DOCSLIB.ORG

Public Policies and Agricultural Investment in Brazil

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Public Policies and Agricultural Investment in Brazil - i - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Policy Assistance Support Service (TCSP) Public Policies and Agricultural Investment in Brazil. (Final Report) By Carlos Augusto M. Santana Senior Agricultural Economist, EMBRAPA & José Rente Nascimento Senior International Consultant Brasilia – Brazil August, 2012 - ii - Disclaimer: The conclusions and recommendations presented here are those of the authors and do not represent the official policy of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations or the Government of Brazil. © 2012 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 00153 Rome, Italy - iii - Contents List of Boxes ............................................................................................................... iv List of Figures ............................................................................................................. iv List of Tables ............................................................................................................... v Units…………………… ......................................................................................... viii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................... IX I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 II. FARMERS´ INVESTMENTS IN AGRICULTURE: FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYSIS ..................... 3 2.1 - What influences investments in agriculture ........................................................ 3 2.2 - Impacts of public policies and actions on agricultural investment ..................... 7 III. EVOLUTION OF POLICIES AFFECTING AGRICULTURAL INVESTMENTS ........................... 11 3.1 - Import-substitution Industrialization (ISI): 1960-1980 ..................................... 11 3.2 - Transition decades: 1980-2000 ......................................................................... 26 3.3 - Economic stability and growth: 2000-2010 ...................................................... 36 IV. PUBLIC POLICIES AND AGRICULTURAL INVESTMENTS IN BRAZIL ................................ 59 4.1 - Investments in agricultural land and in cultivated area with crops ................... 60 4.2 - Investments in planted area with pasture and in beef cattle raising .................. 69 4.3 - Investments in fertilizer use .............................................................................. 72 4.4 - Investments on irrigation ................................................................................... 75 4.5 - Investments in farm tractors .............................................................................. 77 V. PUBLIC POLICIES AND FARMERS’ INVESTMENT IN THE BRAZILIAN SAVANNAH: A SUCCESSFUL EXAMPLE. ............................................................................................... 79 VI. IMPLICATIONS OF POLICY INDUCED INVESTMENTS TO AGRICULTURE PERFORMANCE, FOOD SECURITY AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION ............................................................. 87 6.1- Evolution of agricultural production and trade .................................................. 87 6.2- Concentration of production by main classes of producers ............................... 90 6.3- Spatial dynamics of agricultural production and cattle raising .......................... 93 6.4- Geographic concentration of crops and cattle stock........................................... 98 6.5- Agricultural productivity .................................................................................. 100 6.6- Food security and poverty ................................................................................ 101 - iv - VII. LESSONS LEARNED FROM BRAZIL´S EXPERIENCE ...................................................... 105 VIII. BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................... 111 List of Boxes Box 1- Guaranteed Minimum Price Policy (PGPM) ........................................................ 32 Box 2- The importance and role of foreign direct investment in agriculture ................... 35 Box 3 - Criteria for defining the beneficiary groups of PRONAF, 2009-2010 ................ 46 Box 4 - The use of zero-tillage in Brazil. .......................................................................... 54 List of Figures Figure 1 - Factors affecting investment in agriculture ........................................................ 4 Figure 2 – Brazil: total credit provided to farmers and cooperatives by purpose of expenditure, 1969-2009 (in constant value of 2009) ........................................................ 14 Figure 3 - EMBRAPA's Annual Budget, 1974-82 ........................................................... 22 Figure 4 - Brazil: sugarcane production, 1960-2009 ........................................................ 