CONSULTANT'S REPORT OF BIODIVERSITY SPECIALIST FOR USAID PID MISSION NATURAL_ RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN

Kathy MacKinnon Ecology Advisor EMDI

D~cember 1988 The Biological Importance of Kalimantan

Kalimantan, as part of the great·island of·,theworld's~· third-largest island, is biologically. one of· themost.important-· , ..... -. - --r- areas of . Borneo lies within the everwet and supports the largest expanse of tropical.~rainforest -in ~the - ~ Indomalayan Realm. It is a main centre of distribution for many genera of the Malesian flora and the Indomalayan fauna. Forest types include forests, large areas of peat swamp and freshwater non-peaty swamp, the most extensive heath or kerangasforests in the realm, lowland dipterocarp forest, forests on limestone, and variolls montane formations. Geologically and climatically, Borneo has remained stable for the last few thousand years and evolved high diversity. Table 1 compares species richness and endemism for plants, mammals, and reptiles on the Indonesian islands. Borneo and Irian Jaya () score most highly for spedes richness and are the obvious fir.st can:iidates for conservation efforts to protect biological divE:rsi ty in Indonesia. Deforestation and development are proceeding more rapidly in Kalimantan. Kalimantan's need for immediate action makes it the best focus for the USAID natural resources managemElDt project to maintain biological d.iversity. Borneo is very rich in both flora and fauna. Tne illlanJ is the richest unit of the Sundaic subn~gion ",'itn :;mall plot t::-ee diversity as high as fot.::.:lj anywhnre in ~ew (,u1nea or S:ilth America. Borneo, j,'"ith 262 SpeciE!3 of riipteroca=;:s, 1:; i:he centre of distribution :o!' the f,:,.rcily D:!pteroce::-paceae. ~ __ e most impo::-tant g::-oup of cm!t:l!e=:::..~a:' t:'t:::::ers in Sc·::t.h- 1";",1: A:::' =.. Endemism runs at high levels t:nr('ughc.'Ut the wao~.e fl(o,:,,~: .,-ith about 34% of all plant species and 59 genera unique t.o the island. On comparison, Sumatra has only 12% endemism cit species level and 17 endemic genera). Borneo also has 30 species of endemic birds and 44 endemic land mammals, mlln, of them montane species. , Within l!orneo it is possible to recognise several distinct biogeographic un~ts. Several of the !:1ajor rivers have ~icted c.S barriers to faunal distribution. Ine Routhwest part c: the island between the Kapuas and Barito rivers hall a different: species (Hylobates agilis) to that found over. th: rest of the island (;Bylobates muel+eri). Tne south-Ioles tal so lacks the bandt~d leaf monkey Presbyt1,s melalophos anc :i s generally faunally and florally impoverished compared to othE:r parts of BO'':1J.eo. The area to the east of the Bnrito mlc south of the Mahakam is another distinct Ullit, from which th.? Pongo pygmaeus is abseIlt: and with a centre of - 2 - floral distinctiveness centred on the Meratus mountains. The east coast of Borneo is somewhatdistirict because it is' seasonally drier than the rest of. the island._--The.. north is ---... florally and faunally much richer in species than the south, with elephants Elepbas maximus and several rodents not found in the south. Four distinct centres of plant endemism can be recognised - the north-east corner (tallest-and- richest-forests in Borneo), north coast, north-west, and the central hills and mountain ranges (including Mt. Kinabalu, , at 4101 m the highest peak in South-, as well as the highest Kalimantan ranges). This central biogeographic unit contains the distinct montane flora and.fauna of the island, with 23 endemic birds and 21 endemic mammals.

Spec:ies of Special. Conservation Concern

Bornean mammal species listed in the IUCN Red Data Book include: cloudE~d Nf.~ofEdis nebulosa, bay cat Felis badia (very rare), Felis mal"mol"ata, flat-headed- cat Felis planiceps, proboscis monkey -NB_2~lalrs larvatus~ Bornean Tarsius bancanus (probably fairly common in lowland forests though rarely seen), orangutan Pongo pygmaeus (seriously threatened by the destruct:!.on of its forE~st habitat!"), elephant Elephss maximus ( a small population in Saban which may sometimef' w_:inder into thf.~ Ulu Sembakung area in northern E. Kalj_ltan~an), S'.lnat-=an rll!--::lO I'icerorhinus sumat.ranus (ext:nc:t over ::::..l-!!: o~ 50:-::-=0 with relict popu~ations in Saba..~, Sa!a;,u.K and possiblJ Kayan-Mez:tarar.g), a::c tJ:lnten~ Bos javanicus.

Tne only Ilornean list;~(: in :he Bird Red Data Book is the Malay peacock pheasant IJol:rJ>lectl~oIl m. scbleiermacheri, but several other birds are rarE! or threatened including the Great Argus Argusj.anus argus (common but easily snared), helmeted Rhinoplax ... :lgil (hllnted for .its fE~athers and valuable ivory casque), Buh7er's pheasant Lophura buiweri, swiftlets Collocalia fuc:lpbllgn and C. maxima (locally threatened by overccllectio:t of ediblE~ nests), black··brolo7ed jungle babbler T~ichastoula rer13piciliatum (very rare and threatened by habitat 10I3s), Everett's ground thruflh Zflotbera everetti (rare on a few mountains) ar._d the bald-headl~d woodshrike Pityriasis gYlllllol:ephala (a rare lowland bIrd threatened by habHat l(oss).

CrocodilesCrocodylus PQroElt:.s and fa.lse gavialsTomistoma schlegelii have been heavi~lY ov-ercol1ectE!d and are now rare throughout the island. - 3 - One insect group for which critical habitats have been studied is swallowtail .' Borneo has 40 species of swallowtails, four of them endemic to the island. Three of these endemics probably occur in the Sungai Kayan-Mentarang ~ Reserve (Collins and Morris, 1985). Plotted distributions of resident Indonesian birds (!-lacKinnon ...' and Wind,1980) indicate that all Kalimantan species'will be represented within the existing and proposed reserve system and the same is probably true for mammals, especially the major groups. All Bomean primate species are protected in at least one major Kalimantan reserve (MacKinnon, 19862 - Table 2. It is worth emphasising, however, that while these species are recorded 1n reserves at present, their continued survival there will depend upon effective protection and management. The Sumatran rhino is now extinct~in~Kutai-N .P.,.. a-reser·ve:.·~ originally established to protect this species.

Borneo has been identified by the IUCN Threatened Plants Unit as a centre of plant diversity.···As· well as the commercially' important dipterocarp species (such as meranti, Shorea) Borneo is famous for ironwood Eusideroxylon zwageri,'more than 4000 species of orchids, and is the centre of distribution for the remarkable pitcher plants. Many of the tree families provide tropical fruits widely harvested by local peoples 8:ld sometimes cODesticated in home gardens, e.g., mangoss, durians, Baccaurea (Euphorbiaceae), Artocarpus (breae:ruHs and jaclr.fruits), and NepheUum (rambutans). Am(mg the Bo=nean pa3.ms are several genera which produce fruit, foo:' anc. o':ner products widely used hy local communities. Sugarpalms include Arenga pinnata, Nypa fructicans, and Borassodendron bomeens1s. The sago pa].-: }o[etroxylon sago is also harvested for sago. Several rattan palms, Calamus. spp, are commercially valuable and four or f:1ve species are grown in traditional home gardens in East Y-alimantan. Bamboos, ferns alld other plants are widely utilised •. , ~.a.ny of the traditioual Daynk cOIWDunities of Kalimantan live in close contact with the natural environment and utilise natural resourt!es and forest products for food, handicrafts, building materials, medicines, fish poisons, lrrappings and ritual uses. With increasing exposure to modern lifestyles and availability of other alternatives, communities are utilising these plant products less frequently and it is"'important to document this knowledge before it is lost. Treatments for a wide range of illnesses and diseases are still obtained from plant extracts. Some of these may be ineffective, but several are widely believed to be efficacious and some plants (e.g., Pltyogramma, Blechum, Nephrolepls, Urena, Celrodendrum may repay phytochemical and pharmaceutical - 4 - investigation (Pearce et a1., 198]). _ Other plant products with known physiological effects include the root of Derris- elliptica, an insecticideand'fish==-poi'SonrGon1othalamus,'an _'c r_"_~ insect repellent with anti-microbial action, Diospyros, a fish poison, and the poison-preBent~inParartocarpus--latex.----

Current 'Land Use

The island of Borneo has seen little volcanic activity. Its soils are old and relatively infertile. As a result, Borneo is less heavily colonised than many of the other Indonesian islands. Human density is only about ]0 people per km2 and over 60% of the land surface was until recently under natural forest. This figure is fast~reducingaslogging continues.---­ Kalimantan Timur (Indonesia's second largest --province with an area of 197,110 km2) has a population of only 1.6 million people, mainly distributed in the coastal lowlands, fertile Mahakam valley and upland river valleys.

The traditional peoples of Borneo have long practised slash and burn agriculture, an agricul~uraL regime- that--can- be -sustained.--­ in relative balance when practised at low densities and with long fallow periods. Even so, in the Kelabit highlands along the -Kalimantan border, there are extensive man-created highland . More seriously, the Bornean forests are being cleared by logging and for human resettlement. Logging bas made a heavy impact on th~ rich lowland dipterocarp forests; about balf of Indonesia's annual timber exports come out of f~limantan. Further forest loss was caused by the I extensive fires that swept through drought-ridden eastern Borneo in 1982/83. Some 3.5 million hectares of forest (an area as large as Belgium and much· already partially lcggE!d) was lost in and another million hectares in Sabah.

Human resettlement schemes as part of the Government's Transmigration programme have also open'ed up new areas of forest, not always on soils suitable for agriculture, and the new settlers have cleared further forest lands by cutting and burning to make ladangs. As the s:>ils lose their fertility after one or two crops, the farmers abandon their fields and much of southern and eastern Kalimantan is now covered in unproductive alang-alang ~ (Imperata cylindrica). Alnost one quarter of the land area of , 900,000 ha, is alang-alang and this area is growing by 10,000 ha a year due to poor agricultural practices.

East Kalimantan has extensive oil and natural gas fields centred around 3alikpapan and Bontang, which have been . producing for some twenty years, providing an important source of revenue for the nation. Since 1984 attention has turned to - 5 - other mineral deposits (coal, bauxite, gold, diamonds and semi-precious stones). Mineral exploration ana exploitation has become very active in Kalimantan. Most of lowland Kalimantan has already been given out in timber concessions (HPH) and th~ whole region is also divided into mineral concessions. A new coalfield with a life expectancy of 15 years will shortly be opened at Se"ngatta In E." KaHmantan," producing coal of very high grade. Some of the preliminary surveys for gold have already proved promising and mining will begin in some areas with further destruction of the environment. Some of these mining activities may threaten exis~ing protected areas.

