DOCSLIB.ORG

Analysis of the Environmental Impacts of Crop and Livestock Activities in the Cerrado and Its Inter-Relationship with Water Resources in the Pantanal

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Analysis of the Environmental Impacts of Crop and Livestock Activities in the Cerrado and Its Inter-Relationship with Water Resources in the Pantanal Analysis of the Environmental Impacts of Crop and Livestock Activities in the Cerrado and Its Inter-relationship with Water Resources in the Pantanal Preliminary version Consultant: Andréa Aguiar Azevedo (ECO/ UnB) Collaboration: Jorge Luiz Gomes Monteiro (GEO/UFMT) 1. Introduction In recent years, an intensive movement has been observed related to the scarcity of water resources. The flow of many water courses, earlier considered unalterable, have arrived at the limit of their resilience1, where they can no longer replenish themselves by natural means. Many springs have dried up due to poor utilisation and incorrect management of these resources. Crop and livestock farming appear as the major activities responsible for the intense degradation of both subsoil and surface waters. The Green Revolution, in the 1980´s, brought new hope to Brazil in terms of agricultural productivity, with high hopes of bounteous harvests and new technologies which allowed the exploitation of little-used regions, such as the Cerrado of Brazil's Centre-West region. In fact many of these expectations were realised, however, the "environmental backlash" generated costs which were often without a solution or unredeemable, as for example, the loss of bio-diversity and the drying up of water courses through silting, in addition to pollution. There are a variety of forms of degradation of water resources by the agricultural sector. In the Upper Paraguay River basin (BAP), bordering the Pantanal, there are regions of the Cerrado bioma much exploited by crop and livestock activities. Intensive use of these mostly sandy soils, combined with poor soil management practices, potentializes a natural erosion process, with silting of the streams of the “planalto” (high plateau), which will eventually affect the rivers of the Pantanal. Associated with the erosion problem is the indiscriminate use of Agricultural Chemicals (ACs), especially in the higher altitude regions, where annual cropping is more intensive, also with unquantified impacts on the Pantanal ecosystem. Efforts have been made to make less aggressive ACs available on the market, but these products are still costlier, and thus less utilised. The inspection and monitoring of the use of ACs are still precarious in Brazil, in spite of "rigorous" legislation. Zulauf (2000, p. 89) warns that independent of the evolution of production technology, the use of ACs is one of the most serious factors in the deterioration in the quality of water resources. Another form of water use, irrigation, among so many other technologies, is capable of increasing production, optimising land use intensity. It effectively supports cropping activities during periods of the year when rainfall is inadequate for growing crops, especially in the Centre-West region. Various aspects of irrigation require examination, such as water use, economic efficiency, the environmental costs of the technology, etc. Studies have shown that, with a water use plan and good management, it is possible to increase crop production taking into account an environmental optimum. This implies respect for the physical limitations of the region which requires a detailed analysis to achieve acceptable levels and impacts on the environment, the main factors to be considered are topography, soil type, crop evapo-transpiration rates, rainfall and others. Irrigation represents the major portion of world water use - about 70% - and efficiency is still very low; estimated average world losses are between 50 and 70% (FAO, 1998, in Rebouças, 2001). Alternatives for a more sustainable agriculture have been researched. Agenda 21, brings out in Brazilian agriculture many of the challenges which the agriculture sector 1 Resilience is the capacity of an ecosystem to regain its original condition or a stable situation, after a de- stabilising event. 1 still has to face in relation to the environment. But much work remains to be done to ensure effective change towards new paradigms for agricultural production. However, the agro-ecosystems should not be managed with the sole objective of conservation of water or other specific resources. There needs to be a systematic vision where all inter- acting elements are utilised in a way that economic rationale is integrated with basic ecological principles. Thus there is a pressing need to protect ecosystems which are notably unique and/or fragile, or to use them with great caution. This study has as an objective to investigate which of the principal ecological processes are being affected in the BAP biomes - Cerrado and Pantanal - by the unchecked expansion of agricultural activities. With this aim, after this introduction, the report is divided into several parts, to enhance its comprehension. In the methods and procedures section, there will be a brief description and characterisation of the study area, the basin of the Upper Paraguay River (BAP). This region was chosen for its immeasurable risks to the water resources, fauna and flora, which form the Pantanal. Within this basin, the principal factors involved in resource degradation, chiefly of the water resources, are concentrated in the upper part of the basin. Here, the Cerrado biome requires priority attention as a means of pre-empting further anthropic alteration. A description follows of the agents which affect the principal natural resources of these environments, deriving from cattle and cropping activities and its sequels. In addition, an evaluation was made of the most fragile sub-ecosystems in the wider biomes, pointing up the possibly endangered species of flora and fauna threatened by the agricultural expansion in the Cerrado. In the fourth section, the impacts of the utilisation of ACs in the agro-ecosystems will be further elaborated, with specific details on the study area (BAP).The fifth section contains an analysis of the present situation of irrigated agriculture in the Cerrado biome, emphasising the Centre-West region of Brazil, within the BAP. The final section comprises an analysis of the principal aspects mentioned in the report, as well as some suggestions for better standards for water users in agriculture and management systems with lower environmental impacts. 