OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES IN SNNPR, ETHIOPIA
ETHIOPIAN CENTER FOR DISABILITY AND DEVELOPMENT (ECDD), 2019
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 4
METHODOLOGY 5
RESULTS: HEALTH 7
RESULTS: REHABILITATION 9
RESULTS: EDUCATION 11
RESULTS: LIVELIHOOD 12
RESULTS: SOCIAL 14
CONCLUSION 17 INTRODUCTION
The Ethiopian Center for Disability and Development (ECDD), together with the Regional Government of the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples’ Region (SNNPR) of Ethiopia are implementing a Regional Disability Mainstreaming Program. The goal of this program is to improve the quality of life of persons with disabilities in SNNPR.
To measure what the current quality of life is of persons with disabilities, we developed and carried out a survey. This looked at whether persons with disabilities in SNNPR have access to healthcare and rehabilitation, whether they have gone to school, have work and money to spend, and are able to take part in the community. This report presents some of the results1.
1 For more detailed methodology and results, please see: Ethiopian Center for Disability and Development. (2018). Quality of Life of Persons with Disabilities in SNNPR.
4 METHODOLOGY
DATA COLLECTORS All respondents were persons with disabilities who were identified Data was collected by 20 data through Disabled Peoples collectors – in most cases 1 male and Organisations (DPOs) and the local 1 female in each town. Most of them Agency of Labour and Social Affairs. were persons with disabilities. We tried to interview an equal number of men and women, and RESPONDENTS an equal number of persons with different types of disabilities. The survey was carried out in ten towns in SNNPR: Sodo, Hawassa, Leku, Chuko, Aleta Wondo, Wendo Genet, Yirgalem, Durame, Butajira and Arba Minch.
Butajira
20 DATA COLLECTORS
Durame
Hawassa Wendo Genet
Leku 1 male 1 female Sodo Yirgalem in each town Chuko Aleta Wondo
Arba Minch SNNPR
ETHIOPIA
Addis Ababa
5 QUESTIONNAIRE We measured disability using the Washington Group Short Set, We used a questionnaire based which asks whether persons have on the WHO CBR Indicators difficulties in ... questionnaire. The WHO CBR Indicators questionnaire measures the situation of persons with disabilities, by asking them about their...
MOVING SEEING HEALTH
EDUCATION COGNITION SELF-CARE
LIVELIHOOD
SOCIAL AND POLITICAL PARTICIPATION HEARING COMMUNICATION
SAMPLE 579 386 We interviewed 966 respondents: 579 men and 386 women and 1 person men women who did not respond to the gender question. 48% Most respondents were between 19 and 34 years old. 22% 16% We interviewed persons 10% with different types of 3% 1% disabilities2. 0 8 18 34 45 71+ age
54% 26% 26% 25% 24% 19%
2 Note: persons can have difficulties functioning in more than 1 category. 47% of respondents indicated having difficulty with multiple activities.
6 RESULTS HEALTH This section reports the results on the status of health and access to health for persons with disabilities in SNNPR.
HOW WOULD YOU RATE YOUR 66% 22% 12% HEALTH TODAY? A majority of persons with disabilities felt that their health could be rated as good or very good.
good neither poor poor nor good
ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE WHY DID YOU NOT GET HEALTH CARE? Half of all persons with disabilities needed health care in the past Most of the people who did not get twelve months, but were not able health care, said this was because they to get the health care they needed. could not afford the cost of the visit. Only one out of four persons with Other reasons for not being able to get disabilities had received the health health care were that they tried but care they needed. were denied health care, the health care facility was too far away, they could not afford the cost of transport, and/or that no transport was available. received the 23% care needed 27%
unable to 53% receive care 52% 86% 16%
no need for 24% could not tried but was health care 22% afford the cost denied health of the visit care
male female 16% 12% 11%
could not health care no transport afford the cost facility too far available away of transport
7 TREATED WITH RESPECT 67% If they do visit a health care center, good are persons with disabilities treated 66% with respect? The majority feel that they are, indeed, treated with neither poor 20% respect. A small group of men and nor good 16% women, however, felt that respect 14% towards them had been poor or even poor very poor. 17%
male female
MAKING DECISIONS ABOUT YOUR OWN TREATMENT Although health care workers are knowledgeable, it is good practice to mostly or 8% involve patients when making decisions completely regarding to the treatment of the 9% patient. Only very few persons with disabilities are involved in making 46% decisions regarding their own health partially treatment. Almost half of all men 43% and women with disabilities feel that little or they had not been involved in making not at all 46% any decisions about their treatment 48% when they went to the health center. Almost all other men and women said that they had only been involved partially. male female 1 out of 3 persons with visual, hearing or mobility disability were not involved in making decisions for their treatment. For persons with a cognitive, selfcare or communication disability, this is 1 out of 2!