ProtecJted Area Coverage

. Of the six major biogeographic:--un1tsof-the--1s1.a:no;--four- are found within Indonesian Borneo - see map 1. TIle National Conservation Plan for Indonesia: V Kalimantan and the IUCN Review of the Protected Areas System of the Indomalayan Realm identified the reserves and-conservation arp.as of top conservation importance within each biogeographical unit, according to scores for biological diversity and importance in preserving genetic resources, socioeconomic justification and manageability. TIlese scores and info~ation on habitat types and <".reas are given in Table 3 for all existing and propos(~d reserves in each of the four Kalimantan proyinces. Biological diversity is a product of area size (larger is generally better), area of different ba.bitats within the reserve, species richness of these habitats, and local enciemism and degrl?eof distinctiveness.

Several of the Kalimantan reserves are of international as well as national importance. The coverage of existing protected areas shows a bias towards the relatively unthreatened montane forest, while the faster-eroding habitats such as lowland rainforest and heath forests are less well-represented. Within Kalimantan there is a lack of any protection for the karst limestone format~ons of the Sangkulirang peninsula (part :f.s designated as protection forest), the most extensive area of limestone in Borneo. Existing reserves lie mostly below 1000 m but forest richness is distinctly greater' below 200 m. Lowland forests are the most species-rich habitatR, but also those most severely affected by logging and land developments. If the proposals for reserves and extensions outlined in t1::e National Conservation Plan for Kalimantan are gazetted, Kalimantan will have a fine system of reserves, representing each of the island's major habitat t.y.pes. Unfortunately, this is not the end of the story. The greatest weakness in the - 6 -

Indonesian protected area system to date has been a lack of adequate protection and management of·areas already legally gazetted.

If USAlD intends to invest in three or four reserves in Kalimantan, the main task is not identification of new reserves J but to improve prote~tion and tnanageme'nt 'of 'existing reserves and inventory and request gazettement of proposed reserves and extensions. Unless this happens within the next few years, some of the Kalimantan reserves are doomed. Kutai National Park, for instance, has already been logged and burned and is now threatened by provincial development plans and mineral exploitation.

Reserves of potentially high biological diversity are shown on map 2. The degree of degradation and.-encroachment-in-"Pri'ority­ reserves .ms assessed from the RePPProt land use maps prepared for each province by aDA for the Ministry of Transmigration and from ground surveys. Field teams from KPSL-UNLAM and PSL-UNTAN visited priority reserves ~n-each province to determine at first hand the existing problems and constraints to effective management and long-term survival of the protect{~d areas. -

South Kalimantan

TIle province of South Ka:_imantan cnrresponds roughly with the scouth-e£lsterrl biogeogrs.p·~,:.c unit, inc1.lding the l:t!ratus mountains, an area of fl,lral distincti'7eness. Tne Meratus mountains are hoce to .':€\'er£l eniemic Epecies o£ palms (transi:'eld, in lit.) anc orc:'lics (ce Vogel, pel's. COtntl.). Within this biouni.t there: are no reservI:s of priority A status (global or regional importanceJ as defiued by the IUCN Protect.ed Areas Review. The two best an.d richest remaining areas of forest, both extending into the Meratus range, are S .1'1. Pleihari Martapura and Bulu Meratus Barabai.

S.M. Pleibari-MartaJ:,ura

Pleihari-Martapu;-a (30, DO:) La) is one of the fe'tl l'emaining areas (If hill forest 1n the southern part of the prC'vince and contasts dramat:f.cally with the surrounding atang-alang grasslands. The reserve hEtS some botanical importance and harbours populations o:E Bornean , red leaf monkeys~ and Argus pheasants. The reserve is alBO important because it protects the waterslwd for the Riam Kanan dam, a major hydroelectric pro'ject. The Nes suggests that the rl:serve shoul

Of the proposed Meratus range reserves, Meratus Hulu Barabai is the most valuable for conservation. This Cagar Alam 'of 200,000 ha was proposed to protect both lowland and hill forest between 100-1907 m. Small pockets of montane forest, occur· on .------'- the highest peaks. The reserve was proposed to protect a floristically interesting area with highlocal-endemism,-the watershed, and species such as banteng and clouded leopard which are believed to be present. Logging and encroaching agriculture have already destroyed most of the lowlalw forest. There is no PHPA presence in the reserve nor any regular visits f=om PHPA headquarter£l at Banjarbaru. The PSL UNLAM team reported that while Ulost of the lowland forest was cleared for Iacangs, the hill forest, because of the steepness of the terrain (60% slope») is relatively intact. To the east there are extensive tracts of undisturbed protection forest.

East Kalitnantan

East Kalimantan is Indonesia t s second largest provine.e., yet has a population of only 1.6 million people. The province is rich in mineral resources, especially oil, coal and natural gas, all of which. are being exploited. Once East Kalimantan had some of the finest lowland dipterocarp forests in the ,,"hole of South-East Asia. In the last t~lenty year!3, however, these areas have been extensively logged. The fires of 1982/83 also damaged large areas. Little of this burned over .forest CI)uld be salvaged for logging and new areas of forest are still being opened for timber. Although the companies are supposed to follow a selective logging regil"":e on a sustained yield basis, there is little evidence for this on the ground and most areas are heavily logged or even clear-felled. Reforestation, although obligatory, is rarely carried out by the concession holder and the few reforestation schemes that are implemented - 8 - replant with fast-growing exptic species rather than a mixture of native trees that give habitat to· native wildlife~ After the logging companies haveiopened-an-area'r-=m1grant'"settlers move along the logging roads, clearing land by burning for agriculture so logged-over-forests.-rarely,if- ever, ·-have- cime to recover.

Nevertheless, East Kalimantan is one of the most important provinces in Indonesia from the viewpoint of conservation. Habitats which need special protection in the province include lowland dipterocarp forests, forest on limestone, , heath forest and freshwater lakes. East Kalimantan has several proposed-and-existing reserves of priority A conservation status or regional importance (MacKinnon and MacKinnon, 1986). These include Sungai Kayan-Mentarang (1.6 million hectares), Ulu Kayan Mutlak, Ulu Sembakung (all in the central mountain region), Kutai N.P., and Sangkulirang (eastern bio-unit). Field teams visited three of these areas - Kutai, Sangkulirang and S. Kayan-Mentarang. Kutai National Park

K~tai was established as a game reserve in 1936 to protect such species as rhino, banteng and orangutan. In 1982 it became one of Indonesia's first national parks. The national park area of 200,000 ha includes part of the original S.M. Ruta!. The S~M. '.. as origint.lly ~eclared at 306,000 ha but in 1.969 100,000 ha l1ere excise.d for oil exploitation and logging. The logging was later stopped, but in 1971 106,000 ha were again excised from the park, including the southern third of the logged-over coastal forest plus some primary forest and allocated as a Umber concession, including a 60,000 ha concession to P.T. Kayu Mas. The remaining two-thirds of logged-over forest were returned to the reserve. By 1980 the reserve area included logged coastal forest, unlogged forest in the west which was further diSturbed by loggj.ng incursions within the southern boundary, and some coastal mangrove. The eastern third of th~! reserve was already badly disturbed by logging, oil developments; the expansion of Bontang and Sengatta townships, .tnt! ladangs created by new settlers. To compensate for these areas, the national park boundaries were re-aligned and enlarged to include the Banunuda catchment area in the north and 'the PT Kayu Uas and PT Sylva Duta concessions in the south and west, which are still being worked. In 1982/83 fire swept through Kutai during the abnormal drought and destroyed large areas of forest, most of it already logged. About 100,000 ha of lowland forest in the western part of the park remained unburned but even here good forest is patchy. - 9 - Kutai was declared a national park against the advice of the FAD National Parks Development team who 'already 'felt, prior·to the fires, that the area had suffered much damage. Nevertheless, it was recommended that the undamaged forest be retained as a reserve representative of the lowland rainforests and ironwood forests that were once ty'pical of East Kalimantan. Since the decla.rat'ioIF6f the ·n.atronalpark-; . - - ' ..~ . developments have continued within the park area, including the fertiliser factory of Pupuk Kaltim, illegal logging and ladangs. The provincial government, with World Bank support, is planning to start work on a main road connecting Bontang to the Muara Wahau-Sangkulirang PRDJASAM road in the north, a link that should be completed by 1990. Work has already begun on the Samarinda-Bontang stretch and winds through hutan lindung, ----­ badly damaged by ladang clearance which is still continuing even though this protectiolf-forest,:wa's ~gazetted "'as -an-extension--'~---~ to the national park to protect llontang's water supplies. ExpanSion of industrial facilities and housing at Bontang will erode further the park's eastern boundaries, as will a proposed request for 600 ha in the Iiorth 'by 'Ka:ltim Prima Coal, 'wliicli is ,. establishing a major coal mine on the Sengatta river, with mining and housing facilitie's for 2600 workers. 'Once'the roci:d --. goes through, we can expect further clearance and settlement along it. BAPPEI>A have already been requested to give permission for plantations in the park's area en both sides of the new road and this is likel:' to be granted. With the development of the new road, the road should becGce the neH' eastern houndary of th(! park and be properly protected as such. 111e 1a11ds between the new road a!ld the coast are so severely damaged as to be biolog.1cally worthless and are much sought after for coastal developl!lent in accordanee with the BAPPEDA's plans for the province. The only habitat along the coast that is still relatively intact is the mangrove fringe which harbours proboscis monkeys; disturbed swamp forests behind this fringe harbour some remaining , including rehabilitants •. Remaining areas of' undisturbed mangrove forest should be retained as a seperate protected area.