2 2. Methods and Procedures This report was carried out with an exploratory search of the bibliography on the subject matter. Priority was given to references having in their scope research on the impacts of crop and livestock activities in the BAP. Studies from other regions were also consulted. A number of interviews2 were carried out with specialists and technicians from private and government entities related to the topic of this research. Also, entities such as the Brazilian Agricultural Research Enterprise (Embrapa) and federal universities were prioritised in the interviews with a number of research workers. Technicians who work directly with farmers were also consulted, since they represent the pragmatic reality of the field. The choice of the BAP is justified by its unique characteristics and, at the same time, because it is an important agricultural region in both Mato Grosso (MT) and Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) states. The juxtaposition of highly productive and profitable agricultural areas and one of the largest flooded ecosystems of the world, with an extensive watershed, besides immense bio-diversity (both animal and plant), makes this an essential and interesting area to study. The BAP has an area of 540,000 km2, with 346,301 km2 in Brazil, covering the South and Southwest of MS and the West and Northwest of MS3. The topography of the region is the same as that typical of the Centre-West. On the flat tops of the plateaux the watershed is not clearly defined, meaning that the watersheds of the different river basins are contiguous. The BAP comprises one large depression, the Pantanal; on the Brazilian side, this is skirted by elevated plateaux, interspersed with depressions. The plateau soils are principally latosols and quartz sands, podsolics are found on steeper lands and the more rugged terrain of the plateau scarps is characterised by lithosols and cambisols (FEMAP, 1999, p. 20). In the Pantanal there is a predominance of gleys and hydromorphic laterites. The tropical humid climate (AW) of Köppen's classification predominates, characterised by a summer rainy season and dry winters. The temperature increases from South to North in the BAP. Rainfall is heaviest at the Northern extreme of the basin, exceeding 2000mm in places, while in the South, in some of the depressions, only 1000 mm/yr average precipitation is recorded. The population of the BAP comprises 1,839,050 inhabitants, covering 76 municipalities (31 in MS and 45 in MT); the largest urban agglomerations are formed in MT, including the capital, Cuiabá. 2 See Annex I for the list of names. 3 The national Water Agency gives a figure of 363,592 km2 3 3. Agriculture and Natural Resources From its beginnings, the conquest of nature by man, transformations began in the environment - agriculture is a notable form of appropriating nature's space. Using the concept of ecological sustainability4 in the strict sense, it could be said that at this point the environment was already affected. In order to utilise his abilities and fulfil his desires, man has to exploit nature. The big problem has been the way is which he did it. In order to develop, man completely ignored that he too is subject to nature. The discipline of ecology has long since raised the alert about resiliences in ecosystems, but only when the science of economics (in the domain of the humanities) signalled that this forma of exploitation was beginning to be "expensive", did those directly involved in the use of natural resources begin to pay attention. This scenario could be found in any production area, but focussing on agriculture, it can be observed that farmers and government took a long time to perceive that the mode of exploitation of agro-ecosystems could be, in many cases, unsustainable through exhaustion of natural resources, such as water and soil, which are the most directly involved in this type of production activity.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ministry of Agriculture and Food Supply
    a- Ministry ~f Agricu/ture -rndFood Supp/y F o R E w o R o Since the early 1970's, Brazil ian agribusiness has passed through great trdnsformations instigated by equally significant changes in its agricultural base. In the first period, which ran to 1988, grain cu ltivated areas cons istently grew incorporating new areas heretofore believed unproductive. The production of commodities grew more than expected and there were gains in productivity. From 1989 onwards, productivity gains were even greater and more evident. Crain harvests increased while tillage areas diminished. Lands freed were left to recover or suffer less erosive processes such as pastures, forests, and fruit trees . This meant obvious gains for environmental conservation. In ali these transformations and in whatever direction they went, EM BRAPA - Brazi lian Agricultural Research Corporation - has been there. Whether th is meant operating research laboratories or leading a complex network of federal and state R&D ca lled the ational Agricultural Research System, EM BRAPA has placed its acknowledged scientific and technological competence at th e service of the development of agriculture and agroindustry. Products, processes and services offered by EMBRAPA and its partners have contri buted in general to the increase of efficiency of Brazilian agribusiness. They have helped to increase productivity, tq reduce costs and use of chemica ls on farms, especially in the traditional crop areas of high technology agriculture. They have created a modern agriculture and livestock for the cerrados, so-ca lled savannas, and they have transformed the semi-arid reg ions in the Brazilian ortheast in the greatest exporter of fine tropical fruits.