25 Figure 5 - Brazil: yearly inflation rate, 1960-2010 ........................................................... 27 Figure 6 - Commodity price and preferential credit support in Brazil ............................. 37 Figure 7 - Brazil: share of the National Rural Credit System in the estimated aggregate borrowings of the agricultural sector in 2003 ................................................................... 39 Figure 8 - Operational flow of Agribusiness Credit Note (CRA), Certificate of Agribusiness Credit Rights (CDCA) and Certificate of Agribusiness Receivable (CRA) 40 Figure 9 - Brazil: credit provided by the SNCR by credit type, 1970-2009 ..................... 41 Figure 10 - Brazil: credit provided by the SNCR by region, 2009 ................................... 41 Figure 11 - Brazil: sale of wheel tractors, 1961-2010 ...................................................... 42 Figure 12 - Brazil: sale of combines, 1976-2010 .............................................................. 43 Figure 13 - PRONAF compliance criteria, 2000-2008 ..................................................... 45 Figure 14 - PRONAF: Total credit provided by year, 1999-2011 .................................... 46 Figure 15 - PRONAF: total funds provided by credit type, 1999-2011 ........................... 47 Figure 16 - EMBRAPA´s annual budget, 1974-2010 ....................................................... 51 Figure 17 - EMBRAPA: total number of researchers, 2000-2010 ................................... 52 Figure 18 - EMBRAPA: number of research projects carried out during the 2002-2010 period (on-going and new projects) .................................................................................. 52 Figure 19 - Brazil: total international trade and agricultural exports and imports in the period 1989-2011 .............................................................................................................. 57 Figure 20 - Brazil: land purchased for agricultural purposes, 1970-2006 (2006 Reais) ... 60 Figure 21 - Brazil: harvested area with annual and perennial crops, 1973-2010 ............. 61 Figure 22- Brazil: harvested area with soybeans, 1960-2010 ........................................... 64 Figure 23 - Brazil: annual production and harvested area with coffee, 1960-2010 .......... 67 Figure 24 - Brazil: production and harvested area with rice, 1960-2010 ......................... 69 Figure 25 - Brazil: area planted with pasture, 1970-2006 ................................................ 70 Figure 26 - Brazil: Heads of cattle purchased by domestic farmers 1975-2006 ............... 71 - v - Figure 27 - Brazil: total consumption of fertilizers, 1960-2008 (Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) ......................................................................................................................... 74 Figure 28 - Irrigated area in Brazil, 1970-2006 ................................................................ 76 Figure 29 - Map locating Brazil’s Cerrado biome and state borders ............................... 79 Figure 30 - Factors affecting agriculture competitiveness in developing countries ......... 81 Figure 31 - Factors that contributed to the agriculture based development of the Cerrado ........................................................................................................................................... 83 Figure 32 - Soybean gravity centres ................................................................................. 95 Figure 33 - Rice gravity centres ........................................................................................ 96 Figure 34 - Sugar cane gravity centres ............................................................................. 97 Figure 35 - Livestock gravity centres ............................................................................... 98 Figure 36 - Real monthly price index for a food basket in the city of Sao Paulo, January 1975 to November 2011.................................................................................................. 102 Figure 37 - Share of Brazilian population leaving with less than USD 1.25 per day, 1990- 2008 (values in percentage) ............................................................................................ 103 Figure 38 - Brazil: evolution of soybean cultivation, 1960-1999 ................................... 109 List of Tables Table 1 - Distribution of the agricultural credit provided to group of producers and purpose of the loan (producers + cooperatives) ...............................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Currency and Coin Management