There are only lI. few patches of good forest remaining within the park even in those areas that were not affected by the 1982/3 fires. During the droupht many of the emergent dipterocarp and fruit trees died off and a recemt helicopter survey revealed only patches of relatively intact and undisturbed forest (Mittermeier, pers. comm.). This die-off of fruit trees is reflected in the fact that hornbills are now rare in the area whereas before the drought eight species of hornbills were commonly seen in the park (Leighton, pers. comm.). Orangutans are still found in the burned-over areas and seem to be breeding, but their diet includes a lot of - 10 - orchids, palm shoots and other foods of generally low nutritional value. The presence of orangutans-'says more for' the species' ability to hang on in less than.optimaLLconditions-­ -;.- .. _- . than for the biological value of Kutai. Kutai still has some conservation value and interest as a scientific site for studies 'of'na:tural' -forest regenerat'ion-·· -_.""C. <: after fires. The proposed new road will make the area more accessible for both local and foreign tourists and PHPA should concentrate on managing the park to service this demand. Kutai is so disturbed by logging, fires, human encroachment etc. (more than half the park area is damaged) that USAID should not consider any long-term involvement and technical assistance unless the Mission-wants- a~rea1-cha11enge.{)n how.-to~ rehabilitate a degraded and damaged ecosystem. Nevertheless, research activities on natural forest Yegeheration-~and- fire--·---_·· ecology should be encouraged. There is a research camp on the Mentoko river, focussing on primate studies. British Petroleum, a partner in Kaltim Primacoa1, has expressed interest in helping management activities at Kutai. .-

Kayan-Hentarang

This very large reserve of 1.6 million hectares along the Sarawak border lies in an interesting floral region of moderate richness with some pockets of local endemism. This reserve is of major conservation importance, being both larger and lower-lying than the important Gn. Leuser and Kerinci reserves in Sumatra. The reserve, as gazetted, exists only on a map - no boundaries have been marked on the ground and indeed maps of the area are rather inadequate and often wrong. The long, thin shape of the reserve and its J:.:Jge size makes it imFossib1e to manage even if staff were sent into the field. Within the reserve boundaries are numerous old settlements and 1adang lands - these should be excised. In spite of a long history of shifting agriculture and hunting, the reserve still contains SOIDe extensive areas of good hill and lowland forest and these areas should be extended into U1u Sembakung in the north (elephant habitat) and Ulu Kayan in the south (lowland forest). Intensively settled areas in the middle should be excised from the reserve boundaries. The northern end of the reserve is likely to harbour several endemic birds and mammals found nowhere else in Kalimantan and probably three endemic species of swallowtail butterflies. The reserve adjoins Pu10ng Tau in Sarawak and theMa1iaubasininSabah;thus.itis important as a transfrontier reserve. The adjacent Ma1iau basin is known to still have a resident population of rhinos, as does the adjoining Baram basin in Sarawak. Unfortunately, there is no recent evidence of this species in Kayan-Mentarang. - 11 -

None of the forestry concessions along the Kayan-Mentarang boundary are currently active or likely to be" openetl in the~ ~" next few years. PT Meranti SaktLI,ndonesia. and. Inhutani-have'·'-;m~.-:." the only active concessions in the area; the PT Sakti Meranti concession would straddle the border. oL.the_propoBed--southern__ ~._.~ extension of the park. The rugged terrain and difficulty of moving logs down the shall"ow rapids of the rivers make logging both difficult and uneconomic here. However, logging concessions have been granted in Ulu Sembakung and Ulu Kayan, and ground surveys will be needed to determine remaining areas of good forest. Both the northern and southern areas of the reserve have been surveyed for minerals and permits are currently in process for exploration rights in the south-east. There are plans to open a gold and-silver mine "at Batu-Kiung, east of Pa Upan in the southern part of the reserve. There are 9000 people living in the the central and northern part of the reserve and their agricultural activities and shifting ladangs have destroyed mucEmof the habitat in the .m m central area; this also suffered damage during the 1982/83 fires and should be excised from the reserve as recommended in the WWF report. Five villages in the northern part of the reserve, Pa Betung, Long Omong, Pa Kebran, Pa Raya and \\laiyagung, have disturbed some 600-700 ha of primary forest 8long the proposed reserve boundary, but this is less tha 0.6% of the total rE!serve area. Logging by local peoples is relatively light; rattan is also collected but mostly for local purposes. The people cultivate wet rice and hunt monkeys and nlld pigs lTith blowpipes. Three or four kampongs also make lodised salt from saline groundwater and trade this commodity across the Malaysian border.

As a first priority, the whole area needs surveying from the air and the ground and boundaries should be greatly revised to create a complex of slightly smaller but more manageable reserves with extensions into Ulu Sembakung and Ulu Kayan, as appropriate.

The reserve is r~adily accessible from Tarakan with regular MAF and Merpati flights 3 or 4 times a week, Visiting several airstrips at kampongs within the reserve area. Major trails between kampongs are kept clear through the reserve. Villages such as Pa Detung and Pa Kebran (and possibly Long Omong), which lie 011 the proposed park boundary and provide good views from the high plateaus would be good sites for guard posts. The Dayak people have a wealth of knowledge about local w:l.ldlife and useful forest products. They would make excellent forest guards and research assistants for the reserve and should also be "encouraged to inventory and record their knowledge of ethnobotany. The traditional practices of the - 12 - local Dayaks are only marginally disruptive to the forest, so the reserve would need onlY minor policin8~ Local villagers - could be allowed to retain their traditional. rights- toccobtain:-----'-:-':-'''' local forest products, herbal medicines and forest foods from buffer zone areas within the park. Reserve-oriented--tourism, ~~---~~. wilderness trekking, etc. could be developed and provide employment opportunities for 1.0calvillages.

Kayan Mentarang, because of its large size and geographical location, is probably the most important area in Kalimantan for preserving high biological diversity. This area should be a priority for USAID involvement. To manage Kayan-Mentarang, PHPA would need assistance with all steps of the development process, from initial suryeys, __ bnundary -replanning and·~-- ~--~- gazettement, to preparation and implementation of management ______plans.

Sangkulirang

The Sangkulirang peninsulcC-is 'the-most extensive area of limestone in Borneo and harbours limestone forests and fl_ora __ ~ ____. ___ ._. ---- not represented anywhere else in the Kalimantan reserve system. This proposed cagar alam includes several scenically beautiful and botanically unique forested limestone hills within the Sangkulirang peninsula and westwards north of the Muara Ma'au area, which is allocated as 100,000 ha of protection forest. No boundaries have ever been ground surveyed and the entire 200,000 ha of the proposed reserve is merely a series of vague lines drawn on a map. The limestone scarp followed by the flight path from Samarinda to Tanjung Redeb is particularly spectacular. This is one of the few -~reas in East Kalima~tan where forests are relatively untouched and rivers run clear. Part of the limestone forests, especially on the penin~ula itself, were damaged by the 1982/83 fire. The area is threatened by logging, timber stealing and the potential for quarrying lime to produce cement. In this latter context,. it is heartening that the builders of the PROJASAM road were not allowed to quarry limestone for roadbuilding. T~ansmigration plans also threaten the lowland forests in the area of the peninsula, although these will probably not be developed within the next ten years. Other threats include the proposed extension of the PROJASAM road north to Tanjung Redeb.

No detailed floral surveys have been made in the area, but the limestone flora will likely prove to be of special interest. Spectacular limestone caves and galleries occur within the limestone hills and some of these in the PT Sangkulirang concession have already been explored by a French team. In the­ Muara Wahau area at Gn. Kumbang, there are old burial caves, ." - 13 - some with 5th century Hindu statues. Many caves have important populations of swift1ets ,whos-e -white nests -are-harvested arid' fetch a high price for bi:L'ds-,nest LSOUP"-- Rattan and-gaha-ru. ---. (incense) are collected extensively in the area. The lowland forests of the Sangkul1rang-peninsu1a-.sra-richJn_ wildlife with gibbons, banteng, proboscis monkeys, pig-tailed macaques, crocodiles and an interesting and· unusual seini~oilt:alle-biid ______"t fauna, although most of the area is below 200 m and the highest summits reach only 600 m. Protection of this area would protect the watershed and water quality. Establishment of this reseve will need initial inventory and survey, gazettement and technical assistance with planning and identifying boundaries for therese!'ve,~marking· boundaries-and-.­ implementation of management. Initial surveys should be carried out to identify the best remaining areas or forests and- -­ finest limestone areas, and request that these areas be excluded from concession areas.

Central Kalimantan is a large, forested province with a low population, only 950,000 people, in 1980. The annual population growth rate is 3.5%, due partly to transmigration. Biologically, however, Central Ka1j.mantan is one of the least diverse parts of the island. Toe forests are less species rich than those further north and west and there are lower levels of endemism. The richest and most interesting area in the province is centred round Bukit Raye on the northwest boundary. Much of the province's forests are peat swamp and heath forests, and the mangrove fringe is some of the finest mangrove in Borneo.

Tanjung Puting National Park Tanjung Puting (305,000 ha with extension) is a flat area on the southern coast protecting remaining areas of lowland rainforest, heath forest, freshwater and peatswamp forests, and mangroves. The forest .is of poor structure, typical of these swamp habitats. Tanjung Puting bas good populations of orangutans, proboscis monkeys, crocodiles, and false gavials, and is an important site and nesting site for waterbirds. The ar.ea has benefitted from the long-term presence of a research camp at Camp Leakey ren by Dr. Birute Ga1dikas since 1971. Research concentrates on primate studies with some forest ecology studies. Floristically Tanjung Puting is less rich and biologically diverse than other areas of remaining natural habitat in Central Kalimantan. It lies in the zone described by Ashton as forests of moderate richness with low endemism. In the past -the reserve has suffered severe - 14 - disturbance from logging.for ulin,ramin and meranti, and commercial timber'exploitatioil (particularly a!oIigits eastern': boundaries) --"and--encroachment ,for ladangs and to ~lear and ~====Ci.=__ n"'•• .ru '-=-"'~-'(,;"~=~~-~.r'::-fl~-:~­ harvest mangroves. Ladang lands are still extending along the Sikunyer river~andoverlap park boundaries. Transmigration sites also overlap park-boundaries. Land use maps prepared by RePPProT show that-large artft!fS'"'of- theoresetve are severel:f~' ,. disturbed; about 30% is scrubland. Tanjung Puting is, however, important because it covers a wide range of habitat types and is one of the better managed reserves in Kalimantan, largely due to'the"long-term presence of Dr. Galdikas. There is, however, considerable room for improvement in PHPA management, particularly away from Camp Leakey. USAID could usefully provide some financial support to Dr., Galdikas.to help maintain." her research studies. The reserve has some visitor potential but requires improved visitor facilities, concentrating on areas other than Camp Leakey. The proposed eastwards extension towards Sampit needs to be re-evaluated. Thereare--severa:!,"fettlements-witlf many thousand people within the proposed e;tension and the forests have already been heavily-logged. To gazette tli:fsextenSlon could only increase conflicts with local people and create more problems for the park.

Tanjung Puting would be a useful addition to the Kalimantan reserve list: if USAID intends to broaden the PID to include more than the initial 3 or 4 reserves. Nevertheless, this park should not receive USAID assistance at the expense of other potential areas in the province. If the main intention of the technical assistance to strengthen reserve management is to protect biological diversity, then the richest area in Central Kalimantan is Bukit Raya.

BuUt Raya - BuUt Baka

The Bukit Raya/Bukit Baka complex with the proposed extensions will total 800,000 ha (210,000 ha already gazetted) covering a wide range of habitats from undisturbed lowland forests (especially in the Bukit Raya extension) to montane forests, forests and ericoid subalpine including sp, Vacc1nium, , etc. Bukit Raya, at 2278 m, is Kalimantan's second-highest mountatn and extremely interesting florally. A recent Dutch expedition to the area (Nooteboom et al., 1987) described several new species of trees and plants and many new records for Kalimantan. The mountain is likely to be an important site for pitcher plants Nephenthes, so far poorly studied in Kalimantan though Borneo is their centre of distribution with 28 of 70 known species found on the island. - 15 - Land use maps prepared by RePPProT show that the Bukit Raya/Buk1t Baka has suffe'red-very:::li'ttle encroachment or disturbance. fhe area is remote and the mountain area~ ar~-- ~~-~~==~~.r r"~;;:'=="'~~'" -,--~:c very steep, which has protected them from commercial logging. Access by river into the reserve is both difficult (many rapids) and unreliable (dependent on water levels). Local . communities enter the foresr:::ttF~~extra-cr:minor-f'or~st'produc:ts and for fishing, but this has caused little disturbance. A new logging concession in the northern part of the Bukit Baka area poses a more serious threat, as does the proposed new trans-Kalimantan highway if it follows the existing timber road across the mountain range to . The Bukit Raya area has already suffered some illegal logging in lowland forest when PT Hayandanilogged some 5000-_6000 hB- between 1982-85 within the park boundaries. Other forest concessions are already encroaching withiIi-the-:'proposed-Teserve-extens10n. - In fact, it is hard to know where the true reserve boundaries a~e as they have never been properly marked. On the western boundary some 5000-6000 hectares of lowland forest have been degraded by ladang makers'.

