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MASTERARBEIT / MASTER’S THESIS Titel der Masterarbeit / Title of the Master‘s Thesis „Between Siege and 'Guest Work’: Revisiting 'Turkish Memories' in Vienna’s Urban Heritage“ verfasst von / submitted by Annika Kirbis, BA angestrebter akademischer Grad / in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (MA) Wien, 2017 / Vienna 2017 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt / A 066 656 degree programme code as it appears on the student record sheet: Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt / Masterstudium DDP CREOLE-Cultural Differences degree programme as it appears on and Transnational Processes the student record sheet: Betreut von / Supervisor: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Ayşe Çağlar Mitbetreut von / Co-Supervisor: Mag. Dr. Monika Palmberger Acknowledgements First of all, I would like to thank my research partners for their willingness to generously share their knowledge, experiences and stories with me. Without their trust and openness I would not have been able to write this thesis. I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisors Univ.-Prof. Dr. Ayse Caglar and Mag. Dr. Monika Palmberger for the outstanding supervision. Their expertise, guidance and motivation throughout the thesis-writing process have been indispensable for the successful completion of this thesis. I would like to thank the Anthropology Department at Maynooth University for the warm welcome and excellent support during my stay, when the groundwork for this thesis has been laid. Finally, I would like to thank my friends and colleagues for sparking new ideas and motivation, especially during difficult stretches in the process. Also I am indebted to my family, whose stories inspired me in the first place to immerse myself in the topic of memory, which ultimately led me to develop a life-long research interest that I am excited to explore in the years to come. 1 2 „Ich möchte sagen, daß wunderbar die Linien sind, die ich mit meinem Fahrrad durch diese große Stadt ziehe. Die Linien sind genauso wunderbar wie alle anderen Linien, über die ich fahre, die andere Leute hinter sich lassen. (…) Ich wage zu sagen, daß die Linie, die ich mit meinen Füßen ziehe, um ins Museum zu gehen, wichtiger ist als die Linien, die man innen im Museum auf Bildern aufgehängt vorfindet.“ Friedensreich Hundertwasser 3 Index Acknowledgements 1 List of Figures 5 1. Introduction 6 1.1 Methodology 9 2. Theoretical Considerations 2.1 (Collective) Memories and Migration 14 2.2 Places of Memory in Transition 23 2.3 Collecting Migration? 34 3. Historical Context 3.1 The Metamorphosis of the 'Turks' in Vienna 42 3.2 Postwar Austria and 'Guest Workers' from Turkey 50 4. Discussion of Findings 4.1 Porous Cityscapes 55 4.2 'Turkish Memories' beyond the Siege 79 4.3 Mainstreaming Migration? 93 5. Conclusion 109 Bibliography 113 Appendix 121 4 List of Figures Fig. 1 Vienna's historic city centre listed by UNESCO. Stadt Wien (wien.at). 57 Fig. 2 Vienna's World Heritage Sites and protected areas. Stadt Wien (wien.at). 57 Fig. 3 Francis Joseph I. in Mariahilfer Straße. 58 Fig. 4 Leaflets for exhibitions on Francis Joseph I. 59 Fig. 5 Residence of Embassy of Brasil in Vienna. 60 Photo by Embassy of Brasil in Vienna. Fig. 6 Film still of ORF TV programme „Kontakt“ in 1971. 63 Fig. 7 Bench at Antonskirche. 68 Fig. 8 Mosaic in Favoriten. 69 Fig. 9 Close-up view „Troststraße, Mosaik“, OAW. 69 Fig. 10 Mural in Sonnwendgasse. 70 Fig. 11 Close-up view, Mural in Sonnwendgasse. 70 Fig. 12 Aerial photograph of intersection of 3rd, 4th, 10th district, Google Maps. 73 Fig. 13 Video installation at Vienna Hauptbahnhof. 74 Fig. 14 Hıdır Emir, Initiative Minderheiten. 75 Fig. 15 Protest against attempted coup in front of Turkish embassy. 77 Fig. 16 Advertising pillar in Karolinengasse. 78 Fig. 17 Installation by Zaimoglu. Photo by Herbert Schueppel. 88 Fig. 18 Banner in front of Wien Museum. Website „Archiv der Migration“. 99 Fig. 19 Work permit of O.'s mother. 104 Fig. 20 Postcards for the “Migration Collection”. 104 Fig. 21 One-day exhibition at Wien Museum. 106 5 1. Introduction Increased migration-driven diversity in urban areas has implications on locally established memory narratives. Agents of migration do not only add to the complexity of a city's present and future, but also give the impetus to revisit its historicised past. In Vienna, the abundance of references to the Siege of Vienna by the Ottoman Empire in 1529 and 1683, often depreciatingly referred to as 'Türkenbelagerung', is remarkable (Tomenendal 2000). This twofold memory of both enemy and its defeat reverberates in a variety of urban heritage in Vienna, and quite literally in the bell of Vienna’s Stephansdom, cast in Ottoman cannonballs captured after the Second Siege (Heiss and Feichtinger 2013:300). While the historicised city centre with its famous Ring Road bursts with often meticulously preserved buildings and monuments cherishing the 'glorious' past of the Habsburg Empire, more recent influences on the city lack space in this monumentality. Especially with regard to the migration of former 