    The George Washington University WASHINGTON DC IBI - INSTITUTE OF BRAZILIAN BUSINESS AND PUBLIC MANAGEMENT ISSUES The Minerva Program Fall 2004 CURRENCY AND COIN MANAGEMENT: A COMPARISON OF AMERICAN AND BRAZILIAN MODELS Author: Francisco José Baptista Campos Advisor: Prof. William Handorf Washington, DC – December 2004 AKNOWLEDGMENTS ? to Dr. Gilberto Paim and the Instituto Cultural Minerva for the opportunity to participate in the Minerva Program; ? to the Central Bank of Brazil for having allowed my participation; ? to Professor James Ferrer Jr., Ph.D., and his staff, for supporting me at the several events of this Program; ? to Professor William Handorf, Ph.D., for the suggestions and advices on this paper; ? to Mr. José dos Santos Barbosa, Head of the Currency Management Department, and other Central Bank of Brazil officials, for the information on Brazilian currency and coin management; ? to the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond and, in particular, to Mr. William Tignanelli and Miss Amy L. Eschman, who provided me precious information about US currency and coin management; ? to Mr. Peter Roehrich, GWU undergraduate finance student, for sharing data about US crrency and coin management; and, ? to Professor César Augusto Vieira de Queiroz, Ph.D., and his family, for their hospitality during my stay in Washington, DC. 2 ? TABLE OF CONTENTS I – Introduction 1.1. Objectives of this paper 1.2. A brief view of US and Brazilian currency and coin II – The currency and coin service structures in the USA and in Brazil 2.1. The US currency management structure 2.1.1. The legal basis 2.1.2. The Federal Reserve (Fed) and the Reserve Banks 2.1.3.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of the Environmental Impacts of Crop and Livestock Activities in the Cerrado and Its Inter-Relationship with Water Resources in the Pantanal
    Analysis of the Environmental Impacts of Crop and Livestock Activities in the Cerrado and Its Inter-relationship with Water Resources in the Pantanal Preliminary version Consultant: Andréa Aguiar Azevedo (ECO/ UnB) Collaboration: Jorge Luiz Gomes Monteiro (GEO/UFMT) 1. Introduction In recent years, an intensive movement has been observed related to the scarcity of water resources. The flow of many water courses, earlier considered unalterable, have arrived at the limit of their resilience1, where they can no longer replenish themselves by natural means. Many springs have dried up due to poor utilisation and incorrect management of these resources. Crop and livestock farming appear as the major activities responsible for the intense degradation of both subsoil and surface waters. The Green Revolution, in the 1980´s, brought new hope to Brazil in terms of agricultural productivity, with high hopes of bounteous harvests and new technologies which allowed the exploitation of little-used regions, such as the Cerrado of Brazil's Centre-West region. In fact many of these expectations were realised, however, the "environmental backlash" generated costs which were often without a solution or unredeemable, as for example, the loss of bio-diversity and the drying up of water courses through silting, in addition to pollution. There are a variety of forms of degradation of water resources by the agricultural sector. In the Upper Paraguay River basin (BAP), bordering the Pantanal, there are regions of the Cerrado bioma much exploited by crop and livestock activities. Intensive use of these mostly sandy soils, combined with poor soil management practices, potentializes a natural erosion process, with silting of the streams of the “planalto” (high plateau), which will eventually affect the rivers of the Pantanal.
    [Show full text]
  • Ministry of Agriculture and Food Supply
    a- Ministry ~f Agricu/ture -rndFood Supp/y F o R E w o R o Since the early 1970's, Brazil ian agribusiness has passed through great trdnsformations instigated by equally significant changes in its agricultural base. In the first period, which ran to 1988, grain cu ltivated areas cons istently grew incorporating new areas heretofore believed unproductive. The production of commodities grew more than expected and there were gains in productivity. From 1989 onwards, productivity gains were even greater and more evident. Crain harvests increased while tillage areas diminished. Lands freed were left to recover or suffer less erosive processes such as pastures, forests, and fruit trees . This meant obvious gains for environmental conservation. In ali these transformations and in whatever direction they went, EM BRAPA - Brazi lian Agricultural Research Corporation - has been there. Whether th is meant operating research laboratories or leading a complex network of federal and state R&D ca lled the ational Agricultural Research System, EM BRAPA has placed its acknowledged scientific and technological competence at th e service of the development of agriculture and agroindustry. Products, processes and services offered by EMBRAPA and its partners have contri buted in general to the increase of efficiency of Brazilian agribusiness. They have helped to increase productivity, tq reduce costs and use of chemica ls on farms, especially in the traditional crop areas of high technology agriculture. They have created a modern agriculture and livestock for the cerrados, so-ca lled savannas, and they have transformed the semi-arid reg ions in the Brazilian ortheast in the greatest exporter of fine tropical fruits.