Nevertheless, the Bukit Itaka-Bu1dt~ayal.s-a--pnorfty conservation area in Kalimantan. The area is known to harbour orangutans (Bukit Baka), sunbears, and the black-breasted triller an endemic previously known only from Mt. Kinibalu in Sabah. It is likely that further research in Bukit Raya will reveal the presence of more Borneo mountain endemics. The Bukit Raya/Buk:J.t Baka complex overlaps two major floral zones, including forests with rich flora and high local endemism. For the preservation of biological diversity, this is one of the most important areas in Kalimantan. The lowland forests below 400 m (Bukit Raya extension, parts of Bukit Baka) are particularly important since these are some of the most threatened habitats on the island. The PSL team encountered stories of a "lost tribe" of primitive hunter-gatherers, the Ud, with a lifestyle similar to the Penang of Sarawak. ~ Given the remoteness.and inaccessibility of the interior of the reserve, it seems quite feasible that such a people may exist there; this woul~ repay further investigation. This proposed area overlaps two provinces with Bukit Raya, falling under the jurisdiction of Sub-Balai PUPA in Palangkaraya and Balai V. Bukit Baka in West Kalimantan is the responsibility of Sub-Balai PHPA -in Pontianak, part of Balai 1, with headquarters in West . The individual heads of the two sub-balais see no problems in cooperating to run the reserve and the overlap over two provincial boundaries could be an advantage for gaining greater support and funding from two provincial governments. If West KalimantaD-~ecomes a Balai in its own right, as proposed, this would strengthen the - 16

effectiveness of PHPA Pontianak. Alternatively, the whole area could be made into a national park and be administered as one entity independent of the Balais. At present· there: is no PHPA presence in Bukit Baka. Six daily employees of PHPA are stationed at villages to the south of Bukit Raya, but there is no effective PHPA presence in the field. Access to the area will improve if the trans-Kalimantan highway is constructed as planned. It may also be appropriate to build one or two small airstrips to give limited access to the interior.

PHPA believe Bukit Raya to be a priority area for USAID assistance in Central Kalimantan.·This would be an exciting opportunity for USAID to be involved in all stages of development of a major conservation area and is a site of high biological diversity in relatively undisturbed habitat.

West Kalimantan

West Kalimantan has some of the richest and oldest forests in Borneo, particularly to the north of the . Extensive swamp forests and commercially important ramin swamps are of particular interest. The Sentarum lakes area is it uniqu~ feature and important wetland site with old inland peat swamps. Much of the province lies within the faunally , distinct south-weet-biogeograph!c unit which was connected by land bridge to the rest of SUIldaland more recently than the rest of the island. Much of the province is already deforested. Main threats to re.maining habitats include logging, transmigration and mineral exploration and exploitation. Gunung Niut/Becapa C.A. Gunung Niut was gazetted in 1982 to include 104,000 ha of lowland dipterocarp and heath forests up to montane forest at 1709 m. The a~ea is florally rich with at least 43 species of dipterocarps, many orchids and the spectacular Rafflesia. Six primate species are found in the reserve, including orangutans and Bornean gibbons, and there is a rich avifauna (125 species). The area is an important watershed. Gunung Niut is relatively accessible by road (5 hours) from Pontianak and has some tourism potential. A managpmevt~lan was prepared in 1987 under the auspices of the WWF IndoneSia Programme (Simons. 1987) •

The integrity of the reserve is threatened by ladang encroachments, logging, a transmigration scheme ove~lapping reserve boundaries, and mining activities.-The reserve is split into three blocks by open ladang lands and ladangs are - 17 - expanding with a_yearly loss of forest of some 400 ha. About 10% of the reserve isalready lost to ladangs. Logging in the east has extended within the reserve boundaries and also given access to shifting cultivators_who move_in along the logging roads. Local people enter the reserve-to collect-ulin and to hunt. _There is no effective PHPA presence or-management.

Gunung Bentuang dan Karimun

This cagar alam of 600,000 ha is an extremely important transfrontier reserve, lying adjacent to the Lanjak Entimau reserve of Sarawak, . This area is mainly hill forest but includes some areas of rich lowland forest. This is an important watershed area for the Kapuas River and an important reserve-for montane species and key species such as orangutans. There have been no floral or faunal surveys in the area as yet. The reserve is remote, inaccessible and in a closed security zone. The military designation should afford it adequate protection. There are reports of some logging in the area and hunting.

Danau Sentarum

S.M. Danau Sentarum is a wildlife reserve of 80,000 ha in tbe unique inland Kapuas lake system. The lakes are shallow and ephemeral and are best regarded as floodplain ext,ansions (If the Kapuas River. The area consists of freshwater and peatwater swamps and inundated forests. These floodplain lakes are an important wetland area, regulatiag waterflow in the Kapuas basin. The floodplain lakes are major fisheries. Two-thirds of all freshwater fish caught in West Kalimantan come from the Upper Kapuas, with about half the catch from the Danau Sentarum area. The lowlying and inundated forests protect populations of probOSCis monkeys, crocodiles and monitor lizards as well as numerous birds. The reserve boundaries should be extended to include adjacent higher lands (another 8,000 ha) as p~oposed in the management plan (Giesen, 1987) to give greater protection to species such as orangutan, sunbear, gibbons, Argus p~easants, etc. The main threat to this unique ecosystem is the fishing settlements within the reserve. About 1700 people live within the r~serve. The villages may require some enclave status to excise them from the reserve proper and no further expansion should be allowed within the reserve. There are transmigration sites to the south of Danau Sentarum. A new road from Pontianak to Putussibu will give better access to the reserve and enhance tha area's tourism potential. After a long day's drive fromPontianak, visitors could overnight at - 18 - ~ .:: Sintang before_entering . the reserve by boat. Travellers can ---explorethe-inuridated,forests by boat; the 19th century .. natura'list~ Beccari described-them as mysterious and eerie. A guesthouse-couldbe developed at Pulau Melaya in Danau Luar. A management plan (Giessen,1987) gives details of proposed developments and equipment requirements. There is no PUPA presence in the reserve. Local people should be employed as reserve staff and tourist guides because of their good local knowledge. Local people also have an extensive ethnobotanical knowledge of local plants and use many of them for firewood, construction materials, waxes, dyes, glues and medicines. This ethnobotanical knowledge should be recorded. Danau Sentarumis a unique'wetland ecosystem of floodplain lakes and.of high conservation and socioeconomic value. Gunung Palung

The Gunung Palung area consists of 30,000 ha of cagar alam and an extension of 60,000 ha of game reserve to include coastal habitats. The protected area covers a broad spectrum of habitats from lowland dipterocarp forests, peat and freshwater swamps, moss forest and coastal mangroves. Gn. Palung lies in a floral zone with high levels of local endemism. Mt. Palung, though relatively low at 1160 m, shows interesting altitudinal stratification of vegetation. The reserve protects orangutans, agile gibbons, proboscis monkeys, red leaf monkeys, and large and important communities of parakeets and fruit bats (in the mangroves) as well as good populations of several endemic Bornea.n species usually regarded as rare, e.g., Bornean bristlehead and tufted ground squirrel. Within the cagar alam boundaries there has been very little disturbance or encroachment other than removal of most of the ulin (ironwood) trees - valuable long-lasting timber. The local Dayak people believe that Gn. Palung is haunted and this has been an ef~ective protection for the mountain itself. Some of the adjacent lowland habitats have been somewhat disturbed by small scale local logging activities for ramin and some attempts at creating ladangs or small fishing settlements. The coastal areas of the extension are more disturbed and some areas have been cleared and planted with coconuts. Nevertheless~ the RePPProT maps show that most of the reserve area is relatively undamaged and in good condition.

Threats to the reserve include logging concessions that have been awarded within the legally-gazetted boundaries, although these are not active. Shifting cultivators are a particular . problem in the Sukanda area, where short fallow periods and indigenous population growth, combined with transmitration and - 19 - spontaneous immigration, increase land pressures. Buffer zone management will need to be implemented on the reserve's eastern side. Since 1984 the reserve has benefitted from a research station under the direction of Dr. Mark Leighton of Havard University. Research interests focus primarily on primate studies and plant/ interactions. Research" students are drawn from American and Indonesian universities and there is training for students from Universitas Tanjung Pura.in Pontianak. There is a small PHPA presence in the reserve, mainly at the Cabang Panti research camp. Because of its broad spectrum of habitats and rich animal and plant life, this is one of the most important reserves in Kalimantan and should be a first choice for USAID assistance. The reserve protects=abroad spectrum of representative Bornean habitats and flora and fauna typical of the biologically rich and distinct SW biogeographic region of Borneo. Issues to be Addressed in Choosing Reserves for USAID Involvement

1. Should reserves be chosen solely on criteria of biological diversity? If so, the selected reserves should be large, together cover the complete spectrum of major habitats found in Kalimantan, and afford protection to areas of special floral and faun.al interest and centres of endemism. llajor habitat types hlclude lowland dipteroca'l"p forest, ironuood forest, freshwater and peatwater swamps and f,wamp forests, forest on limestone t montan.e forest, fresbwater lakes and mangroves. Reserve::; should be selected to represent different biogeographic regions.

The five reserves proposed (see below) fulfil these criteria.

2. For political reasons should we select one reserve in each province. Biologically and conservation-wise, South Kalimantan is the least important province. The reserves selected on biodiversity criteria fall in three provinces - West, East and Central KalimantlJ.n. Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam (BKSDA V) which covers East, Centr.g,l and South Kalimantan, agree with the choices on biodiversity grounds and would be respnnsible for three of the proposed areas - Kayan-Mentarang, Bukit Raya and Sangkulirang.

3. Is it desirable to have parks or reserves on provincial or international boundaries, adjacent to other reserves? Transboundary reserves have the advantage that the area is greatly enlarged and efforts and funds for protection come from two or more agencies. Drawbacks may include ''1:he d:i.W.culties of coordination of activities between different provincial or national agencies. examples transnational Kayan-Mentarang transprovince Bukit Raya/Bukit Baka - 20 - 4. Is it reasonable to assume that some of the reserves with high biodiversity scores are so remote, mountainous and difficult of access that they will probably survive relatively intact for at least the next ten years without any outside technical assistanceand'with little PHPA input? exampleGnBentuang and Karimun ina military security zone. protection forests on the boundaries between East and West and East and Central Kalimantan.