    [Show full text]
  • Irrigation, Technical Efficiency, and Farm Size: the Case of Brazil
    sustainability Article Irrigation, Technical Efficiency, and Farm Size: The Case of Brazil Gabriel A. Sampaio Morais 1,* , Felipe F. Silva 2, Carlos Otávio de Freitas 3 and Marcelo José Braga 1 1 Public Policy and Sustainable Development Institute (IPPDS), Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil; [email protected] 2 Agricultural Sciences Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; [email protected] 3 Departamento de Ciências Administrativas, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro 23890-000, Brazil; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +55-21-982217395 Abstract: In developing countries, irrigation can help to decrease poverty in rural areas through increased employment in the agricultural sector. Evidence shows that irrigation may increase farm productivity and technical efficiency. In this paper, we estimate the effect of irrigation on farm technical efficiency in Brazil using the 2006 Agricultural Census dataset on more than 4 million farms. We estimate a stochastic production frontier at farm level, considering potential selection bias in irrigation adoption. We find that farms using irrigation are on average 2.51% more technically efficient compared to rain-fed farms. Our findings also suggest that while small farms are more efficient than medium and large farms, the largest difference in technical efficiency between rain-fed and irrigated farms is among large farms. Our results indicate that policies that seek to support expansion of irrigation adoption has also the potential to achieve greater rural development given the estimated effects estimated in this paper among very small and small farms, which are more than 70% of the farms in Brazil.
    [Show full text]
  • LBRARIES Beyond Market Failures: Irrigation, the State, and Non-Traditional Agriculture in Northeast Brazil
    Beyond Market Failures: Irrigation, the State, and Non-traditional Agriculture in Northeast Brazil by Octavio Damiani MCP Massachusetts Institute of Technology Ingeniero Agr6nomo, Universidad de la Repdblica, Uruguay Submitted to the Department of Urban Studies and Planning in partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology February 1999 © 1999 Octavio Damiani. All rights reserved. The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part. Signature of Author: Department of Urban Studies and Planning I .January 20, 1999 Certified by: Judith Tendler Professor of Political Economy Thesis Supervisor Accepted by: Frank Levy Daniel Rose Professor of Urban Economics c; fgITT Chair, Ph.D Committee LBRARIES Beyond Market Failures: Irrigation, The State, and Non-traditional Agriculture in Northeast Brazil by Octavio Damiani Submitted to the Department of Urban Studies and Planning on January 20, 1999 in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Economic Development ABSTRACT This dissertation analyzes the role of the state in the economic transformation of three regions of irrigated agriculture in the S5o Francisco River Basin in Northeast Brazil. It focuses on understanding the reasons why only one of these three regions (Petrolina-Juazeiro) successfully turned into a modern agricultural economy based on high quality, non-traditional export crops, at the same time that wages and labor standards among rural wage workers increased without compromising the access of producers to export markets, and in spite of all three regions having received similar heavy government investments in large-scale irrigation infrastructure.
    [Show full text]
  • Decoupling Soy and Beef from Amazon Deforestation: Brazilian Private Sector Initiatives
    BRAZILIAN CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Decoupling Soy and Beef from Illegal Amazon Deforestation: Brazilian Private Sector Initiatives Niels Soendergaard Camila Dias de Sá Marcos Sawaya Jank Leandro Gilio Technical Staff AUTHORS (INSPER AGRO GLOBAL) Niels Soendergaard Camila Dias de Sá Marcos Sawaya Jank Leandro Gilio EDITORIAL COORDINATION (CEBRI) Julia Dias Leite, Executive Director COORDINATION Marcos Sawaya Jank GRAPHIC DESIGN Presto Design COVER Colheita de soja. Photo: Wenderson Araujo/Trilux EXECUTION BRAZILIAN CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS All rights reserved. Brazilian Center for International Relations: Rua Marquês de São Vicente, 336 – Gávea – Rio de Janeiro / RJ - CEP: 22451–044 Tel + 55 21 2206-4400 - [email protected] www.cebri.org The opinions expressed herein belong solely to the authors. BRAZILIAN CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Decoupling Soy and Beef from Illegal Amazon Deforestation: Brazilian Private Sector Initiatives Niels Soendergaard Camila Dias de Sá Marcos Sawaya Jank Leandro Gilio MARCH, 2021 Institutional Partner We are thankful to Itaú-BBA for its support to Insper Agro Global Debate Cycle 2020, which permitted the conduction of nine webinars in partnership with CEBRI, and which in turn has informed many of the discussions presented in this paper. Authors Niels Soendergaard Research fellow at the Global Agribusiness Center at Insper, São Paulo. From 2018 to 2020, he was a postdoctoral researcher at the Institute for International Relations at the University of Brasilia. He holds a PhD in International Relations from the University of Brasilia, Brazil (2018), a Masters in Global Studies with major in Political Science from the University of Lund, Sweden (2014), and Bachelor in Global Studies and International Development from the University of Roskilde, Denmark (2011).
