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Universi^ International INFORMATION TO USERS This was produced from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While die most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon die quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or notations vdiich may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure you of complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark it is an indication that the film inspector noticed either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, or duplicate copy. Unless we meant to delete copyrighted materials that riiould not have been filmed, you will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photo­ graphed the photographer has followed a definite mediod in “sectioning” the material. It is customary to begin filming at die upper left hand comer of a large sheet and to continue from left to rig)it in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again—beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. For any illustrations that cannot be reproduced satisfactorily by xerography, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and tqiped into your xerographic copy. Requests can be made to our Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases we have filmed the best available copy. Universi^ Mcidnlms International 300 N. ZEEB ROAD, ANN ARBOR. Ml 4 8 1 0 6 18 BEDFORD ROW. LONDON WC1R 4EJ. ENGLAND 8018925 Lecktf , T homas Conley A COMPARISON OF THEMATIC AND EPISODIC ANALYSES OF THE BACH TWO-PART INVENTIONS The University o f OkUthoma PhJD. 1980 University Microfilms internstiond.! 300N.Zed>Road.AimAibor,MI48106 18 Bedford Row. London WCLR 4 0 . England Copyright 1980 by Leckie, Thomas Conley All Rights Reserved THE UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE A COMPARISON OF THEMATIC AND EPISODIC ANALYSES OF THE BACH TTŸO-PART INVENTIONS A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the- requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY THOMAS CONLEY LECKIE Norman, Oklahoma 1980 A COMPARISON OF THEMATIC AND EPISODIC ANALYSES OF THE BACH TWO-PART INVENTIONS APPROVED BY Dr. Melvin Dr. Gail deStwolinski Dr. Colbert HackleT DISSERTATION COMMITTEE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Sincere thanks and appreciation are extended to Dr. Melvin Platt and the other members of the Advisory Committee who through their guidance have made possible the completion of this project, A special note of appre­ ciation is extended to Celia Mae Bryant who served as chairperson until her retirement. My grateful thanks to Professors Kent Kennan of the University of Texas and Neale Mason of Murray State University for their time and effort in providing analyses of certain Inventions. Gratitude is expressed to Dr. Edgar Petty of Central State University for his skilled assistance in formulating the general question of the problem. Acknowledgment is also giyen to my colleague, Wendell Ralston of Central State University, for suggesting the published analysis by John Thompson. Sincere appreciation is extended to Wendell Miller for proofreading the nianuscript. The steady confidence and encouragement given by my spouse, Virginia, is due a most special recognition. The love and support of my entire family has contributed much to the completion of this study. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I . THE P R O B L E M ............................. 1 II. FUGAL TERMINOLOGY: IMITATION AND FUGUE........... 10 III. FUGAL TERI'IINOLOGY: EXPOSITION AND COUNTEREXPOSITION............................. 31 IV. FUGAL TERMINOLOGY: EPISODE....................... SO V. FUGAL PROCEDURE A.ND TERIvIINOLOGY : THE TWO-PART INTENTIONS....................... 63 VI. INVESTIGATIVE DESIGN AND PROCEDURES ............ 81 VII. ANALYSIS OF THE DATA............................ Ill VIII. EVALUATION OF THE DATA.......................... 125 IX. AN ANALYSIS OF THE BACH FIFTEEN TWO - PART INVENT IONS.......................... 135 X. SUMIvIARY........................................ 184 BIBLIOGRAPHY.......................................... 188 APPENDICES A. ANALYSES AND LETTERS BY KENT KENNAN ............ 196 B. ANALYSES BY NEALE MASON ............. 203 IV LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Quantities of Statements within Thematic Areas of Invention I ................ 92 2. Harmonic Structure of Certain Statements within Invention I ................ 93 3. Quantities of Statements within Thematic Areas of Invention IV................ 95 4. Harmonic Structure of Certain Statements within Invention IV................ 101 5. Quantities of Statements within Thematic Areas of Invention V I I .............. 