5. Does USAID wish to invest in areas identified by PHPA as of high priori'ty, even-ifthere -has already-been considerable and in some cases sev~re disturbance? Biological diversity is often high in areas of secondary habitat so that regenerating forests in disturbed areas should not necessarily be excluded per sefrom the selection process. example Kutai N.P. Tanjung Puting N.P., about 30% degraded 6. Does USAID want to assist reserves that are already gazetted with boundaries marked and there is some PHPA input and infrastructure? Or could technical assistance also be provided to establish proposed areas of known conservation value and resurvey and mark boundaries of gazetted reserves with no current PHPA input? 'e%amples Sangkulirang Kayan-Mentarang and proposed extensions

7. Does USAID wish to provide tech~ical assistance to reserves which have already attracted national and international attention and have a long-term research presence? Only three reserves fall into this category - Kutai, Gunung Palung and Tanjung Put1:ng. In Gunung Palungand Tanjung Puting, the long-term involvement by researchers may help to protect part of the parks, but areas away from the research sites will need, extra assistance. Alternatively, USAID could provide relatively modest funds to the research centres for monitoring and inventories in the reserves.

Based on field s~rveys by the consultant and PSt teams, and previous reports and information, all Kalimantan reserves larger than 5000 ha were assessed for their likelihood to survive over the next few years without improved protection and management -- see Table 4. Some reserves have already suffered such degradation that they have been listed as destroyed, in part or wholly.

The biodiversity consultants have selected a group of Kalimantan reserves that best represent the floral richness of the island" cover the whole ecological spectrum of habitats, and offer_protection to many rare species and local endemics - 21 - including key species_of .international conservation stature. Some emphasis has been given to protecting lowland dipterocarp rainforest, ·the richest and most threatened habitat on the island. Also, attention.has been given to assisting those areas which are relatively undisturbed at present, but whose integrity may be threatened in the next five to ten years if present land use trends continue.

The areas chosen as most important for maintaining biological diversity in Kalimantan are:

Gunung Palung, West Kalimantan is probably the most important reserve on the whole island, covering a wide range of habitats from coastal to mOSS forest. This reserve has an established research centre for forest ecology studies and some limited potential-for domestic·and foreign visitors. Bukit Raya/Bukit Baka, straddling the boundaries of Central and West Kalimantan, is a large reserve including both lowland and montane forests and giving protection to many montane and endemic species. This area is an important watershed for the }~puas tributaries and Mendawai River, and offers good opportunities for inter-provincial cooperation.

Sungai Kayan- Sungai Mentarang, in East Kalimantan, is the largest reserve jn Kalimantan and includes both lowland and montane forEsts in some of the florally most species-rich parts of the island. The area protects many Bornean endemics and is populated by Kenyah Dayaks with good ethnobotanical knowledge. The reserve as gazetted needs considerable boundary revisions to excise deforested lands and include extensions in the Ulu Sembakung and Ulu Kayan areas. This would be a good opportunity for USAID to provide technical assistance with all aspects of establishment and management of the reserve and to foster interna~ional cooperation in park management as the park abuts reserve areas in Sarawak and Sabah.

Sangkulirang Limestone - The Sangkulirang karst areas of East Kalimantan are the largest area of limestone in Borneo and support a unique limestone flora as well as good populations of native fauna and a noteworthy sem:tmontane bird fauna. Cave systems within the region are likely to prove as extensive and impressive as the remarkable caverns discovered in Gunung Mulu in Sarawak and the limestone escarpments are scenically spectacular. There has been little regional development in the area as yet and it would still be possible tc astablish a reserve includinS fine limestone scenery and lowland forests. The reserve will have some tourism potential for visitors visiting the caves and native Dayak villages. Technical assistance would be required at all levels from inventory and boundary delineation to management. - 22 Danau Sentarum - This area in West Kalimantan is. a unique freshwater and peat swamp ecosystem and important wetland area.~Thereserve harbours good populations of native and endemic species, is a major fisheries resource, and serves an important function in water regulation. With the completion of the new road from Pontianak to Putussibu, the reserve will have considerable tourism potential. Tanjung Puting - Although this reserve is not the most important reserve in Central Kalimantan for oio10gica1 richness and conservation, Tanjung Puting covers a wide range of habitats, including wetlands. The reserve is internationally known because of Ga1dikas' long-term orangutan research and is relatively accessible to visitors. USAID should channel some funds to.the.researchcentre at Tanjung Puting to extend the important long-term research activities. If the scope of the NRM project was extended to include six reserves in Kalimantan, Tanjung Puting would be a worthy candidate for USAID technical assistance.

Recommendations for the Potential Role of uS NGOs, Research Organisations and-Government Institutions. World Wildlife Fund

The WWF Indonenia Programme, partly funded by ~nrF-US, has already played a significant role in conservation activities in Indonesia. WWF activities in Kalimantan include assistance with the preparation of management plans for Rutai (Wirawan, 19C4) and Tanjung Puting, preparation of birdlists and guides for Tanjung Puting (Nash and Nash, 1986) and some funding for orangutan r~search at Tanjung Puting and general forest ecology studies at Gn. Pa1ung. WWF also provided personnel to prepare inventories and assist with preparation of management plans for Gn. Niut and Danau Sentarum.

WWF has the expertise, experience and access to well-qualified personnel, both expatriate and Indonesian, to pr07ide technical support and assi~tance to the selected Kalimantan reserves. WWF would be a suitable sub- contractor for recruiting staff to implement the reserve component of the natural resources managemeltt project. WWF could also probably provide subsidiary back-up funds for specific projects not covered by the NRM project.

During the WWF Indonesia programme, WWF has also eUective1y used we11-qua1ified young expatriate biologists who have worked as volunteers through national agencies such as CUSO, VSO, etc. These personnel are highly motivated and enthusisatic and have played an important role in .the prog:1;amme, -.providing a - 23 - long-term presence in reserves and focussing on projects of special interest such as conservation education and extension work under the guidance of a senior expert. Such volunteers would be a useful asset in the USAID programme. At little extra cost they could provide expertise to help the PSLs and regional institutes with specialist skills, such as establishment of computerised species and habitat data bases as part of the inventory and monitoring component of the project.

WWF is able to fund,-support and administer·small-scale studies and projects with· Indonesian NGOs, universities and PHPA staff. Conservation fellowships, as provided_to Indonesian students for research at Gn. Palung and Tanjung Puting, should be continued. WID' experience and contacts could provide useful input for planned study tours and training in wildlife management skills for staff from PHPA and other Indonesian institutions. Any WWF-USinvolvement (even with USAID funding) should be coordinated through the WWF Indonesia Programme and Resident Representative, Dr Russell Betts. ps Research Organisations and Universities PHPA does not have the expertise or manpower to conduct long-term research in the reserves. For surveys, inventory and monitoring as well as projects on forest rege~eration, social impacts and environmental monitoring, the project should draw on the expertise available at the Kalimantan universities, research institutes (e.g., FRI), and PSLs as well as LIPI and LBU. KI'SL-UNLAM and PSL-UNTAN already have a computerised species data base with data for habitats, reserves and species for the whole of Borneo. This would be a useful tool for assisting inventorying and monitoring in· the reserves. It should be stressed that preference should always be given to recruitment of Kalimantan-based researchers in order to build up local expertise. Similarly, any training opportunities available through the NRM project should be focussed towards Kalimantan personnel. There will also be excellent opportunities for foreign and US­ based research i~stitutions to be involved in ecological research, inventorying and monitoring in the Kalimantan reserves. This should be actively encouraged as a long-term research presence focuses attention on the reserve and often helps protect reserve integrity. Research outside the reserves should focus on inventories and chemical analyses of plants of ethnobotancal significance, forest regeneration studies, and fire ecology. It is expected that US institutions engaged in such research would raise their own and counterpart funding from sources other than the NRMproject_.Indonesian . counterpart institutions should include LBN and Bogor Herbarium, but it is essential-that counterparts are also selected from the Kalimantan universities and PSLs. - 24 - Current Us-funded research activities in Kalimantan include the Gn. Palung . project.' (Mark Leighton, Harvard), Galdikas (through Earth watch) and Judith Meyer at the Forest Research Institute at Samarinda. A new pro ject on ecology, use and management of minor forest products in West Kalimantan will begin soon as part of theMAB programme.

US universities have a significant role to play in providing training for students and staff from Kalimantan universities and for PHPA staff (wildlife management). Research topics for Indonesian-students should focus on relevant Kalimantan issues and fieldwork should be conducted at research sites in Kalimantan. A budget for training for MS and PhD courses is available through the NRM project and several of these limited places should be reserved for Kalimantan-based students. If students are being sent for training in wildlife management, it may be more appropriate to send them to Asian rather than American schools,e.g., the Wildlife Institute at Dehra Dun or the Gunung Batu school, Bogor, as the training they will receive will be more relevant to the Kalimantan situation.

US Government Institutions

The US Parks Service could provide some personnel, expertise and technical assistance with developing the Kalimantan parks. It should be remembered, however, that a sophisticated American approach may not be appropriate for the Kalimantan situation. It 1s essential that most of the technical assistance resources be concentrated on active implementation and management activities rather than on a proionged planning aIld budget preparation phase. US Parks could provide in situ training for' senior PHPA personnel and parks staff in Kalimantan so that the training is relevant to situations staff are likely to encounter later. Personnel engaged in work in the Kalimantan reserves shOUld have considerable tropical experience, preferably in South-East Asia.

) Involvement of Local People

No conservation areas within Kalimantan or elsewhere in Indonesia can survive without the active support of local communities. It is important that reserve areas are not seen as a resource that has been "locked away", but EtS a valuable and viable alternative form of land use. Three approaches can be used to enlist the support of local people: a: conservation education and extension programmes aimed at all sections of the community, from schoolchildren to . provincial planners, emphasising the benefits of the reserve for watershed management, soil protection, resource reservoirs, etc. WWF, NGOs and the Kalimantan universities and PSLs can play a key role here. - 25 - b: employment of local people in the reserves and in secondary industries arising from the park presence, e.g., tourism. PHPA shouldbe'encouraged to pursue an active policy of engaging as gua'rd staff local villagers, whatever their educational qualifications.· The present policy of giving preference to SMA-educated applicants from the towns for field positions is detrimental to the conservation service. The best guards are usually local villagers with a longstanding and sound knowledge of the forest. c: any park development or buffer zone development should be done in consultati_on with local rural communities, involving those communities to the maximum extent. Several of the Kalimantan parks have speCialist tourist interest, e.g., wildlands trekking, birdwatching, etc. Rather than PHPA building expensive concrete visitor facilities, local communities should be encouraged to provide simple traditional accommodation outside the park boundaries; the opportunity to stay in a traditional Dayak village will greatly enhance the visitor experience. Such tourism should also generate income from employment of guides, chartering boats, sale of handicrafts, etc. Such employment opportunities should always be offered first to local residents. - 26 - --: r i

J

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Map 1~. Major Biogeographic Regions of Borneo (numbered according to !UCN Protected Areas Review)

r'. - 27 -

".....

