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The French Army in Algeria, 1954–1962

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The French Army in Algeria, 1954–1962 Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Architecture of Counterrevolution: The French Army in Algeria, 1954–1962 Author(s): Henni, Samia Publication Date: 2016 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-010794984 Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library DISS. ETH NO. 23583 Architecture of Counterrevolution Th e French Army in Algeria, 1954–1962 Samia Henni Institute for the History and Th eory of Architecture, gta D-ARCH, ETH Zurich 2016 DISS. ETH NO. 23583 Architecture of Counterrevolution Th e French Army in Algeria, 1954–1962 A thesis submitted to attain the degree of Doctor of Sciences of ETH Zurich (Dr. sc. ETH Zurich) Presented by Samia Henni Master in Architecture, Academy of Architecture, USI, Mendrisio, 2004 Advanced Master in Architecture and Urban Planning, Berlage Institute, Rotterdam, 2010 PhD Guest Researcher in Visual Culture, Goldsmiths, University of London, 2014 Born on 09.09.1980 in Algiers, Algeria Citizen of Algeria, France and Switzerland Accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. Philip Ursprung, ETH Zurich, Switzerland and Prof. Dr. Tom Avermaete, TU Delft, Th e Netherlands Prof. Dr. Jean-Louis Cohen, Institute of Fine Arts, New York University, USA 2016 4 Architecture of Counterrevolution Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Dissertation untersucht das Zusammenwirken von französischer Kolonialpolitik und militärischen Massnahmen zur Bekämpfung der Aufstände im Hinblick auf die Architektur während der Algerischen Revolution (1954–62). Im Zuge des blutigen und langwierigen bewaff neten Konfl ikts in Algerien, teilten die französischen Zivil- und Militärbehörden, das ländliche und städtische Territorium neu ein, veränderten die gebaute Umwelt von Grund auf, errichteten in kürzester Zeit neue Infrastruktur und verfolgten eine Baupolitik, mit deren Hilfe die französische Kolonialherrschaft in Algerien erhalten werden sollte. Nicht nur mit strategischen Zerstörungen, sondern gerade auch mit Neubauten verfolgte die Kolonialmacht das Ziel, die algerische Bevölkerung zu kontrollieren, und andererseits die europäischen Bewohner zu schützen. Die Dissertation richtet ihren Fokus auf drei mit einander in Verbindung stehende räumliche Massnahmen der Aufstandsbekämpfung: Die gross angelegte Zwangsumsiedlung algerischer Bauern; Grosssiedlungen für die algerische Bevölkerung als Teil von General Charles de Gaulles ‘Plan de Constantine’; eine befestigte Verwaltungsstadt, die zum Schutz der französischen Behörden während der letzten Monate der Algerischen Revolution entstand. Anliegen dieser Arbeit ist es, den Modus operandi dieser baulichen Massnahmen aufzuzeigen. Dargestellt werden ihre Ursprünge, Entwicklung und Ziele, die beteiligten Akteure, Protokolle, Auswirkungen und die zugrunde liegenden Entwurfsmechanismen. Samia Henni Abstract 5 Abstract Th is dissertation examines the intersection of French colonial policies and military counterinsurgency operations in architecture in Algeria during the Algerian Revolution (1954–1962). During this bloody and protracted armed confl ict, the French civil and military authorities profoundly reorganized Algeria’s vast urban and rural territory, drastically transformed its built environments, rapidly implanted new infrastructure, and strategically built new settlements in order to keep Algeria under French colonial rule. Th e colonial regime had designed and completed not only tactical destructions, but also new constructions to allow for the strict control of the Algerian population and the protection of the European communities of Algeria. Th is study focuses on three interrelated spatial counterrevolutionary measures: the massive forced resettlement of Algerian farmers; the mass-housing programs designed for the Algerian population as part of General Charles de Gaulle’s Plan de Constantine; and the fortifi ed administrative new town planned for the protection of the French authorities during the last months of the Algerian Revolution. Th e aim is to depict the modus operandi of these settlements, their roots, developments, scopes, actors, protocols, impacts, and design mechanisms. May 2016 7 Contents Acknowledgements 9 List of Abbreviations 13 List of Figures, Maps and Plans 17 Introduction 27 I. Camps Called Centres de Regroupement, 1954–1958 41 1. Discreet Violence 57 1.1 Th e Secret of Two Ethnologists 65 1.2 Pacifi cation or Counterrevolution? 82 2. Th e Bâtisseurs of the Camps 99 2.1 Propagandizing the Camps 109 2.2 Vichy’s Ghost in Constantine 122 II. Housing in General de Gaulle’s Plan, 1958–1961 147 3. On the Colonial Project 149 3.1 Transforming the Greatest Number 164 3.2 Toward Semi-Urban Housing 185 4. Between Offi cers and Technocrats 215 4.1 Opération Bidonville 218 4.2 Permanent Camps or Villages? 