. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6677745.stm Li Jiansheng (Banjielou Village Clinic). 2008. Premarital testing beneﬁts both the self and others (婚前检测利己利人.) AIDS-Action, issue 6, December. www.chain.net.cn

Ligomeka, B. 2003. Traditional practices transformed by AIDS, Inter Press Service News Agency, November 8. http://ipsnews.net/interna.asp?idnews=21001 Lim Wey Wen. 2009. To test, or not to test, The Star online, Sunday January 11. http://thestar.com.my/health/story.asp?file=/2009/1/11/health/2898185&sec=health Mahima Kaul Blog. Dec 21 2006. http://lifeandtimes75.blogspot.com/2006/12/test- this.html Mahatir, Marina Blog. 2008. Friday December 19. http://rantingsbymm.blogspot.com/2008/12/why-mandatory-premarital-hiv-testing- is.html Manjimab.blogspot.com. 2008. Is premarital HIV testing feasible—or desirable? Http://manjimab.blogspot.com/2008/01/is-premarital-hiv-testing-feasible-or.html, also published in January 2008 issue of Agenda, available at www.infochangeindia.org/agenda10. Mapping out criminalisation on the continent. PlusNews. http://www.plusnews.org/InDepthMain.aspx?InDepthId=77&ReportId=81739 Medical News Today. Dec 17 2008. Kenya's HIV Transmission Law Divides Government, Advocates, IRIN/PlusNews Reports http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/133339.php Mugisa, Anne. 2008. Uganda: Activists Decry Compulsory HIV Testing Before Marriage, The New Vision, November 2. http://allafrica.com/stories/200811030151.html New Age (Melbourne). 2007. Indian Village forces couples to take HIV tests, February 10. New Strait Times (Malaysia). 2004. Muslims benefit from State’s pre-marital HIV/AIDS screening, March 4. New Straits Times (Malaysia). 2005. Perlis may make pre-marital HIV test compulsory, February, 28. New Strait Times (Malaysia). 2005 Feb 25. Perak to impose pre-marital HIV test, February 25. New Strait Times (Malaysia). 2006. Johor made tests compulsory for couples in 2001, July 10. New Straits Times (Malaysia). 2007. Couple Wanted Over Fake HIV Test Results, January 27. New Vision (Kampala). 2004. Church Clarifies on Condom Use, May 15, (posted on AF- AIDS) New Vision. 2006 (1). Uganda: HIV Testing Before Marriage Should Be Compulsory, November 15. New Vision. 2006 (2). Uganda: Fight Early Marriages, December 27. New Vision. 2008. Uganda: HIV Infection Highest in Marriage, June 6. Njanji, Susan. 2001. New Sex Law to Curb HIV/AIDS, Marital Rape in Zimbabwe, Agence France Press, August 21. http://www.aegis.com/news/ads/2001/AD011626.html Page, Jeremy. 2006. With these negative results, I thee wed, The Times of London, December 23, p. 35. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article1264092.ece?token=null&offset =0 Pana Press. 2001. Muslim leaders recommend premarital AIDS test. October 20. http://www.panapress.com/paysindexlat.asp?codepays=eng037&page=68 Patel, Yusuf. 2008. HIV tests can't be mandatory, The Times, August 3. http://www.thetimes.co.za/PrintEdition/Insight/Article.aspx?id=814060 Peoples Daily. March 22 2006. China mulls compulsory pre-marital health check-ups in regions with high AIDS occurrences. http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200603/22/eng20060322_252517.html PlusNews. November 20 2008. Nigeria: “With this HIV test, I thee wed.” http://www.plusnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=81573 PlusNews. November 24 2008. Uganda: Draft bill's good intentions could backfire. http://www.plusnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=81636 PlusNews. December 12 2008. Kenya: Unease over HIV transmission law. http://www.plusnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=81943 Positive Nation. 2008. India and Saudi Arabia back HIV marriage tests, Issue 138. http://www.positivenation.co.uk/news_world/137/ontheside.php Rajendran, S. 2004. Pre-marital HIV test may be made mandatory, Hindu on Net, January 29. http://www.thehindu.com/2004/01/29/stories/2004012904610400.htm Shanghai Star. Feb 20 2005. Checking mates before tying knot. news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-02/20/content_2596331.htm Singapore Sunday Times. 2004. Singapore to re-consider premarital HIV test (新加坡考虑进行婚前HIV检测). December 4. http://www.labsky.com/data/04/12/news/1214120029859.htm South China Morning Post. 2004. Blaming the Usual Suspects, December 14. South China Morning Post. 2007. Forced pre-nuptial HIV tests will be a disaster, say critics, January 3. Stewart, Nikita and Marcia Davis. 2008. Council at Odds over Marriage License Tests, The Washington Post, May 29. The Age (Melbourne). 2007. Indian village forces couples to take HIV tests, February 10 The East African Standard. Dec 15 2006. Kenya: Mandatory HIV Test Stirs Controversy. www.aidsportal.org/news_details.aspx?ID=3573 The Hindu, Business Line. 2003. Premarital HIV screening urged, October 3, http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2003/10/03/stories/2003100301141300.htm The Hindu. 2005. Pre-Marital HIV Test Launched, December 1. The Hindustan Times. Feb 11 2008. Is mandatory pre-marital HIV test feasible? http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1427149171.html The Herald. 2007. Zimbabwe: Promote HIV Testing Among Couples, October 8. The Naz Foundation. 2004. Should pre-marital HIV testing be made compulsory? No. Test is no guarantee that the infection cannot happen after marriage, Express Healthcare Management. Issue dtd 1st to 15th January 2004. http://www.expresshealthcaremgmt.com/20040115/oped01.shtml The Star Online. 2008. Mandatory pre-marital HIV screening for Mulims, December 18. http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/12/18/nation/20081218162727&sec=nat ion The Straits Times (Singapore). 2005(1). Women back tougher AIDS laws: Female grassroots leaders want the laws passed quickly, March 25. The Straits Times. (Singapore). 2005 (2). KL calls for action plan against AIDS: 7,000 new cases each year, but government constrained by religious sensitivities, March 31, 2005. The Times of India. 2008. HP mulls premarital HIV test, December 24. Thewip.net. May 23, 2007. http://www.thewip.net/contributors/2007/05/the_plight_of_children_living.html UN Integrated Regional Information Networks. 2006 (1). Burundi: Compulsory HIV Testing Before Marriage Still a Sore Point, November 10. UN Integrated Regional Information Networks. 2006 (2). Tanzania: Government to Amend Girls’ Age of Consent for Marriage, November 10. Were, Beatrice. 2005. Fighting a Deadly U.S. AIDS Policy in Uganda. Interview by Christopher Hayes on inthesetimes.com. December 5. http://www.inthesetimes.com/article/2428/beatrice_were_fighting_a_deadly_us_aids_pol icy_in_uganda/ Xinhua News Agency. 2003. Premarital AIDS Tests Popular in Cambodia, Showing Fruits of Efforts, October 14. Xinhua News Agency. July 22 2005. Heilongjiang resumes compulsory premarital health checks. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-07/22/content_3254337.htm Xinhua News Agency. 2006. China’s Yunnan orders compulsory pre-marital HIV tests, December 2. Yunnan Daily. December 5, 2006. Take the HIV test before marriage (婚前做个HIV抗体检测). http://paper.yunnan.cn/html/20061205/news_92_17243.html