;''1 ••. Priority protected areas of high biological divers~ty proposed 'for USAID

2.~· Protected areas of high diversity with habitats not represented in 1. 3-D Other protected areas visited by PSL teams.

Map 2. Reserves of Potentially Higb Biological Diversity _ - 28 -

Exceptional levels of local forms, rare sp. endemics: GunungPalung, Kayan-Mentarang, Sangkulirang

Dryland forests in these areas are of moderate richness o but low endemism: Tanjung Puting, Kayan-Mentarang

Richest forests with. many rare species and regional endemics: Bukit Baka/Raya, Da.nauSentarum

Map 3. Generalised Plant Richness of Borneo (after Ashton) • i ~,

A Comparison. of Biotic Richness and Endemism throughout Indonesia

Plants Mannnals Birds Reptiles % % % % Overall Overall Island Species' Endemism Species Endemism Species Endemism Species . Endemism Richness Endemism Score !.: B+M +P 2-- -2 -

Sumatra 820 11 221 12 465 2 217 11 1.30 9 Java + 630 5 133 12 362 7 173 8 .99 7 Borneo 900 34 221 19 20 6 254 24 1.36 23 52.0 7 114 60 289 32 117 26 , .80 26 Lesser'Sundas 510 3 41 12 242:- 30 77 22 .47 12 N Moluccas 380 6 69 17 2101) 33 ')98 18 .58 16 \0 1 ,.' : Irian Jaya 1030 55 125 58 600:- 52 223 35 1.51 55 ,."1

Overall riclmess is taken as the mean of the plant richness score and animal richness score where these in turn are the island totals divided by the overall mean island scores. - 30 -

Table 2

'Areas of Original, Remainin~ and Protected Habitat for Borneoan PrimateS

,: pr~. H~titat I. .'..I'~ ~ h?!bi:2.t H:.titat a~!::. I!:'~"" (Krc2) {k:~:2l Ic:; I"'''~I

63 !~:.ita:; Ta:jG.i:g Gnt P1!:il!'!g; Eil~:it Ray~;

'- ..... _,...... ;~.;: 1~-2ib~::: 1 G=-r~ :.'C.\hJ'!:·",; Lw~~ ~a:-:d f~rE·;;t 66 8f::':::! Kv,:;:a t=s e;{,:l~di;;,~ 'H·.r:;rCiV~ KEt,d:t;alg::.:"! , Sn, B:ntuo.n;

·.!d.= • D. E=n:ari1':, Kayan Msntara1g, f~utai~ - Ulu !:2Y2.11, Gn.B~-c:;la

Cuasta.l i!:d rl\;E~lr:: 3.3 Kutai, Tard l1"'~g . . - , ~ :.:,,::·:!jl:T::'~~ Tarest t!~ to .i,;;JO ;:l) Gn, Pal'~~;, disti.:rc:G S~ngk;;lir:ng1 5ukit Raya, D. 5E~t~ru::! Merab~ i+Jlu B;;r;;~ai

Friruary ailG ::\:v.1Ga-:-y Kutai f Ta~ju.r?g Puti;:g t la:.:lt1id g. hill f,:rE::! Bukit Ray;" P. Mar;uk, ? l~ra:'1!Jk, Sa''';k'11ira~g! I':eratus Hu!u Earanai, KaY·;!n M';ntara.ig

T~nj:.m; Futing, ~:~t=:, Ga1Pal;ln~) R.it:.it S=ya, S:lo1gkulirang

forest

~.~!~.:~~f7"cJ!ed lEaf rr.)"1kEY Prir..ary fJrest up to 300~ 125,0:;0 51 Kutai 7 PIl:..;",;ar~ Fr::5:::tis 7f!j:~t2t; e)i,:Ldi"lg ~'la;:,::; f!j~i!:;t Kayan M;r:tara:ijJ B=:1tuan~ ~~ari[il1

r'G!',,,,,n C':~ gr=y haf Prirary lOliland & )o;'<€r 6.3 mu Kayan, F.ef1ta~ai1g, r,,:;;;i ~GntanE fur~;t [~ to Kutai 1 t~~y~ lQiiOr:. ~-e;;tar~n~

D:i lo:-;l~-!: 2 ~:o!i~a~;? 36 K;.Jtai j Te~j:,:,"'\g riJti:1g, forEst u:; t~ l~,(;(J r J e,·'h Palbg, s:t:cnda~' f:;~st Fl=i'1a:i t't2.rtap'l:"a

S\o;a;p fiJr!~st ~ 121!(;::}O 6(:~ Sf);; 5i) 2,576 ?_ ... to Euki~ Raya, lUfiia!id f.:.r?s: En. E!:apa, S~u~aE

=.,'"1 Sl!:,;tra LCfi !an~ pri~.:.r}' & 6G9,:Xf0 3:}5}00C ',1'.' 5*4 ~:u tal J ':-.:.1'~'1g B-JIT;eJ . ra:~,fcres7:.: Kaya"; l"'?1taran~; Bukit Raya; Bn. ~liu!

;:-:1 .... '!1"",..: •• - ...... ,:;,. __ : ... I.. : ~= Sum:.tra, P:-lrary ~ s:C::DJda:y 57 (U:ll, Ta!!j~p,~ t~·,!:tit:E~:':; Java ~:1d !:lc:~e-J rainfJfE:t Sri, relur;g

r:-t.~ ~~t~t:.:~; ~~: ~io.;:; t:;~~ti:ria~ CC;:5:r;:2:i~1 Pie.:-t rc.r and this x t,;.:i:t.t ~~tc a.ii PG~\lI:.ticn :ize f~r all Intcii.:si::1 i;~ar:ds

BEST A VA/LA iJLE COPY - 31 -

Table 3 Genetic Gain/Loss Scores For Potential Reserves in West Kalimantan

Habit~t Distin,:t-

~,t:t. HF 26 O,7~ ~ ..'~ L~~ji~' 677 H1;)ci . 219 r~J 77 18 27 577 ·214 PS Mn

H~:;D 0;23 (:,28 59. ~~dip 0,28 396 249 FS 0:28 245 H.'i.!­ (1,28 70 MJ L;.;.; 1.42 8;) 732 0,10 171

0,13 0,£3 lEi , '"1 60 .>.:./

FS 0:51 •~' !.. (',:S::.

71 t':~ I E=~t0~iJ ~r:d K~ri;..:; 0:18 50 0:35 18 8. Mander :),74 i02 P5 10 0.45 41

L~dip 80 e-as FS 44 327 PS 44 166 ~.,. iii 14 01 01'rJ' 177

,., ""17 10. Bukit Per?l ·-.I:L·~ 60 90 H"lio 60 L~dip

~D 91 60 ti,Ld.~.""'~.~. LWdip 58 80 0,28 Ma 17 50 0,28 915

f!;= ...f'" 1 30 Ha 65 197 l1'ib 144 LWdip 16 _-=-=-.=.li1=_

14. Eo. Raya Pasi H~Q ~~)(J 74 LMdi~ 21000 17 70 183 usdiv BEST AVAILABLE COpy 32 -

Socio-ec:onomic Justification Stores for Potential Reserves in West Kalimanta.q

Environ- low Sp2cial Toarism Lonser- GeoloQlcai Research Total ffir:ntal- la.llduse value of e~ucatiQil vation and eth!1ic investlient BEn2fits conflirt contEilts potential priority extras nxx XXX XXX XXX XXX XX XX 20 na>:

1. Bn. Becapa X""".A.~ XX XXX X XXX X X 14 2.., Muara Kenda\iamlan XX XXX XX X XX 10 .J. GUi,ung ralU.l'lQ·- XX xx XXX XX XXX X 13 (f €}:tefisi.on) 4. Karin;t;. XX XX xxx XX XX 11 5. XXX XXX XX XX 10 6. S2ntarum XX XX XX XX XXX 11 7. Bentuang e.nd XXXX XXX XX XX 12 Karir:!tJn 6. t-ial1dor X XXX X XXX X X 10 t'l 9. Hutan Sambas XX XX XXX XX XXX .i.4 10. Bud t Perai XXX XX xx X XX 10 11. Sn. Tunggcl XX X X X X 6 12. B'jkit Rang;, XXX Xi· XX XX 9 13. B'llklt BatutenQb2.!iO un XV",1\1. xv XX 11 14. 6:1. Raya Pasi - xxx xx xx xx X 10

Ka:,a.~t ViabiIi ty Scores for Potential Reserves in West Kalilantan

SiZE Sha~2 Ecological lon'S B-ilffer Total Com~let2- Bc.tiadary ?otential nESS PrEssure or Natural ButTer

\~'\tv t.~.f'. Xl XXX XXXX XX 15 Max

yv 1. Sn. t-Ei:apa XXX X •• 1\ XX XX 10 2. ti:lara K~nd2:wa:'1gan XXX XX xx xxx :~X 12 3. &.mung Pahli1y XXX X AAA\.tuv XX XX 11 (+extensicn j 4. t:~~·'lla.l1.arl rari~at: XXX XX XX XXX XX 12 5. B'Jkit Bat;a XXX X X"~. XX X 9 6. Danau Sentarum XXX XX X XX X 9 7. 6n. Bentuarlg and XXX XX XX XXX XX 12 Ka1'i:::,ui1 B. ri2.'1dor X XX XX XX X B 9. itlt2!'l Sambas XXX XX XX X XX 10 10. &ukit Ferai nx XX 'i".. ! X XX 1(1 11. Gn. Tunggal XX I XX X X 7

12. Eu~~~. ~ang~ t XXX X xx XX X 9 131 BUKlt vatut~1~D~,g X X"II XX XX XX 11 14. 6n. Raya Pasi X XX XX XX X B

-- usdiv - 33·-

6enetic- Gain IlossScores For Potential Reserves in Central KaliEanta:1

Lo:c.tion Habitat ArE~. Habitd Distinct­ Total (A) ha, product iveness

"0 I I 40 (1.18 421 at: 65 ; ..1 0.18 269 70 44 v.18 249 31 14 0.18 54 48 45 0.18 198 1191

u:', Li:ipl 25 0.78 1\} (1.18 316 ,":. .,.,. rF 13 0.35 18 \I.~.J 19 i~r; 50 0.18 1:1:••.it.' 0.23 114 ti if~D 55 0.23 7,'./ 0,23 204 LWdip -62 0.40 90 0.23 513

U~a 6CKI 11 1.42 (1.18 253 HF 2',O(K) 17 (1.74 0.18 91 63 0.40 90 0.23 522 Nt 5,(l(ii) 23 16 0.28 41 No 100;000 71 0,18 55 0.28 197 HWJ 535~OOO 0.23 70 0.28 595 L~jjp iOt;, (~)::~ 71 0.40 90 0.28 0.40 294 0.78 632 0.18 h~y: H~J 70 L~dl;! 90 t_~pf.. 90

