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English, Munity and Nongovernmental Organizations: 0 Public Disclosure Authorized o~~oC 000 E3~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~L a4- 8~ Public Disclosure Authorized 8 A~~~~~~~~M Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized A WORLD BANK COUNTRY STUDY Education and Training in Madagascar Towarda Policy Agendafor Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction The World Bank Washington, D.C. ( 2002 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 All rights reserved. 1234040302 World Bank Country Studies are among the many reports originally prepared for internal use as part of the continuing analysis by the Bank of the economic and related conditions of its developing member countries and of its dialogues with the governments. Some of the reports are published in this series with the least possible delay for the use of governments and the academic, business and financial, and development communities. The typescript of this paper therefore has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formal printed texts, and the World Bank accepts no responsibility for errors. Some sources cited in this paper may be informal documents that are not readily available. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed here do not necessarily reflect the views of the Board of Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank cannot guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, col- ors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply on the part of the World Bank any judgment of the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is copyrighted. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or inclusion in any information storage and retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the World Bank. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint, please send a request with complete information to the Copy- right Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA, telephone 978-750-8400, fax 978-750-4470, www.copyright.com. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA, fax 202-522-2422, e-mail [email protected]. ISBN: 0-8213-5164-8 ISSN: 0253-2123 Cover Photo: Tsiroanomandidy, Madagascar, Girindre Beeharry. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: World Bank Education and Training in Madagascar: towards a policy agenda for economic growth and poverty reduction / World Bank. p. cm. - (A World Bank country study) Inlcudes bibliographical references (p.). ISBN 0-8213-5164-8 1. Education and state-Madagascar. 2. Economic development-Effect of education on. 3. Educational planning-Madagascar. 4. Education-Economic aspects-Madagascar. I. Title. II. Series. LC95.5.M42 W67 2002 379.691-dc2l 2002069160 Contents Foreword xi Abstract xiii Acknowledgments xv Abbreviations and Acronyms xvii Executive Summary xix I Demographic and Macroeconomic Context 1 The Demographic Context 1 Economic Growth and Current Conditions 3 Overall Government Finances 4 Overall Public Spending on Education 5 Prospectsfor Increased Spending on Education, and the Implications 7 Conclusion 8 Notes 9 2 Coverage and Structure of the Education System 10 Aggregate Enrollment Levels and Trends 10 Public and Private Sector Roles in Education 11 Levels and Trends in Gross Enrollment Ratios 12 Grade-to-GradeStudent Flow Profiles in Primary and Secondary Education 14 Indices of Overall Student Flow Efficiency 18 Policy Perspectives on Grade Repetition and Dropout in Primary Education 21 Conclusion 24 Notes 24 Hii Vi EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN MADAGASCAR 3.4 Government and Household Spending on Public and Private Primary Education, Madagascar, 1999 30 3.5 Government Employees in the Education Sector, Madagascar, 1998 31 3.6 Teacher Salaries and Distribution of Teachers by Salary Grade, Madagascar, 1998 33 3.7 Distribution of School-Level Nonteaching Staff by Salary Grade, Madagascar, 1998 36 3.8 Current Public Spending by Function, Ministry, and Level of Education, Madagascar, 1998 36 3.9 Distribution of Current Public Spending on Education by Business Category, Madagascar, 1998 38 3.10 Public Spending Per Student by Level of Education in the Public Sector, Madagascar, 1998 40 3.11 Current Public Spending Per Student, Madagascarand Developing Regions, 1990s 41 3.12 Decomposition of Public Spending Per Student in Public Schools, Madagascar,1998 42 3.13 Teacher Salaries and Pupil-TeacherRatios, Madagascarand Developing Regions, 1990s 43 4.1 Gross Enrollment Ratios by Province, Urban-Rural Locality, -and