253 4.3 Mass Housing: More With Less 284 III. Th e New Capital City, 1961–1962 319 5. Rocher Noir 321 5.1 Building New French Headquarters 350 5.2 Abandoning Rocher Noir 384 Conclusion 399 Bibliography 405 Acknowledgements 9 Acknowledgements I am grateful to all the individuals and institutions that have supported me in this process. Foremost, I wish to thank my estimable advisors Professors (in alphabetic order) Tom Avermaete, Jean-Louis Cohen, and Philip Ursprung for their careful guidance, constant encouragement, and incisive comments throughout the various stages of this project. I am greatly indebted to Philip for his tireless stimulation, admirable confi dence, earnest provision, cheerful humor, and for the opportunities he kindly facilitated. I want to thank Jean-Louis and Tom for the valuable conversations, the precision of their readings and observations, and for their incessant sustenance. My three advisors were exceptional and I owe to them more than I can express. I want to express my sincere gratitude to Irit Rogoff for the insightful inspirations and conversations; to Stefan Nowotny for the rewarding reading groups and philosophical discussions; and to the PhD fellows and guests of the doctoral research program Curatorial/ Knowledge at the Goldsmiths, University of London. I greatly appreciate the friendship, exchanges, and excellent collaborations with Doreen Mende, Carolina Rito, and Leire Vergara. I would like to equally thank the gta members of the doctoral program in the History and Th eory of Architecture: Ita Heinze-Greenberg, Nina Zschocke, Vittorio Magnano Lampugnani, Akòs Moravansky, Laurent Stalder, and Andreas Tönnessmann for their perceptive remarks, noteworthy advices, and for all the inspiring critiques and discussions that were held at the gta institute and elsewhere. I would also like to thank Julie Mogodin for being always able to fi nd a solution for any administrative matter. Over the years of this research, I have had the opportunity to present and discuss fragments and versions of this study with a number of remarkable characters. For their critiques and recommendations, I wish to thank Victor Buchli, Lieven De Cauter, Reinhold Martin, Werner Oechslin, Felicity D. Scott, Bernard Stielger, Daniel Weiss, and Eyal Weizman. Th is dissertation has also benefi ted from the echoes of many conversations with: Alex Bremner, Christophe Cornubert, Bruno de Meulder, Veronica Darius, Gregory Grämiger, Andri Gerber, Britta Hentschel, Karl R. Kegler, Torsten Lange, Alan Mabin, Bruno Maurer, Jenny Fatou Mbaye, Mary McLeod, Niklas Naehrig, Michelle Provoost, May 2016 10 Architecture of Counterrevolution Sascha Roesler, Kelly Shannon, Rainer Schützeichel, Emily Eliza Scott, Harald Robert Stühlinger, Markus Tubbesing, Ola Uduku, Alla Vronskaya, Jessica White, Mechtild Widrich, to whom I am enormously grateful. Archivists at various institutions have also been key to the production of this manuscript. Th ey have contributed in various ways, from searching of missing documents, facilitating the long French bureaucratic procedures, to being insistently questioned about the inventories of the archives. I owe a grand merci to Daniel Hick at the Archives Nationales d’Outre Mer in Aix-en-Provence for his great guidance and knowledge; to Dominique Parcollet at the Centre d’Histoire de Sciences Po in Paris for her valuable suggestions; to Bruno Berteau at the Service Historique de la Défense at the Château de Vincennes in Paris for his meticulous assistance in researching military aerial photographs; to Sophie Armand, Marie-Hélène Bernard-Ristorcelli, and Anne Goulet at the Archives Départementales de la Haute Garonne in Toulouse for having accepted to open the archives of Louis de Hoÿm de Marien; to Feline Wagner for her constant availability at the gta library and archives. I wish also to acknowledge the wonderful hospitality of all those who kindly accepted to be interviewed and who welcomed me in their private homes despite their age or health conditions. I wish to thank Claire Bachelot for the pleasing conversation and the delicious lunch; Gérard Bélorgey; Michel Cornaton for his inestimable generosity and for sharing his personal archives and library with me; Josette Daure for having off ered me the books of her fi rst husband Jean-Jacques Deluz and the album of the projects designed in Algeria by her second husband Alexis Daure; Maurice Faivre; Jean-Loup Marfaing; and René Mayer. I am immensely grateful to Saïd Almi, Tom Avermaete, Aïche Boussad, Kenza Boussora, Jean-Louis Cohen, Sheila Crane, Zeynep Çelik, Kahina Djiar, Djaff ar Lesbet who have generously off ered their
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