108 6. Harmonic Structure of Certain Statements within Invention V I I .............. 109 7. A Summary of Statement Quantities.................Ill 8. A Summary of Similar Imitations at the Perfect Fifth ................................ 115 9. A Summary of Similar Imitations at the Perfect Fourth................................ 117 10. Classes of Statements Whose Harmonic Structure Supports thematic Exclusion ........ 123 11. General Characteristics of Thematic and Episodic Areas .133 12. Analysis of Expositions of the Fifteen Two-Part Inyentiçns .139 13. Stable Thematic Entries Occurring after Expositions ......... 142 LIST OF EXAMPLES Example Page 1. Invention VII, measures 1-5 [Goetschius) ........ 3 2. Invention VII, measures 1-7 (Kennan)............... 4 3. Analyses of Invention 1........................... 87 4. Analyses of Invention I V ......................... 96 5. Analyses of Invention VII........................ 103 6. Characteristic Pattern Pitch, Invention III, measures 1-10.................. 140 7. Unstable Statement of Theme, Invention I, measure 1 9 ...................... 144 8. Unstable Statements of Theme, Invention IV, measures 26 and 38.............. 145 9. Unstable Statement of Theme, Invention VII, measure 1 3 .................... 146 10. Stability and Instability, Invention III, measures 10-40 ................ 147 11. Analytical Symbols .............................. 153 VI A COMPARISON OF THEMATIC AND EPISODIC ANALYSES OF THE BACH TWO-PART INVENTIONS CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM Introduction Differences in musical analyses often occur as a result of differences in the application of terminology. An analytical term as applied to one type of musical com­ position may not serve in the same sense when applied to a somewhat different kind of composition. Episode is such a term. When applied to fugal analysis it rather consistently identifies the passages which connect thematic areas. Yet, in a discussion of Bach's Two-Part Inventions, a complete subject statement may be analyzed as episodic by one analyst and non-episodic (i.e., thematic) by another. Need for the Study The Bach Two-Part Inventions are standard study material for both amateur and professional musicians. 2 College music students often are required to analyze the Inventions before studying fugues. Since.the identification of thematic and episodic areas is part of the usual proce­ dure in fugal analysis, it is then reasonable to assume that this analytical technique applied to the Two-Part Inventions is equally important. The sources investigated in this study disagree to some extent in thematic and epi­ sodic analysis, and, as will become evident, often provide inadequate rationale for the analytical procedure employed. This problem may be encountered in a number of analytical courses : keyboard classes, music literature, form and anal­ ysis, analytical techniques, and counterpoint. Clarifica­ tion of the conflicting views is needed to properly evaluate the different approaches to thematic and episodic analysis. Although this ambiguity appears to be rather widespread, no systematic study of the problem has been found. Statement of the Problem Since the extent of a thematic area determines the limits of an episode, the problem of this study may be put in the form of a question: What are the differences in the published analyses of thematic areas in selected passages of the Bach Two-Part Inventions? The problem is clearly evident when one compares the analysis of two authors. The analysis in Example 1 shows the opening thematic area of Invention VII to close on the first note of measure 5, Ex. 1. Invention VII, measures 1-5 (Goetschius)^ — ' ■ ! 4 --- ! — ---------- P'h) X — f.. ' !_ H— #-- *- Episode. since episode is indicated in that measure. On the other hand, the opening thematic area of the same Invention as seen in Example 2 closes on the first note of measure 3, since this author shows episode to begin in that measure. In comparing analyzed examples, this researcher has observed that analyses of a given thematic area may vary both in extent and in content from one author to the next. In this study content refers to the quantity of single, imitative, and sequential statements of the subject ^Percy Goetschius, Applied Counterpoint (New York: G. Schirmer, 1930), p. 102. Ex. 2. Invention VII, measures 1-7 (Kennan)l Episode Ml. Ca<L, lej^uq. found
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