Gender, Madagascar,1990-99 47 4.2 Distributionof School-Age Population and Enrollments by Locality and Gender, Madagascar,circa 1999 48 4.3 Disparitiesin Entry Rates to Grade 1, Madagascar,1997 49 4.4 Disparitiesin Rates of Survival to Grade 5, Madagascar, 1997 50 4.5 Disparitiesin Grade 5 Enrollment Rates, Madagascar, 1997 50 4.6 Incidence of Public Spending on Education among Members of a Cohort, Madagascar, 1999 52 4.7 Incidence of Public Spending on Education, Madagascarand Developing Regions, 1990s 53 4.8 Share of Public Spending on Education Benefiting the Poorest and Richest Population Quintiles, Madagascarand Selected Countries, 1990s 54 4.9 Simulations of the Equity Impact of Alternative Structures of Unit Spending on Education and Student Flow, Madagascar 55 5.1 Number and Distribution of Primary and Secondary Schools, Madagascar, i998 58 5.2 ProvincialDistribution of Primaryand Secondary Schools, Madagascar, 1998 59 5.3 Characteristicsof Public and Private Schools, Madagascar, 1998 60 5.4 Characteristicsof Public and Private PrimarySchools by Province, Madagascar, 1997-98 61 5.5 Public Subsidies to Private Schools, Madagascar, 1993-99 62 5.6 Subsidized Private Schools and Teachers, Madagascar,1993-99 63 5.7 Student-Teacher Ratios in Primaryand Secondary Schools by Sector and Locality, Madagascar, 1998 65 5.8 ProvincialRegression Estimates of the Relation between Numbers of Teachers and Pupils, Primary Schools, Madagascar,1998 66 5.9 Distribution of Public Primary Schools according to Adequacy of Teacher Complements, Madagascar, 1998 68 5.10 Regression Estimates of the Relation between Numbers of Teachers and Students in Public Secondary Schools, Madagascar,1998 69 5.11 Distribution of Public Secondary Schools According to Staffing Patterns, Madagascar, 1998 70 5.12 Staff Redeployment and Recruitment, Madagascar, 1997-2000 71 5.13 Teacher Surpluses, Deficits, Redeployment, and Recruitment in Public PrimarySchools, Madagascar,Late 1990s 71 5.14 Predicted Probabilityof Receiving at Least One of the Primary School Teachers Recruited during 1997-2000 in Relation to Adequacy of Staffing in 1997-98, Madagascar 72 5.15 Teacher Surpluses, Deficits, and Redeployment in Public Lower Secondary Schools, Madagascar,Late 1990s 73 5.16 Size Distributionof Primary Schools and Teaching Arrangements in the Public and Private Sectors, Madagascar, 1998 76 5.17 Size Distribution of Secondary Schools, Madagascar, 1997-98 78 CONTENTS VIi 5.18 Government Grantsfor Public Secondary Education, Madagascar, 1995 and 1999 79 5.19 Teaching Loads and Subject Specialization among Secondary School Teachers, Madagascar,1998 80 5.20 Trends in Pass Rates on National End-of-Cycle Examinations, Madagascar,1989-99 81 5.21 French and Mathematics Test Scores, Grades 2, 4, and 5, Madagascar,1997-99 82 5.22 Correlatesof Combined Scores in Mathematics and French, Grade 2, Madagascar,1997-98 83 5.23 Private School Advantage over Public Schools in Test Scores, Madagascar, 1997-98 84 6.1 Enrollments in Vocational and Technical Educationand Secondary General Education, Public and Private, Madagascar, 1990-97 94 6.2 Access to General Secondary Education and Vocational and Technical Education, by Household Quintile, Madagascar, 1997 95 6.3 Gender Differences by Field of Vocational and Technical Study, Public Sector, Madagascar, 1990-91 and 1998-99 95 6.4 Characteristicsof Service Delivery in Vocational and Technical Education, Madagascar,1990s 96 6.5 Number of Institutions and Students in Public Sector Vocational and Technical Education, Madagascar, 1990-91 and 1998-99 97 6.6 Course Offerings in Public Sector Vocational and Technical Institutions,Madagascar, 1998-99 98 6.7 Trends in Enrollments in Public Vocational and Technical Education, Madagascar, 1990s 99 6.8 Access to Public Vocational and Technical Education, by Province, Madagascar, 1991-92 and 1998-99 100 6.9 Student-Teacher Ratios in Vocational and Technical Education, Madagascar, 1990-91 and 1998-99 101 6.10 Regression Estimates of the Relation between Number of Teachers, Enrollments, and Diversity of Course Offerings, Vocational and Technical Education, Madagascar, 1999 102 6.11 Ratio of Students to Nonteaching Staff in Public Vocational and Technical Education, Madagascar,1998-99 102 6.12 Current Unit Cost of Teaching Activities in CFPsand LTPs, Madagascar,1998 102 6.13 Unit Costs of Vocational and Technical Education as a Multiple of Unit Costs of Secondary General Education, Madagascarand Selected Countries, 1980s and 1990s 103 6.14 Current Unit Cost by Field of Study, Madagascar,1999
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