    [Show full text]
  • Influence of Environmental Conditions on the Prevalence of Systemic
    DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232018235.20362016 1425 Influência das condições socioambientais ARTICLE ARTIGO na prevalência de hipertensão arterial sistêmica em duas comunidades ribeirinhas da Amazônia, Brasil Influence of environmental conditions on the prevalence of systemic hypertension in two riverine communities in the Amazon, Brazil Duarcides Ferreira Mariosa 1 Renato Ribeiro Nogueira Ferraz 2 Edinaldo Nelson dos Santos-Silva 3 Abstract This article discusses the influence of Resumo Este artigo discute a influência das con- environmental conditions on the prevalence of dições socioambientais na prevalência da Hiper- systemic hypertension in two riverine commu- tensão Arterial Sistêmica em duas comunidades nities in the Sustainable Development Reserve ribeirinhas da (RDS) Reserva de Desenvolvimen- of Tupé, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, through an to Sustentável do Tupé, Manaus, Amazonas, me- ecological study of multiple groups and contextu- diante estudo ecológico de grupos múltiplos e de al analysis carried out with the local inhabitants. análise contextual realizados com os moradores. To identify the environmental etiology describing Para delinear a etiologia ambiental que descre- the risk of disease development, the study com- ve o risco de acometimento da doença, o estudo pares demographics, incidence rates and common compara dados demográficos, taxas de incidência daily practices in these communities, using data e as práticas diárias comuns nas coletividades, collected in the field, between 2012 and 2014, as levantados em pesquisa de campo,
    [Show full text]
  • Vulnerability of the Biota in Riverine and Seasonally Flooded Habitats to Damming of Amazonian Rivers
    Received: 11 December 2019 Revised: 8 April 2020 Accepted: 5 June 2020 DOI: 10.1002/aqc.3424 SPECIAL ISSUE ARTICLE Vulnerability of the biota in riverine and seasonally flooded habitats to damming of Amazonian rivers Edgardo M. Latrubesse1 | Fernando M. d'Horta2 | Camila C. Ribas2 | Florian Wittmann3 | Jansen Zuanon2 | Edward Park4 | Thomas Dunne5 | Eugenio Y. Arima6 | Paul A. Baker7 1Asian School of the Environment and Earth Observatory of Singapore (EOS), Nanyang Abstract Technological University (NTU), Singapore 1. The extent and intensity of impacts of multiple new dams in the Amazon basin on 2 National Institute of Amazonian Research specific biological groups are potentially large, but still uncertain and need to be (INPA), Manaus, Brazil 3Institute of Floodplain Ecology, Karlsruhe better understood. Institute of Technology, Rastatt, Germany 2. It is known that river disruption and regulation by dams may affect sediment sup- 4 National Institute of Education (NIE), plies, river channel migration, floodplain dynamics, and, as a major adverse conse- Nanyang Technological University, Singapore quence, are likely to decrease or even suppress ecological connectivity among 5Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California (UCSB), populations of aquatic organisms and organisms dependent upon seasonally Santa Barbara, California, USA flooded environments. 6Department of Geography and the Environment, University of Texas at Austin, 3. This article complements our previous results by assessing the relationships Austin, Texas, USA between dams, our Dam Environmental Vulnerability Index (DEVI), and the biotic 7 Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke environments threatened by the effects of dams. Because of the cartographic rep- University, Durham, North Carolina, USA resentation of DEVI, it is a useful tool to compare the potential hydrophysical Correspondence impacts of proposed dams in the Amazon basin with the spatial distribution of Edgardo Latrubesse, Asian School of the Environment and Earth Observatory of biological diversity.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Urban Transport Systems: the Case of Curitiba
    Sustainable public urban transport systems: The case of Curitiba Author: Andrea Cinquina Lund University International Masters Program in Environmental Studies and Sustainability Sciences LUMES 2006/08 MESM01 Thesis Course [email protected] Supervisor: Prof. Bengt Holmberg Traffic Planning, LHT Lund University Andrea Cinquina Lumes Thesis 2008 Abstract This paper describes the present urban public transportation in the city of Curitiba, Brazil. The city was chosen for this research because of its urban public transport system, which had a major role in urban planning development; this consists of an integrated network of busses, developed in combination with land use, population density and road hierarchy, as a consequence of the Master Plan implemented by the city in the late 60s. The sustainability of the system was analysed, using as the main framework, the United Nations Habitat Agenda recommendations on sustainable transport and applying these criteria to the public transport system of Curitiba, making use of available literature, interviews and observations. From the analyses of the system, it was evident that it achieved positive indicators regarding its sustainability in the criteria of accessibility, economical feasibility and coordination of land use and transport system. However, negative indicators were also evident, that leads to the conclusion that it is not a sustainable system. These aspects were in the criteria of intermodal transportation, disincentives for private motorization traffic and the use of diesel fuel.
