The Human Colonisation of the Pacific: Process and Impact

The human colonisation of the Pacific: Process and Impact

Elizabeth Matisoo-Smith Dept of Anthropology and Allan Wilson Centre of Molecular Ecology and Evolution, University of Auckland Commensal models for the human settlement of the Pacific Early Animal Translocations within Near Oceania

Phalanger orientalis New Guinea to New Ireland 20,000 BP? Rattus mordax, Rattus praetor & Melomys sp. New Guinea throughout the Bismarcks Thylogale browni Late Pleistocene New Guinea to New Ireland By 8,400 BP Lapita Animal Introductions R. exulans distribution

From Roberts, 1991 PNAS 101(24):9167-9172 Matisoo-Smith & Robins 2004

N=131 R. exulans samples 33 from AMNH, 87 archaeological samples 11 tissue samples 3 major groups Identified No link between Near and Remote Oceanic rats! 3 Mitochondrial Lineages of R. exulans in Near Oceania – At least 2 of those appear to be associated with Lapita

Tench Single Pacific Pig Clade

Origin:

Not the Philippines

Not Taiwan

Southern mainland – Vietnam, Laos

(Larson et al. 2007 PNAS) Pacific dogs

Polynesian dog – from the Bishop Museum, Hawaii NZ & East Polynesia dogs (archaeological) – only share lineage with a modern Indonesian dog

Dingo and NGSD (modern)

Asian and Pacific dogs Archaeological & modern in Near and Remote Oceania

At least 3 dog introductions to the Pacific:

• Dingoes/ NGSD • Coastal New Guinea/Pacific • Polynesia – Indonesia? Who let the dogs out?

• Possible evidence for “pre- Lapita” dog bone in PNG (mainland) around 4000-6000 BP – These are consistent with molecular estimates for timing of dingo/NGSD introductions • Possible evidence for Lapita dogs (Kamgot, Mussau, Tikopia) • Introduction from ISEA around 2000 BP? Lots of dog bone in sites across Pacific post 2000BP. • How did dogs get to Polynesia? – No dog bone recorded in Vanuatu or New Caledonia Density and Distribution of Pacific Chickens

Chicken Haplogroups and Dates

Hawaii WAI001 EasterIsland HAN001 AD1410 - 1530 Hawaii WAI001 42 Hawaii PLR EasterIsland HAN001 Hawaii PLK002 AD 1000-1680 50 42 EasterIsland ANA004 Hawaii PLRAfter AD 1600 Lombok2 42 42 Thailand1 AD 1260 - 1560 Hawaii PLK002 22 Lombok1 50 Yap NGU001 front EasterIsland ANA004

9 EasterIsland ANA009 42 AD 1290-1430 Yap NGU003 Lombok2 Thailand2 12 Thailand1 Truuk CSM002 42 42 39 65 Yap NGU002 22 Lombok1 Philippines 64 Lombok3 33 Yap NGU001 front Truuk CSM001 Sumatora1 24 Vietnam2 9 EasterIsland ANA009 AD 1290-1430 96 Sumatora1 42 Sumatora2 43 96 Sumatora2 Hawaii YapKIP002 NGU003~AD 1660-1740 43 Hawaii KIP002 Tonga TDThailand250BC – AD 400 Tonga TD 12 AmericanSamoa FTF001 AmericanSamoa FTF001 Truuk~AD CSM002 950-1400 Niue PKI009 71 Niue PKI009 cal AD 360-540AD 1642-1680 Hawaii KUA001 39 71 65 Yap NGU002 Tonga HB Hawaii KUA001 cal AD 1040-1280 EasterIsland ANA011 Philippines Tonga HB ~50BC – AD 400 Vietnam1 64 EasterIsland ANA011 Thailand BCH003 Lombok3 AD 1270-1400 33 Vietnam1 0.005 Truuk CSM001 AD 1642 Thailand -1680 BCH003 4 Vietnam2

0.005 Re-drawing the Polynesian triangle

DNA and other evidence of Polynesian contacts with South America Dispersal of the Sweet Potato Genetic Analyses of Kumara

• Crop & Food Research – Four Maori cultivars • Rekamaroa • Hutihuti • Taputini (I and II) • Yen Collection in Tsukuba, Japan – 300 sweet potato accessions • Polynesian varieties • South America varieties

Andrew Clarke PhD Sweet Potato AFLP Gel

Combo 1 Combo 2 Combo 3 Combo 4

051 123 064 090 102 051 123 064 090 102 051 123 064 090 102 051 123 064 090 102

Andrew Clarke PhD Kumara Bottle Gourd Lagenaria siceraria Bottle Gourd Genetics

Andrew Clarke PhD Modern Bottle Gourd Genetics

• cpDNA revealed an Asian origin for Polynesian bottle gourd • nDNA revealed an Asian and Asia Polynesia Americas

American origin for Nuclear Polynesian bottle BR01_19 Nuclear gourd MR06_24

From Clarke et al. 2006

El Arenal 1

Alice Storey PhD Radio Carbon CHLARA001 Dates 622+/-35 3 dates on 3 bones all date to 1300 – 1450 AD Isotopes show terrestrial diet

CHLARA003 CHLARA004 510+/-30 506+/- 30

(Red arrow indicates 1492 AD – Date of Columbus arrival in Americas) Compare Patterns of DNA variation in species across the Pacific to clarify process and impact

• Human mediated vs Natural distribution • Intentional vs Unintentional introductions • Prehistoric introductions vs Historic introductions • Allows for modelling/interpreting process, speed and impacts of future invasions/introductions? DNA Surveillance

Species identification with DNA

What Rat is Data Ownership Home About How to Use The Science Links and Publications That? Example Data Search Cluster (Simple) Cluster (Advanced) Maximum Likelihood

What Rat is That? http://www.cebl.auckland.ac.nz:9000/

This site provides phylogenetic tools for the identification of rats (Rattus spp.) from the region of southeast Asia and the Pacific. These species are often difficult to identify using morphological characters. We have operationally defined species as phylogenetic clades on a tree built using sequences from three mitochondrial DNA regions. Users identify unknown samples by submitting a DNA sequence, which is then incorporated into a phylogenetic analysis. The identity of the unknown sequence can then be inferred from its placement in the phylogenetic tree.

The identifications made by this site are operational and the whole system, including the reference sequence alignments, is a work in progress.

Contact: Howard Ross Bioinformatics Institute and School of Biological Sciences University of Auckland [email protected]

Illustration courtesy of Tim Mackrell, University of Auckland, Department of Anthropology The Team

Alice Storey Judith Robins (chickens) Prof Glenn (rats & pigs) Dr Howard Ross Summerhayes (bioinformatics) (archaeology)

Melanie Pierson (humans)

Thanks to those who provide our funding: Melanie Hingston The Centres of Research Excellence - AWC (rats) Marsden Fund of the Royal Society of New Zealand University of Auckland Research Fund Andrew Clarke Skinner Fund, Royal Society (kumara, gourd)