~ =;~.-,,~ i,,,r.'-,,,' L.! 0,18 17 ~~)J Ti 14 v.iS

13. Kel. M!lt. Kah=.yen FS 10.000 30 0.51 45 0,18 J.Lifi'" PS ~);O'~·O 68 0.45 44 0.18 242 Mil 5l\ C~);) =,5 0.69 14 0.18 96

141 Perl, Tg, Puting 30 0.69 14 (i. 18 52 rt 4!"'! 42 0.45 44 IJaJ.O le·l) 39 0.51 45 (l.18 1bi 39 0.74 40 O.lB 203 ------,------

usdiv BEST AVAft_ABLf. COPY- 34

Socio-ec~1omic Justification Scores of Pot&1tial Reserves in Central Kalieaqta~

Environ- Low S~ecial Tourism Conser­ GeolQ11ical Re5e~rch Total landuse value cif educ;tian vation and e1hnic investment Ben:fits CD:'1flict contents p-wt:ntial priority e}:tras xxxx xxx xxx xxx xx 20 Max 1. Talju::g Puting xx xxx XXX xxx xx 14 213. Parara;s;a.n XX XX XXX XXX 10 xxx XX XXX X XXX x 14 v !. XX XX Xn: XX 10 t ~~m ~~;i;iiin\ XX XX XX X XX x 10 7/8/9. Batikap I, II, II I XXX X XX X XX X 10 10. Parar2wa,11 Baru x XX XXX XX XXX _.1If 11. Per luasan Buki t X XXX X XXX 10 Raya 12. Tanjung Pe!1ghujan xxx xx xx XX 10 VV 13. Kel. Hlt. Kahayan XXX X XX 1\1\ XX 10 14. Perl. Tg. Puting XXX X XX XX xx 10

Management Viability Scores for Potential Reserves in Central Kali~1t~,

Size Shepe Ec~lGqical Lc.w Buffer Total ~';nplete- BOundary PotB'1tial ness Pres5ure or Natural BuffEr

'1"17 .: XXX n f.i'..'. xnx XX .L.1 Max

~ "t"!v vv ~ 1 XX 1\.1: .. T:.~jung Putinq ".~,.'. n XI .. ...,. 2i3. ?~r;;,";ri;~ X X X .J 'tV Xv'.! :1 4. ~.lkit XX XX I'.!-. • liP, AX c ...1. Eilr..it ~~~:~kiliri9 X XX X 'i 6. Kuala Kayan . XX XX XX X XX 9 n ... .:...;t·-.'" Ii 7/6/9. u:a.• ~.ajJ I,I1 1 III ~,XX X XX XXX XX 1.1 10. PararaH3n Baru XX XX X X X 7 v 11. Perlu~san BuHt XXX XX X A X 8 Raya 12. Tanjung Pengh'ljan XX XX X X 7 I" .I..). Kel. Hut. Kahayan XXX XX X XX XX 10 ....i ~ Perl. Tg. Puting XX X X XX X 7

usdiv

,..'":,. - 35 -

Genetic Gain/Loss Scores for Potentiill Reserves in Sooth Kal it.antan

. A· 37 LCC2tiOll Habit~t Area Habitat Ric~~l'jess Distind- Subtotal Tot21 ~" tAl li~1 product iveness

s ,.·. .ltl\ 1. Pleihari Ti?l1ah Leut fin ~J\.'''.. HJ 22 0.69 14 0.18 38 uC' I" 10,000 30 0.74 18 0.18 72 FS 20,000 39 0.51 44 O.lB 158 268 2. Pleih;.ri Mo 4,000 22 0.18 40 0.28 44 1't. Crt LM-diy 15j (l;)O -.J:J 0.67 1.1'..' 0.28 525 f")/ ~J'1Q 7,00(; LQ 0.64 50 0.28 253 r: ,...... I. raE:ukrn Mn 10,000 30 0.69 14 0.23 67 :!.. 6. K~lu:r;~a.ng Baai Mn 13,75('; 34 0.69 14 0.23 76 Th 7. Tg. uewa Bar;.t rnl 8,000 ~'8 -- 0.69 14 0.23 62 g

Mi"; 8 (l(i(: 8. P. Semoi..tu Barat j 2-3 0.69 14 0.28 76 Th 9. Perlua:an Pleih2ri -"0"\ Mart3pilra LKdio 5(1 31):)(1 55 (1.67 70 0.28 722 I i.!. .v.fft r;eratu5 tt.!h! (Barabai) folo It)s(lOO 30 0.18 40 0.29 60 P~i.jo 37 sOOO 49 0.64 50 0.28 439 LMdip 30,00'0 45 0.67 70 0.28 591 L~dip 46,0;)0 25 0.40 50 0.28 224 1314

11~ terab..:s ~Lil;l {T2njllng) i,),(¥.)) 39 0.67 70 0.23 421 5~OOO 23 0.40 80 0.23 169 3;000 L,.j O.6~ 50 0.23 169 1349

1'1 -1..:"'. !i"":!!!t:."·' .... r~ tJya l~,(:;')O 3:r (1.40 80 0.23 258 t~;tP 6,0(10 25 0.78 cr.,'J 0,23 404 H~'J 4,000 22 0.23 60 0.23 10 1~?

5ocio-economic Justification Scores of Potential Reserves Li S~lth Kalimantan

EnvirQ]- Low Sp2dal TOi.lri~ Conser- Geological Research Total !!tEntcsl landuse value of educatim vation and ethnic invest!ent Bf:liefits CondlC\,.l" ~ contents F·otElitial priority .extras

XXXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XX XX 20 Max . l "!'_--'"- f .. ~ ~ .. Vy ,\f\' 1. PleihEri lQ!I:l!l Ll:.l.!1. t.fI XV,.'1 M. XV1\ XX 10 1/V,' 'V\!''' IE: :.. Pleihari M~rtap;.lrQ "".A Xl. M.I. XX XXX X X 1.1 t v -.I. Pulau K~g~t 1\ XX Xl Xv1\ XX X 9 f! 4. X XX XX XXX XX X ... .1. 5. ~~j~~~;~.,g 1",A XX XX X XX 9 6. Keli.!l2panl·Ba~i XX XX XX X XX 9 7. Tg. DE-wa Bargt XX XX XX X X 8 H. P. Se£!ib~ku Barat XX XX XX X X 8 9. Perlu=.sa!"r Pieiha~i XX X XX XX X B W. ~~~~~g~r~~lU (Barab.ii) XXX XU XI X XX X 12 11 •. t1eratus Hulu (Tanjung) xxx XXX '/..X X XX X 12 12.M!lara Uya XXX XX XXX X XXX X 13 13. P• .Laut (6n. Seoabung) XX- XX XX X X 8 14;--P. Sewangi Xl X XX X X 7 15. P. Kalambau and ,r Birak-hiraka!1 XX XX xxx XX X 10 .LO. Gn. Kentawan XX XXX XX X X 9

Usdlv - 36 -

~.a.'1age£\ent Viability Scores for Potential Reserves in South Ka lima!'J tan

Bize' Sh;.p-a LQ~ B~!fer lotal Bnundary PGtential ness Pressure 17 t~atural BuffEr

XXX XX XXI. }:XXX XX i5 NaJ~

\4'l 1-., 'f.¥./\ XX I:.t• XX I L. XX XX XX XXX X 1~' 1.... , XX XXX Xl. XX 9 "V 4. A" XXX XX XX 9 5, IX X XX XX J: .1Q VII 6. XX ~( XX 1\/\ 9 v 7. XX XX X l\ b E. XX XX X X 9. n XX X X XX 8 ¥.arta~lra \'\1 10. i1erat~s (S;.rcb:.i) XXX XX A." XXX XX -.Li" ...... U" {Ta.njti~g) XX XX r'i . nx XX i1 v u 12, ..X" A AA xv... XXX Xx ii "iii V 13. X XX XX f.', r. ~ 14. P. X X XX r. 5 15. X X"".u XX XX 6 16. X X XXX 6

usdiv - 37 -

6Enetic Gain/Loss Scores Jor.£.otential Res::rves in East Kalimantall

Habitat f.trea H:bit;t RiehlES: Distinct­ Subtotal Total (AI ha. prooud ivenESS i. HF 0.74 0.19 U:;dip O.4(} 0.1B FB 39 0.18 161 LWdip 62 0.18 161 tf 45 0.18 24(i ldf 39 0,18 354 PS 0,23 197 ~S 0.51 0.23 264

- Sa ~2ntang ~3 0.35 57 Mo 0.18 50 313 HR~ 0.23 61) 444 L~dili O::4~) 80 640 HF 25;00iJ 0.18 LDdip 40,0(;'0 0.16 FS 25;000 (l.18 P5 10,1)i);) 44 0.18 0.69 14 0.18 99 0.74 40 0.18 224 FS 0,51 45 OtiS 107

It 'f0 ¥tn \.* • .1.:,.; 103 FS 0.18 161

18 0118 .dl". 0.16 125 60 0.18 318 651 9. 0.28 !,346 L~dip 0.18 357 HF . 0.18 208

~~ 15,C-oO 0.28 58 k~o 300,O(l(l 0.23 410 L~ip l0,000 0.2-8 349 11. s. B2re:ai 0.18 320 35 0.18 125 ")'7:' 43 EO 9.19 L/l.I

12~ tn. Ber~tts ~!~~J 38,000 49 (i.16 122 tf 35,0(;'0 4.8 40 0.18 256 :.is 7,000 26 0.18 93 LWdlp 110,(;(10 73 t).18 420 13. T. Atic.ng - T. Apar FS 40,000 0.S1 45 0.18 207 ~, 1O~OO(l 6S 0.69 14 0.18 I18 16. :ipar BEEar 6,00(1 Q.69 14 :j.18 fS 41})OOO v.";:!.!. 45 0.18 17. 6. Lua.J.t U'1dip 30,000 45 0.67 0.18 434 FL 45 0.23 95 PS 30 44 ().23 314 FS 45 45 0.23 239

19. P, Semar~a. - BV 35 4 1.39 35 "v ...';"1·.} 87 1-' PI Sangalaki 130 6 0.69 14 0.23 •.) 1,000 13 0.59 0tl~) Tl usdiv

BEST AVAILABLE COpy - 38 -

Genetic: Gain/Loss Scores for Potential Reserves in East Kalimantan (continued)

".Si LO:ction HaJitat Area ri Habitat Ricru:Ess Distinct- Subtotal Total un hac produ:::t iveness

....;,.r, J.\.,ll P. Se.:!arif!da Mn 20,G«(} 39 0.69 14 0.18 69 FS 30,000 45 0.=,1 45 0.18 186 If 5,000 13 O.7~ 40 0.18 123 378

