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lHE N[W ZEALAND SOLDIER IN WORLD WAR 11:

~YTH Mm nr fl[ 1 TY

A thes i s presented in partial

fulfilme~t of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History at

John Reginald Mcleod 1 980

·~t . .t_ R ll

ABSTRACT

Th e New Zua l and soldier has ga i ned a r eputation for be i ng an outstanding sol dier . Th e p roli fi c New Zea l a nd invol vement i n the nume r ous Wdrs of this century have allowed him to deve l op and consolidate this reputdtion . Wo rld Wdr I I was to add further lustre t o this reputulio11 , The que •,ti.011 th.it this pone c; i!; whethe r Lhe r ep u tcJtio11 is justified - how much is ~yth and how much is reality?

In the early st~~es of World w~r II Lho New Zealander fai l ed to live up to his ~yLhica l reputation . The ba l es o f Greece and , in pa r ticular , showed the totol l y unprofessiona l nature o f the . Much of the weaknes s es shown in these battles were caused by i nadequate preparation . The Army had been on e o f t he principa l victims of the retrenchment policies of success i ve governme nts betwe en the w~ r s .

I n 9J9 the rJew lealar:d Arm y \•Jas i~1 no state to f ight a wa r, The Reqular ror ce numbered no more than 500 and of the 10 , 000 Territor ia l s only twenty perce nt cou l d have been cons i de r ed act i ve. The Army was deficient not only in t r ained m

Though the earl y years o f t he wa r de mo nstra t ed jus t how ina dequate t he p r eparations had been , the quality of t he Ne w Ze a land soldier a nd t he New Zea l and Division i nc reased . This wa s d ue to experience, improved l ogistics , and more c ompe ten t leadership. Leaders hip was perhaps the major problem f o r t he New Zeala nd Div i sion in i ts early years . Th e fail ur e of l eade r ship i s clearly illustrated by the los s of Ma leme ae r od rome arid consequentl y Crete . The s ki lls requir ed for peacetime p romotion as usual di f fere d f rom thos e n eede d for leaders hi p in war. As the wa r pr ogre ssed promoti on became ba sed on ability a nd officers lacking in leadership skill s were gradually replaced.

The Ne w Zealand Di vision had achieved a high standard by the end of the but its standard was not at variance with iii

othe r Divis ions with s imil ar experiences . Ba t t l e s suc h as Min qar Qairn, El Alamein , Tebaga Ga p and Ta krouna were examples o f the Di v isi on profiting from its expe rienc es , Howeve r, t here were still problems . At Tak r ouna the Ne w Zealande r s were ab l e to bring a ll the i r e xperie nc e to bear, but the need f or new tac t i cs i n this un usual attack found the New Zea l ande r s a l ittle l acking, and an o t her l ess on was l ear nt .

The New Zealand soldier is not physical l y or menta l l y superior ta any other soldier , The Division did ha ve a dvantages such as Freyberg ' s

Charter arid the r~.J tionul nature of the Division and this helped t h e solcJiurs <.rnd the Divisior, iri their ba ttles . It/hat cour1ts though , for

f i g h t i rHJ il t· i l i ty i " tr n i '' i 11 q , e-< r r r i c n cc , 1 1' ,] de r r. h i p ;rn d 1 a CJ i c; t i r: 'J • 1 n all armies ard all Divisions these fluct~ate and correspondingl y so does lhs f ighting ability of thAt Division .

The myth ~f the New Zealand sol dier has deve l oped as New Zealanders search for~ national i dentity. The myt h h ~s grow~ with New Ze2land na t ionalism t o a stage where Ne w Zealanders are unab le to d isti~guis h myth f rom rB;:ility . TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABS TRAC T ii

AB8R[VIATI0~5 Vll

PREFA CE ix

CHAP TER 1 INTRODUCTION

The Myth of the Ne w Zea l and Sol dier 3 The Liter ature 12 Mi l itary Histor y 16

CHAP TC R 2 PRELUDE TO BATTLE

[ nlistrnent 24 Composition of 2NZE F 28 Training 3 13

rH11rrrn J lflf r·rn ·,r 'l'' f lrnJ : r Lf\Tf\MrnJ f\NO rIN!O'"· GO!lr;[ I 1

CHAPTER 4 LEADERSH IP : MALEME 68 The Malerne Se ctor 74 The Attack 77

CHAPTER 5 THC tif1'•D,'J[T : GALATAS 91

CHAPTER 6 TH E QUICK ATTACK : PT . 175 104

CHAPTER 7 THE KILLING INS TI NC T: MI NQAR QA IM 124

CHAP TE R 8 TA KROUNA 14 2

CHAPT ER 9 CONCLUS IO N 160

APPE NDI CES 170

BIBL IOGR APHY 177 LI ST Or FIGLJ R[S AND TABLES

Figures 1. Syllabus of Training for 20 Battalion 42 2 , Greece 3, 21 Battalion ' s Pos itions Platarnon 11-1 6 Apri l 1941