1 OUT OF 3 1 OUT OF 2
8 RESULTS REHABILITATION This section reports on the access to and necessity of rehabilitation services for persons with disabilities in SNNPR.
ACCESS TO REHABILITATION SERVICES received the 14% As with health care, respondents services needed 20% were asked whether they had needed rehabilitation services such unable to 51% as physical, occupational or speech receive services 48% therapy, but did not get these services. Half of all men and women no need for 35% with disabilities need rehabilitation services 32% services but are not able to get them. Only a small group have received the rehabilitation services male they need. female
71% 30% 27% REASONS FOR NOT ACCESSING REHABILITATION SERVICES could not Why are persons with disabilities not afford the cost did not know facility too where to go far away getting the rehabilitation services of the visit they need? Most are not getting services because they cannot afford the cost of the visit. Other important 24% 12% reasons include that the individual did not know where to go, the rehabilitation facility is too far away, tried but was no transport they tried but were denied the care denied care available and that there was no transport available.
9 USE OF ASSISTIVE DEVICES The following figures present whether persons with disabilities are able to receive and use the assistive devices they need for ease of living.
DO YOU USE...? aids such as a cane, crutch, wheelchair, grasping bar, hand or arm brace3 visual aids, such as glasses or a white cane4
aids to help hear or communicate better5
54% 49% 43% 33% 32% 20% 14% 15% 19% 9% 4% 2% 2% 3% 1%
uses device and uses device but doesn’t use device doesn’t have device doesn’t use device works well doesn’t work or isn’t because it’s broken or but needs it and doesn’t need it appropriate inappropriate
3 For persons with mobility or self-care disabilities 4 For persons with visual disabilities 5 For persons with hearing or communication disabilities
REPAIR OF ASSISTIVE DEVICES Very few persons with disabilities in 76% 24% SNNPR who need an assistive device have one. For the persons who do have an assistive device it is important that they know how to keep their assistive ? device in good working condition, and know where to get it repaired if that is needed. One out of four persons with an assistive device do not know how knows doesn’t know to keep their assistive device in good how to repair how to repair working condition.
10 RESULTS EDUCATION This section presents research results related to education of persons with disabilities in SNNPR.
HIGHEST LEVEL OF EDUCATION Most persons with disabilities have not had any schooling or completed 13% college/university schooling beyond primary education. 7% Persons with cognitive disabilities are least likely to complete any schooling, 4% vocational training and persons with mobility disabilities 10% most likely.
20% secondary school 21% 42% 44% 37% primary education 32% 36% 30% 30% 16% no schooling or never 18% completed any grade 26%
male female
PLACE OF EDUCATION Where do persons with private school 6% disabilities receive their 2% specialized school education? The majority other forms 7% attended government schools and institutions. home-schooled 7% Some attended private 79% government school schools, special schools, were home-schooled, or attended other forms of education.
11 RESULTS LIVELIHOOD This section presents results on the working situation and financial situation of persons with disabilities.
WORKING SITUATION For both men and women self- employment is the most common The following figure represents the option. Women are more likely to be current working situation for men and working in the family, and more likely women with disabilities (19+ years old) to be unemployed and looking for in SNNPR. work. Many persons with disabilities are currently looking for work. Only a very small minority of persons with 42% disabilities is wage-employed.
25% 33% 17% 14% 12% 9% 14% 6% 6% 7% 6% 5%
not working self-employed working for working in working in a not working other and looking wages with family group and not for work an employer looking
male female
DO YOU HAVE ENOUGH MONEY?
Most persons with 2% most of the time or completely disabilities do not have enough money to meet their sometimes 14% needs. Only 2% of persons with disabilities said they have enough money most of 83% not at all or a little the time!