'guest workers' from Turkey, it is ironic that those who contributed to rebuild and revive Vienna after the destruction of the Second World War, often literally as construction workers, were squeezed to the urban periphery. While in 1955 with the reestablishment of Austria as a sovereign nation state after the Second World War the predominant political programme by the Viennese municipality centred on regaining the status and influence of a metropolis as in the times of the Habsburg Empire- „Wien wird wieder Weltstadt“- labour migrants were not included in this vision (Gurses et al. 2004: 101). While the fluctuating diplomatic cohorts and their entourage might bring the desired cosmopolitan air to the city, Austria's migration (and labour) policies have been marked by several solid continuities from the Habsburg monarchy up to now perpetuating a rather exclusionary legal framework for (labour) migrants, as outlined by Rainer Baubock (see section 3.2). For example, a strong tendency to define national identity by excluding diversity, by linking the acquisition of citizenship to the principle of jus sanguinis and excluding the possibility for dual affiliations, for example, persists until today (Baubock 1996). With regard to the educational system a rather one-sided representation of the sieges of Vienna is reproduced. Hence, the persistence of nationalist narratives furthering the iterated construction of the 'Turkish threat' embedded in the overall imperial nostalgia of 6 Vienna's urban heritage fails to accommodate the growing diverse realities of the city's inhabitants and perpetuates the exclusion and amnesia of migrants' memories. Thereby, especially former 'guest workers' from Turkey and their families are related to the ancient enemy image deeply rooted in the city’s memories and its anti-Ottoman sentiments that nowadays may manifest in, for example, 'islamophobia', resentment towards a possible accession of Turkey to the European Union and even by heralding an alleged 'Third Siege' (Heiss and Feichtinger 2013: 211). However, while Viennese urban heritage reflects imperial nostalgia and amnesia towards its migration (hi)stories, migrants themselves, like former Turkish 'guest workers', have created spaces for themselves in the city and exercised various forms of self-organisation and self-historicising. In the context of the 50th anniversary of the recruitment agreement between Turkey and Austria in 2014, more recently also municipal institutions have expressed an increased interest towards the inclusion of the memories of former 'guest workers' into the city's narratives, culminating in the development of the project “The Migration Collection” („Migration sammeln“)in cooperation with the Wien Museum, aiming at the creation of a collection on the migration of 'guest workers' to Vienna. Hence, in this master's thesis the following set of questions will be explored: in light of the continued commemoration of the sieges with the image of the 'Turkish enemy' and the presence of migrants from Turkey, who constitute a significant, engaged part of Vienna's inhabitants, how do 'Turkish memories' overlap in Vienna's urban heritage today? How does the commemoration of the sieges affect migrants from Turkey? And how do the memories of former 'guest workers' from Turkey question the notion of 'memories of the Turks' ('Türkengedächtnis')? While a centuries-old nationalist enemy image is conflated with an ascribed group of migrants and their families, how can an inclusion of their (hi)stories into the city's narratives be achieved? What attempts have been made in Vienna to encourage a more inclusive approach towards the memories of former 'guest workers' from Turkey? In the process of negotiating the relation between migrants' memories and a city's narratives, which tensions emerge? Hence, the main research question to be examined in this master's thesis is: How do migrants' memories influence a city's historical narratives and urban heritage? 7 Following this introduction and an overview of the methodology employed in this thesis, the theoretical considerations for this research project will be discussed. In the first section of chapter 2, the development of the notion of collective memories is traced, drawing upon the work of, for example, Maurice Halbwachs, Paul Ricœur, Pierre Nora and Jeffrey K. Olick and others. With the idea of the nation as a mnemonic community increasingly challenged in light of transnational flows and migration-driven diversity promoting a multiplicity of heritages embodied by local populations, especially in urban areas, the relation between memory and migration will be considered. Understanding memory through movement, as forwarded by Julia Creet, Jelena Tošić and Monika Palmberger, in section 2.2. its repercussions on the conceptualisation of space and place will be outlined. Thereby, the understanding of place moves beyond rather stable notions, like, for example, Nora's concept of “lieux de mémoire”, which tend to frame place as a static entity to be inscribed by memories, most effectively by those in power (Nora 1989).

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