4. Pinios Gorge - Dispositions 17-1 6 April 1941 61 5 . Crete 69 6 . 5 Brigade Dispositions 19 May 1941 69 7. German La ndings at Maleme 20 Ma y 1941 75 8 . Male~e : 0130 hours 21 May 75 9 , Malem e Counterattack 2 1-22 May 67 1 0. Galatas - Noon 25 May 1941 9 3 11. [ounteratlack at Galnta s 25 M1y 93 a 1 2 . The Ba yonet Technique 100

1 ~ ',.J # 1 OE!

14 . D Coy 25 Bn Attuck on Pt.175 ?] ~cverber 1941 1 1 3

1 5 . B Coy 25 f"3n Attack :i:1 PL . 17':. 1 1 1

1 s. A Coy 25 /1;; : Opercition~·; 11 U0 - 1 j'J[) hmir·> 1 1 J

17. C & D C~v~ ?5 En Overrun by T,rk~ : Afrrrnoo~ 23 Nove~ber 194 1 117

1 8 . 24 & 25 E r•s : Late Afternoor1 23 ~·lo·,·e:n~er 194 1 1 17

1 9 . 2 1 Pa.-izer Div , ' :3 Encirc l ement of NZ Di·J . at Min qar Qaim 27 June 1942 1 27

2 [] . Withdrawal of rU Div . from Minqar Qoim on the 127 Night 27/28 June 2 1. The Withdrawa l of 4 N, Z. Infantry Brigade at Minqar Qaim, J un e 27/28 , 1942 1 32 22 . Plan Vulcan Issued 12 April 1943 144 23. Takrouna 147 24 . NZ Div, Attac k on Takrouna 1 5 3

Tables I. Regular Officers, NCOs, and Other Ranks in the First Three Echelons 29 I I. Rank Distribution of Staff Corps Officers in 2NZEF 30 I I I. Occupationa l Status Ranking for Officers of First Three Echelons of 2NZEF 32. Tables (C ontd ,)

IV . Occupational Status Ranking for Officers of First Th ree Echelons of 2NZEF ( totals) 33 V. Rank Structure of Selected Occupations of Personnel from the First Three Echelons 34 VI. Occupational Groupings for Co mmissions 2 Division 1941 - 5 37 vii

ABBREVIA TID NS

A. Te xt Abb reviations Th e abbreviations used in this thesis are primarily those used by the War Hi story Branch . l have used as a guide t he g lossary in W.G . McC lymont . To Greece , pp . 515-17 though the use of the abbreviations varied throug hout the Official Histories . Th e specifically military abbreviations have only be':!n used in ca~,e !:.; tudicci , excepting , of course , tho ~; e in common usage . Unit titles such a s plutoon , compJny , bdttalion , and brigade , have been abbreviated in the case studies except when referred to in general terms .

Tht! ':i huvc be~r1 .JbbrL~vi .Jled if it is obviuu'.3 lhcy refr; r to a speci fi c unit or uni.t~- even though it ir; nol prefixed by c1 lE:l.t.er or number . One modifi_c,·it i.or1 has bee, adopted . When referring to a specific company of battalion in a battle in ~hi ch more than one battalion is involved, I have referred to it as company/b1ttalion to av0id any confusion , e . g . D/24 refers to D Company of 24 Bat+.alior .

AA Anti- aircraft

AA &. QMG Assistant 1\dj:Jtant and Quartermaster- Gene ral

AG RA Army Group Royal Artillery

Ar::J c,_· Army Service Corps AV.JOL Absent Without Leave bde brigade bn batta l ion bty batter y CGS Chief of General Staff cm centimetre CMS Company Sergeant- Major co Commanding Officer comd comman de r coy company CRA Commander Ro ya l Artillery CRE Commander Ro yal Engineers cwt hundredv1e ight Div Division GDC General Officer Commanding G50 General Staff Officer FOO Forward Observation Officer HQ Headquarters viii

2 i/c second-in- comman d rn I ntel l igence Officer I tank I n fa ntr y tank LOB Left Out o f Battle L/Sgt Lance Sergea r.t