    [Show full text]
  • Irrigation, Technical Efficiency, and Farm Size: the Case of Brazil
    sustainability Article Irrigation, Technical Efficiency, and Farm Size: The Case of Brazil Gabriel A. Sampaio Morais 1,* , Felipe F. Silva 2, Carlos Otávio de Freitas 3 and Marcelo José Braga 1 1 Public Policy and Sustainable Development Institute (IPPDS), Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil; [email protected] 2 Agricultural Sciences Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; [email protected] 3 Departamento de Ciências Administrativas, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro 23890-000, Brazil; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +55-21-982217395 Abstract: In developing countries, irrigation can help to decrease poverty in rural areas through increased employment in the agricultural sector. Evidence shows that irrigation may increase farm productivity and technical efficiency. In this paper, we estimate the effect of irrigation on farm technical efficiency in Brazil using the 2006 Agricultural Census dataset on more than 4 million farms. We estimate a stochastic production frontier at farm level, considering potential selection bias in irrigation adoption. We find that farms using irrigation are on average 2.51% more technically efficient compared to rain-fed farms. Our findings also suggest that while small farms are more efficient than medium and large farms, the largest difference in technical efficiency between rain-fed and irrigated farms is among large farms. Our results indicate that policies that seek to support expansion of irrigation adoption has also the potential to achieve greater rural development given the estimated effects estimated in this paper among very small and small farms, which are more than 70% of the farms in Brazil.
    [Show full text]
  • Fact Sheet Fact Sheet
    AMAZON FACT SHEET AMAZON FACT SHEET INTRODUCTION The Amazon is the world’s largest tropical rainforest spanning 9 different countries in South America - Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana and of course Brazil which contains 60% of the Amazon Rainforest. The Rainforest covers over 75% of the Amazon Basin, with an area of 5.5 million sq kms. It comprises the largest and most bio diverse tract of tropical rainforest in the world. It is dissected by hundreds of rivers, the most notable being the mighty Amazon. The river towns of Manaus and Belem in Brazil and Iquitos and Puerto Maldonado in Peru have 19th century architecture dating back to the days of the rubber boom. There are over 1,400 species of mammals found in the Amazon, the larger mammals including the jaguar, ocelot, capybara and tapir. The Basin is inhabited by more than 1,500 species of birds including toucans, hummingbirds, macaws and other parrots. Reptiles found here include the anaconda and boa constrictor. The area is also home to over 1,000 species of amphibians and 2,200 species of fish including the red-bellied piranha. The Amazon Basin also contains thousands of plant species with tropical fruit trees such as Brazil nut, cocoa and rubber trees as well as orchids and the kapok tree, the largest tree of the Amazon that can grow to a height of 60 metres. AMAZON FACT SHEET CLIMATE The Amazon Rainforest has a tropical equatorial climate, being hot and humid throughout the year with an annual average temperature of 27°C.