Zawya.com. 2007. Saudi Arabia: Premarital HIV, Hepititis Tests from Next Year, August 30, 2007. http://www.zawya.com/story.cfm/sidZAWYA20070830030146

Experts Consulted AIDS Coordinator, private testing clinic in Ghana, December 1, 2008.

Aine Costigan, former UNICEF Officer in Nairobi, April 25, 2008.

Amara Soonthorndhada, professor Mahidol University, Bangkok. May 23, 2008. Cambodia based HIV/AIDS expert, April 7, 2008. Bishop Zebedee Masereka, International Network of Religious Leaders Living with and Personally Affected by HIV (INERELA), February 4, 2009 Donna Higgins, WHO, May 13, 2008 Erik Iriskulbekov, lawyer, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, April 5, 2008 French HIV/AIDS expert, April 10, 2008.

James Matarazzo, International Network of Religious Leaders Living with and Personally Affected by HIV (INERELA), February 4, 2009.

Kamran Niaz, UNODC Tashkent, May 7, 2008.

Marelize Gorgens, World Bank's Global HIV/AIDS Monitoring and Evaluation Team, Zanzibar, April 22, 2008.

Maria Owen, Churches United Against HIV and AIDS in Eastern and Southern Africa (CUAHA), February 16, 2009. Marina Mahatir, former Director of the Malaysian AIDS Council, May 13, 2008. Ralf Jurgens, Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network, March 18, 2008. Richard Elliot, Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network, May 14, 2008. Sarah Kambou, International Center for Research on Women, Washington DC, March 12, 2008 Tripti Tandon, Lawyers Collective, May 12, 2008 Uzbek HIV/AIDS activist, April 8, 2008