L ~. Li e utenant Lt.Col . Lie1J tenant Colonel Lt .Ge n . Lieutenant Genera l mph miles per hou r

NCO Non - comm issioned of ficer

~J?. i'J ew 7- c Pt . Poirt RI\ F Roy;il Air Force

RAP Regimental Aid Po st

Re rJt fleo.i rnent

RQMS Regi~enta l Quar termaster- Se r geant RSM Reo iment;i l Sergeant- Major lj[ Victori a Cr oss

Fl-'.--- F n o t. n n l e A h h r c v i <1 t i on s

The f nntr1or,e re f e renc e beqinninCJ DI\ refcrr; to \.J ,1 r Ar c: hi. vr>s TI, r,r)rir'>

at Nati ona l Archives , The series is referred to at Na tional Archives as the DA series and this has been c ontinued in the the sis .

ATL Alexander Tur nbull Library DA War Archives II, Series 1 FP Freyberg Papers IP I ng l is Papers KP Kippenberger Papers KQ Kippenberger Questionnaire MQ Mcleod Questionnaire n .d. no date No. number p. page pp. pages QE I IAMM Queen Elizabeth II Army Me morial Museum Vol, Volume

WA TT w,,.,.. Llrrhi""' " TT l\l;>t. inn"'l Arrhi\/ P.~ PGFFA\T

A ' Strategy ~nd Warfare' cldss at ~~ssey University in 1977 was

~v first introduction to military history , and was the stimulus that created rn; interest i n lhis subject , I have never doubted , so~ewhat naively , the myth of the New Zealand soldier and it was a lecture by Major Chris Pugsley on the North African campaign that first led me to think about the topic objectively . As a resul t chose to investigate the sub'ect further in a thesis . It is a topic that strik~s a reactive chord in most New Zeal1nders , both positively and negatively, and mo3t people have an opinion or are prepared to discuss it . This has been of great assistance in the writing of the thesis . I have tried to remain objective thrOL1ghout the writing of this work, but I be l ieve it is impossible for the historian, and unjust to expect him, to show no bi~ s nr emotion .

Ap~rt fro~ the Official Histories there has been little study of

The resour.c e _. are vo l uminous and there i r; rr11wh roon fo.r ;ir

My other source of primary material was a questionnaire distributed to ex- members of 2NZCF. The questions are included in Appendix A. It was based on a questionnaire which the Official Historian , Major General Sir Howard Kippenberger , distributed to fifty- six senior New Zealand x

World War II officers in 1948. The questions were derived f rom S .L.A . Marshull's book Meri Aauinst Fire (1947), which examined American soldiers' aptitude for and attitude to combat. The fifty- six Kippenberger questionnaires and the thirty-nine who responded to mine are obviously not a significnnt snmp le nor cross-section but they do provide an insight to the attitudes of the New Zea l and soldier to combat , which provided ideas for me to explore further , I am grateful to those who responded to my questionnaire.

In preparing this work I am indebted to a large number of people a nd organisations , Two people have played a significant pa r t in the evol ution of this the s is : Mike Pugh, my supervisor , whose keenness and enthusiasm has been greatl y va l ued ; and Chris Pugsley , who has provided technica l advice and who was always will ing to l isten to my ideas and never reticent to suggest his own . There are many others to whom I am grateful : my classmates and colleagues at Massey University ; ~he staffs of the Massey Library, Nat iona l Archives and the Al exander Turnbull Library; Major Bob Withers at the Queen Elizabeth II Army Memorial Museum;

Major Ge11er

W. E. Murphy , a~d Mr W, Gibbons for interviews ; and to those who

-:orrespcr,dcd 1..Ji th me , pcirticularly Mr G. Ween i nk . Others have supported me in LJ ri011 - dC.Jdemic m.JrirH:r by way of providing friendship and dccomrnod,1tion on my many trips to Wellington ; in p

ROUX : We demand that everyone should do all they can to put an end to war This damned 1.iar which is run for the benefit of profiteers and lea ds onl y to more wars

We demand tha t t he people who start ed the war s hould pay the cost of it

Once an d for a ll the i dea of g l orious victories wo n by the g lorious a r my mus t be wiped out Ne ither side is glorious On either side they 're just frightened men messing their pants and they a ll want the same thing

Jot to lie u~d er the ~2 r th

LH;t to 1-i a lk 1ipo11 it without crutches

'T he persecution and assassination of Marat as performe d by the i nm ates of the asylum of Charenton under the direction of the Marquis de Sade ' by Peter Weiss . ACT ONE : 19