('7 .-;.,. 21. iJnaran ' M:i 1,000 ,i.) 0.69 14 0.23 l.J i'I ~,., FS 2s(~j;) 17 (1,51 ~5 th.;.ij 7(1 Z1 .7 2), B;j 1 ;"v. .1.:' 1.39 35 0.23 145 'Ti· CS C. 10;000 ·~v Q.59 100 O.!O 177 322

24. Ulu Mo lCO,(~)O 71 0,18 5(1 0.23 147 HWo 2~{},O~Jj 9'1 0.23 bfJ 0.23 314 i LWdip l:Oj OOO c.t 0.40 8'J 0.23 604 1065

,ow;:: L.".!I No 3Cl ,OOO 45 0.18 ~I.) 0.33 134 H;~Ci 70~(t\)O 62 (:.23 60 0.33 Za2 416 ""\ ~t}l Bitt.!. Krist&:! HWo 10 1(kji) .)IJ 0.23 60 0.23 95 ~ /-.'7 27. DI 87,0C~) ....t 1.93 40 (l.2B 1,448 Ml 41,IYJO 40 0.28 i ,L22 51 1\2.14 ...,.,.., If 3s(;(lO 45 v.!'1 40 0.18 256 ft; Ukip 30,OnO ..' {1.53 70 0.19 300 3,226

S3Cio-ecc~~ic: Justification Scores of Pote1tial Reserves in East Kal~,t~1

Environ- LCtr. S!;Qlogical Research Total £;rtt~l la:t~us; ;rld e:t-;iir invest.~t B:--::efits {~"~fiic.t ettras !Xxx xu >:xx

1. f:a~ai~~ LUi,~ai xx xx I x B 2. t.l..!~f!l X X XXX XXX 12 3. Muara r;c.'t::l xx XXX XX XX 10 4. S. Kc}'ii1 - S. Menteng xxxx XXX XXX XXX xx 16 5. Perl. KUt2i X X XX XI 7 6, !~.u:rra S=td~1J XX XX XX XXX 10 7. ruar a ~'~aY:'!1 XX X XX XXX 9 u. Ulu ~:ay3li xxx X XX XXX x 11 9. G:.rr!unq It::fa:J XXX X XX XX X 10 10. },i' xx XX XX X 10 11. §~1gE;~~6~i XX XX XXX x xXY. 11 1'1 Ba. Beratus XXX X XXX X XX 10 ~~st~~r!g - T. Hp:f XX XX XX X XX 9 it X X X :3 15. Keyu Kuktl X X X 3 lb. A02T EE~ar X X X X. 4 li. ~.!r~nQ Lu:~ut xxx XXX XX XX 11 lEa. Perl:-Sl ria~i;J:~;:: X XX XX XXX 10 19. Pit SE2ar:ti - P. Ee~~loJ.i X XX XXX XXX 11 'ti'l V 10. ?enta:.. Sam2rir!~a X 11ft. 1\ X a 21. ~~ooret-Tcn2h ~rah X XX X X 5 22. P. -Sirak-biran5:1 X XXX XX x 9 liV X IX XX XXX XAr. 11 XXX XX XXX XX XXX X 14 it i~D~E~~:~r5ig ~!arE XX XX i:X XX XX X x 12 X xx X X X XX 8 ~7. ~~sl. i:ap'Jr Sangkulirang XXX "'IJ.A XX XX Xi.AV" XX 14 usdlv - 39 -

t"lanagel1ent Viability Scores for Potential Reserves in East Kalima.lltan

SiZE Ecoloaical Low Buffer Total Comph?b:- Boundary Potential ne;s Pressure or t{atural B;.!fier

xx xxx XX 15 M2t. x xx x 7 xxx X XX 10 'If XX XXX 1'. 10 xxx XX 14 XXX X XXX xx xxx 9 XX X X 7 xxx XX XX 12 xxx XX xx 11 XXX XX XX 11 xu XX XX 12 xxx X XX 10 XXX X 7 X 4 4 xx 5 xx xxx x 9 XX xx 7 X XX 9 XX X b X xx X 5 X XX 9 XX XX 10 xxx nx 13 XXX Xl. 11 XX X a xxx 'x 9

usdiv 40 - ... Table 4 Time Scale -for Survival of-Kalimantan Reserves 'without Improved Protection and Management

time scale (yrs) Heserve Status' Area D 0-5 5-10 10-20 (ha) West Kalimantan

Gunung Uiut C.A. 140,000 Muara Kendawangan C.A. 150,000 ** Gunung Palung C.A. 30,000 ** S.M. 60,000 ** Bentuang/Karimun C.A. 600,000 ** Danau Sentarum S.M. 80,000 ** ** Hutan Sambas pr 120,000 Bukit Perai .H.L. 162,000 * ** **- Gn Tunggal pr 61,000 ** Bukit Ronga H.L. 260,000 ** Bukit Batutenobang H.L. 883,000 Bukit Baka ·C.A. 100,000 ** ** Central Kalimantan Bukit Raya C.A. 110,000 ** ext. pr 590,000 ** 1~anjung Puting T.N. 305,000 * ext. pr 70,000 * ** Parawen I&I1 6,200 * ** Kua.la Kayan pr 73,500 ** Batik~p H.L. 740,375 ** Paral-len Baru pr Gl,500 ? ** Tanjung Penghujan T.W. 40,000 * *:l: Hutan Kahayan C.A. 150,000 ** South Kalimantan

-35,000 Pleihari Tanah; Laut S.M. Pleihari Hartapura S.M. 30,000 ** * ext. T.W. ·70,400 * * * Pamukan pr 10,000 ** Kelumpang Baai pr 13,750 ** Tanjung Dewa Barat pr 16,250 ** Pulau Sebuku H.L. 14,400 ** Meratus HuluBarabai pr 200,000 ** ** Heratus H. Tanjung pr 48,250 ** * Muara Uya pr 25,000 ** ** - 41 - ..

Rmmrve Status Area D 0-5 5-10 10-20

(ha) East Kalimantan Kutai T.N. 200,000 Huara Kaman S.M. 62,500 ** ** Kayan Mentarang C.A. 1,600,000 * Huara Sebuku pr 110,000 Huara Kayan pr 80,000 ** U1u Kayan pr 800,000 ** Gunung Berau* pr. 110,000 ** Sangit1l1irang pr 200,000 ** Sungai.Barambai pr 110,000 ** Gn. BEn:atus pr 130,000 ** Apar Besar pr 90,000 ** Gn. Lumut pr 30,000 ** Hs.hakam -lakes pr 200,000 ** ** Pantai Samarinda pr ·95,000 ** Ulu Sembakung pr 500,000 ** * Apo Kay,an pr 100,000 * * Batu Kristal pr 10,000 * on ly reseryes lartter than 5000 D - already deHtroyed

)/: - pu::-t of SE:.ngkulirang cClmplex of protection forests - 42 -

.. - Endemic Kammals of Borneo

*Suncua atJu: (m) black shrew TUDaia aplendidula ruddy treeshrew TUDaia montana (m) mountain tree shrew Tupaia graci Ii a slender treeshrew Tupaia picta (m) painted treeshrew Tupaja dorsalia striped treeshrew Dendrogale melanura (m) smooth-tailed treeshrew Hjppoaideroa dyacorum Dayak round leaf bat *HipPoaideroa .coxi (m) Cox's round leaf bat Pipistrellus kitcheneri red-brown pipistrelle *Pipistrellus cuprosus coppery pipistrelle Presby tis hosei Hose's langur/grey leaf monkey. Presbytia rubicunda maroon langur/red leaf monkey ~.--,-;--'----";; Presby tis frontata white-fronted langur Naaalia laryatus proboscis monkey Hylobates muelleri Bornean gibbon *Callosciurus baluensis (m) Kinabalu squirrel *Calloaciurus adamai (m) ear-spot squirrel Calloaciurua oreates Bornean black-banded squirrel Sundaaciuruajentinki (m) Jentink's squirrel Sundasciurua.brookei (m) Brooke's squirrel *Glyphotes canalyus (m) grey-bellied sculptor squirrel *Glyphotes ,simus._". (m) red-bellied sculptor squirrel *Lariscushosei _ (m) four-striped ground squirrel Dremo.mv.s. _eyerettj" (m) Bornean mountain ground squirrel' Exjliaciurris_~xilis_ plain pigmy squirrel ' Exjljscjurti~LHhiteheadi (m) Whitehead's pigmy squirrel Rheithrosciurus macrotis tufted groundsquirre~ Petaurillu._hosei, Hose#s pigmy flying squirrel *Petaurjllus~emiliae lesser pigmy flying sqnirrel Aeromys thomasi Thomas # flying squirrel *Rattusbaluensis ._.. .(ID) summit rat *Maxomya altjcola (m) mountain spiny rat MaxomYa-ochracejyenter' (m) chestnut-bellied spiny rat *MaxomysbaeodoD··.. small spiny rat Chjropodomys_major. large pencil-tailed tree mouse Chiropodomya .. muroidea (m) grey-bellied pencil-tailed mouse Haeromys margarettae (m) ranee mouse Haeromys __ lmsillus, (m) lesser ranee mouse Hyatrix crasaj~pjDis_ thick-spined porcupine *Hemigalus~hosei_ (m) Hose#s civet Herpestea,"hoae i Hose's mongoose Felis badja bay cat Muntjacua_atherodes Bornean yellow m~ntjac

(m) denotes montane species * species not recorded for Kalimantan - 43 - •

Ende~ic Birds of Borneo

Microhierax latifrons white-fronted falconet *Spilornis kinabaluensis (m) mountain serpent eagle Arboropbjla hyperytbra (m) red-breasted partridge Haematortyx sanguiniceps (m) crimson-headed partridge Lopbura bulweri (m) Bulwer's pheasant *Batracbostomus bartesti (m) Dulit frogmouth Harpactes wbitebeadi (m) Whitehead's *Megalaima exima (m) black-throated barbet Megalaima montjcola (m) mountain barbet Hegalaima pulcherrjma (m) golden-naped barbet Calyptomena hosei (m) Hose's broadbill Calyptomena whjteheadj (m) Whitehead's broadbill Pjtta arcuata (m) blue-banded Pjtta baudi blue-headed pitta Cblamydochaera jefferyj (m) black-breasted triller *Zoothera eyerettj (m) Everett's thrush Ptjlocjchla leucogrammica Born~an wren-babbler Napotbera atrigularis black-throated wren-babbler *Napothera crassa (m) mountain wren-babbler *Cettia whiteheadj . (m) short-tailed bush.warbler *Bradypterus accentor (m) Kinabalu friendly warbler Cyornis superba . (m) Bornean blue flycatcher *Pachycephala hypoxanthe (m) Bornean mountain whistler Prionochjlus xantbopygius yellow-rumped flowerpecker Aracbnotbera juliae (m) Whitehead's *Oculodjncta sguamifrons (m) pigmy white-eye *Chlorocharisemiljae (m) mountain blackeye Eityriasis gymnocephala Bornean bristlehead Lonchura fuscans dusky munia· Orjolus hosei (~) black tlriole

(m) denotes montane species * species not recorded for Kalimantan - 44 - .,

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