12 DO YOU DECIDE HOW TO USE YOUR MONEY?
Do persons with disabilities have the In addition, persons with cognitive freedom to make their own financial disabilities often do not decide how to decisions? In general, women make use their money, whereas persons with less decisions regarding how to use visual, mobility or hearing disabilities their money as compared to men. don’t have that problem as much.
completely or 50% 45% most of the time 39% 38% 28% 26% sometimes 27% 14% 10% 9% not at all or 22% a little 34%
male female
ACCESS TO FINANCIAL SERVICES 52% 44% 48% 56% In order to be able to access financial services such as loans, credits cards, insurances, grants or savings programs, persons with disabilities first need to know where and how to get these financial knows how to get doesn’t know how services. However, only half of the financial services to get financial persons with disabilities in SNNPR services knows where and how to get these financial services. male female
13 RESULTS SOCIAL The last aspect to measure the quality of life of persons with disabilities is to cover how persons feel as part of the community. This section focuses on that.
RESPECT 65% Respondents were asked whether they felt respected by their families, as well as whether they felt respected by other people. Respect 38% 35% means: do you feel that others value you as a 27% person and listen to what you say. 21% 14% Most persons with disabilities feel respected by their families. They often feel less respected by other people in their community. most of the sometimes not at all time family other people
70% Persons with different disabilities also report 66% different levels of respect. Less than half of 59% 50% persons with cognitive or self-care disabilities 47% 44% say they feel respected by their family.
PERSONAL ASSISTANCE most of the time 21% Persons with disabilities sometimes make use of personal assistance, for example to guide, support or provide self-care support. Personal freedom sometimes 23% and autonomy can be related to the degree that someone is able to make their own decisions regarding personal assistance, for example who not at all 55% they are assisted by, what type of assistance they would like, and when they would like assistance. Over half of the persons with disabilities in SNNPR indicated that they did not make any decisions regarding the personal assistance that they needed. Only a small group said that they made these decisions on a regular basis.
14 PARTICIPATION IN SOCIAL EVENTS 48% Being part of, feeling accepted by, 44% and taking part in a community is 32% 33% important for all human beings. Respondents were therefore asked 20% whether they participated in social, cultural, religious, sports or other 24% activities in their community. Women were less likely than men whenever most of the not at all or to participate in social events, with possible time sometimes almost half of all women saying they did not or only sometimes participate.
85% PARTICIPATION IN COMMUNITY MEETINGS 64% The differences between men and women with disabilities are even more apparent when it comes to participation in community meetings and decision making. 27% 64% of men said that they did not or only sometimes participated in 9% 10% 5% community meetings, and 85% of women said the same! whenever most of the not at all or possible time sometimes
male female
Looking at disability, persons with mobility or visual community meetings disabilities are more likely to participate in social events or community meetings. On the other hand, persons with cognitive, self-care or communication disabilities social events hardly ever join.
95% 89% 88% 82% 76% 81% 69% 63% 66% 53% 44% 43%
15 PARTICIPATION IN DISABLED PERSONS ORGANISATIONS 57% 56% 43% 44% Disabled Persons Organisations (DPOs) or parent groups are places for persons with disabilities to come together, share, and advocate for their rights if necessary. Slightly over half of all respondents stated that they indeed belongs to or doesn’t belong to belonged to or participated in a DPO or participates in or participate in parents group. DPO DPO
male female
There are, however, very big differences 80% in DPO participation when it comes to different disabilities. Most persons with a mobility disability participate 52% in a DPO or parents group. For visual, 47% 44% hearing or communication disabilities, it is around half of all persons with those disabilities that participate in an 21% 20% organization or group. When it comes to cognitive and self-care impairments, numbers are very low, with only a small group of these individuals being members of self-representing groups.
16 CONCLUSION
ECDD carried out this Quality of Life survey to better understand the situation of persons with disabilities and their families in the target communities of its Regional Disability Mainstreaming (RDM) Program in the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples’ Region (SNNPR) of Ethiopia. The findings of the survey show that persons with disabilities have inadequate access to health services and opportunities for education, work and community participation. On most aspects, women had even less access than men to services and opportunities.
The findings are being used to design and implement program interventions – such as Disability Awareness Trainings - to improve service delivery and promote equalization of opportunities. It is our intention to repeat the same survey again in the same communities after a period of time, in order to identify change, and hopefully improvements as a result of RDM Program interventions.
17
THIS PUBLICATION WAS DEVELOPED BY:
Ethiopian Center for Disability and Development (ECDD) Addis Ababa, Ethiopia [email protected] +251114165859 www.ecdd-ethiopia.org
Light for the World Bole Road, Bedesta Building 5th Floor P.O. Box 27744 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia [email protected] www.light-for-the-world.org
Irish Aid Ethiopia [email protected] +251 115 180 500 www.embassyofireland.org.et
SNNPR Government
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