    [Show full text]
  • Countries Codes and Currencies 2020.Xlsx
    World Bank Country Code Country Name WHO Region Currency Name Currency Code Income Group (2018) AFG Afghanistan EMR Low Afghanistan Afghani AFN ALB Albania EUR Upper‐middle Albanian Lek ALL DZA Algeria AFR Upper‐middle Algerian Dinar DZD AND Andorra EUR High Euro EUR AGO Angola AFR Lower‐middle Angolan Kwanza AON ATG Antigua and Barbuda AMR High Eastern Caribbean Dollar XCD ARG Argentina AMR Upper‐middle Argentine Peso ARS ARM Armenia EUR Upper‐middle Dram AMD AUS Australia WPR High Australian Dollar AUD AUT Austria EUR High Euro EUR AZE Azerbaijan EUR Upper‐middle Manat AZN BHS Bahamas AMR High Bahamian Dollar BSD BHR Bahrain EMR High Baharaini Dinar BHD BGD Bangladesh SEAR Lower‐middle Taka BDT BRB Barbados AMR High Barbados Dollar BBD BLR Belarus EUR Upper‐middle Belarusian Ruble BYN BEL Belgium EUR High Euro EUR BLZ Belize AMR Upper‐middle Belize Dollar BZD BEN Benin AFR Low CFA Franc XOF BTN Bhutan SEAR Lower‐middle Ngultrum BTN BOL Bolivia Plurinational States of AMR Lower‐middle Boliviano BOB BIH Bosnia and Herzegovina EUR Upper‐middle Convertible Mark BAM BWA Botswana AFR Upper‐middle Botswana Pula BWP BRA Brazil AMR Upper‐middle Brazilian Real BRL BRN Brunei Darussalam WPR High Brunei Dollar BND BGR Bulgaria EUR Upper‐middle Bulgarian Lev BGL BFA Burkina Faso AFR Low CFA Franc XOF BDI Burundi AFR Low Burundi Franc BIF CPV Cabo Verde Republic of AFR Lower‐middle Cape Verde Escudo CVE KHM Cambodia WPR Lower‐middle Riel KHR CMR Cameroon AFR Lower‐middle CFA Franc XAF CAN Canada AMR High Canadian Dollar CAD CAF Central African Republic
    [Show full text]
  • LBRARIES Beyond Market Failures: Irrigation, the State, and Non-Traditional Agriculture in Northeast Brazil
    Beyond Market Failures: Irrigation, the State, and Non-traditional Agriculture in Northeast Brazil by Octavio Damiani MCP Massachusetts Institute of Technology Ingeniero Agr6nomo, Universidad de la Repdblica, Uruguay Submitted to the Department of Urban Studies and Planning in partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology February 1999 © 1999 Octavio Damiani. All rights reserved. The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part. Signature of Author: Department of Urban Studies and Planning I .January 20, 1999 Certified by: Judith Tendler Professor of Political Economy Thesis Supervisor Accepted by: Frank Levy Daniel Rose Professor of Urban Economics c; fgITT Chair, Ph.D Committee LBRARIES Beyond Market Failures: Irrigation, The State, and Non-traditional Agriculture in Northeast Brazil by Octavio Damiani Submitted to the Department of Urban Studies and Planning on January 20, 1999 in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Economic Development ABSTRACT This dissertation analyzes the role of the state in the economic transformation of three regions of irrigated agriculture in the S5o Francisco River Basin in Northeast Brazil. It focuses on understanding the reasons why only one of these three regions (Petrolina-Juazeiro) successfully turned into a modern agricultural economy based on high quality, non-traditional export crops, at the same time that wages and labor standards among rural wage workers increased without compromising the access of producers to export markets, and in spite of all three regions having received similar heavy government investments in large-scale irrigation infrastructure.
    [Show full text]
  • À MESA COM OS PAULISTAS : SABERES E PRÁTICAS CULINÁRIAS (SÉCULOS XVI- XIX) LEILA MEZAN ALGRANTI* a Imagem Que Se Tem a Pa
    À MESA COM OS PAULISTAS : SABERES E PRÁTICAS CULINÁRIAS (SÉCULOS XVI- XIX) LEILA MEZAN ALGRANTI* A imagem que se tem a partir da historiografia sobre os hábitos alimentares dos habitantes de São Paulo, nos primeiros séculos da colonização portuguesa, remete-nos geralmente, à escassez de produtos, de utensílios e de equipamentos, bem como às dificuldades de sobrevivência (ALCANTARA MACHADO, 1930 e BRUNO, 1984). Esta imagem foi construída tendo por base a idéia da pobreza de São Paulo em oposição à opulência do Nordeste açucareiro, no período colonial1. Estudos recentes têm procurado atenuar tal posição, revisitando fontes consagradas pelas análises pioneiras sobre a cultura material dos paulistas, como as atas da câmara e os inventários e testamentos. Busca-se, em alguns desses novos trabalhos sobre a economia paulista, contextualizar melhor as informações sobre a ausência de mobiliário e de utensílios de mesa e cozinha, a fim de se compreender os padrões de vida e os significados dessas ausências. A idéia de uma pobreza generalizada em São Paulo não só tem sido contestada, como apontada sua inserção e participação na economia de mercado na Colônia, desde o século XVII.( Monteiro, 1994; BLAJ, 1995 e MARANHO, 2002). A questão fundamental que norteia o presente estudo, contudo, não é a pobreza ou a riqueza dos paulistas, mas destacar sua capacidade de inventar formas para cozinhar e de produzir alimentos, a fim de atenderem a certas necessidades básicas da vida, como o comer e o beber e, sobretudo, de incorporar e conciliar saberes e técnicas culinárias distintas expressas em seus ritos domésticos. Não se trata, aqui, de distinguir simplesmente o que comiam os ricos ou os pobres, uma vez que entre os diferentes grupos sociais existe, comumente, uma intensa circulação de saberes e de técnicas.
    [Show full text]
  • Decoupling Soy and Beef from Amazon Deforestation: Brazilian Private Sector Initiatives
    BRAZILIAN CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Decoupling Soy and Beef from Illegal Amazon Deforestation: Brazilian Private Sector Initiatives Niels Soendergaard Camila Dias de Sá Marcos Sawaya Jank Leandro Gilio Technical Staff AUTHORS (INSPER AGRO GLOBAL) Niels Soendergaard Camila Dias de Sá Marcos Sawaya Jank Leandro Gilio EDITORIAL COORDINATION (CEBRI) Julia Dias Leite, Executive Director COORDINATION Marcos Sawaya Jank GRAPHIC DESIGN Presto Design COVER Colheita de soja. Photo: Wenderson Araujo/Trilux EXECUTION BRAZILIAN CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS All rights reserved. Brazilian Center for International Relations: Rua Marquês de São Vicente, 336 – Gávea – Rio de Janeiro / RJ - CEP: 22451–044 Tel + 55 21 2206-4400 - [email protected] www.cebri.org The opinions expressed herein belong solely to the authors. BRAZILIAN CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Decoupling Soy and Beef from Illegal Amazon Deforestation: Brazilian Private Sector Initiatives Niels Soendergaard Camila Dias de Sá Marcos Sawaya Jank Leandro Gilio MARCH, 2021 Institutional Partner We are thankful to Itaú-BBA for its support to Insper Agro Global Debate Cycle 2020, which permitted the conduction of nine webinars in partnership with CEBRI, and which in turn has informed many of the discussions presented in this paper. Authors Niels Soendergaard Research fellow at the Global Agribusiness Center at Insper, São Paulo. From 2018 to 2020, he was a postdoctoral researcher at the Institute for International Relations at the University of Brasilia. He holds a PhD in International Relations from the University of Brasilia, Brazil (2018), a Masters in Global Studies with major in Political Science from the University of Lund, Sweden (2014), and Bachelor in Global Studies and International Development from the University of Roskilde, Denmark (2011).
    [Show full text]