    [Show full text]
  • Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Cauliflower Under Irrigation Different Levels in Tropical Climate
    Vol. 13(32), pp. 1621-1632, 9 August, 2018 DOI: 10.5897/AJAR2018.13186 Article Number: 6F32FFE58017 ISSN: 1991-637X Copyright ©2018 African Journal of Agricultural Author(s) retain the copyright of this article http://www.academicjournals.org/AJAR Research Full Length Research Paper Yield and water use efficiency of cauliflower under irrigation different levels in tropical climate Adilson Pacheco de Souza1*, Andréa Carvalho da Silva1, Adriana Aki Tanaka1, Manoel Euzébio de Souza2, Mariana Pizzatto1, Rafaella Teles Arantes Felipe3, Charles Campoe Martim1, Brena Geliane Ferneda1 and Suzana Grassi da Silva1 1Institute of Agrarian and Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Campus of Sinop, Alexandre Ferronato Avenue, 1200, 78557-267, Sinop (MT), Brazil. 2Department of Agronomy, State University of Mato Grosso, Campus of Nova Xavantina, Prof. Dr. Renato Figueiro Varella Street, Postal box 08, 78690-000, Nova Xavantina (MT), Brazil. 3Institute of Natural, Human and Social Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Campus of Sinop, Alexandre Ferronato Avenue, 1200, 78557-267, Sinop (MT), Brazil. Received 12 April, 2018; Accepted 25 July, 2018 The aim of the present study is to assess the effects of different irrigation blades on the growth and yield of cauliflower cv. Verona CMS. The plants were cultivated in Red-yellow Latosol during the dry period (winter-spring 2014 and 2015), in the Cerrado-Amazon transition region, Middle-Northern of Mato Grasso State, Brazil. The reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was recorded through the Class A pan method by using tank coefficient of (Kp) 0.7795. We assessed the blades of 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120% evapotranspiration of the culture (ETc) by taking into account the cultivation coefficients (Kc) of 0.70 and 0.95 in the vegetative and reproductive phases.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Use and Impacts Due Ethanol Production in Brazil
    Water Use and Impacts Due Ethanol Production in Brazil Jose Roberto Moreira 1 Abstract Ethanol production from sugar cane crops uses significant amount of water in the agricultural and industrial processing phases. Most of the sugar cane plantations in Brazil rely on natural irrigation complemented by partial ferti­irrigation, carried out mainly to manage water wastes, limiting their production to regions where reasonable rainfall index occurs. Sugar cane processing to ethanol uses water collected mainly from surface water flows and, in few cases, from underground natural reservoirs for many different activities and it become contaminated with organic and inorganic pollutants. Water availability is not a problem now or in the mid­term in a water rich country like Brazil, except in some specific regions where the amount of rainfall is not the most recommendable for sugar cane growth. Nevertheless, due the increasing demand for ethanol and the high prices paid for it sugar cane crops tend to expand to regions where natural irrigation needs to be complemented with artificial water spray. On the other hand water pollution caused by application of fertilizers and agrochemicals, by soil erosion, by cane washing, by fermentation, by distillation, by the energy producing units installed in the mills and by other minor sources of waste water is a major concern due the large size of such agro­industrial activity. The paper describes agricultural and industrial activities involved in ethanol production trying to quantify the amount of potential pollutants that are sources of water contamination and provides description of measures commonly used to mitigate such contamination and the ones used to clean waste water.
    [Show full text]
  • Brazil: Framework Analysis for Public–Private Partnerships in Irrigation
    Public Disclosure Authorized Brazil: Framework Analysis for Public–Private Partnerships in Irrigation Public Disclosure Authorized January 2009 ——————————— Daniele La Porta Arrobas José Virgílio Lopes Enei Public Disclosure Authorized The World Bank Latin America and the Caribbean Region Sustainable Development Department Public Disclosure Authorized This report was prepared under the direction of Musa Asad (Senior Financial Analyst, SASAD), Jennifer Sara (Sector Leader LCC5C) and Manuel Contijoch (Senior Water Resources Specialist LCSSD).The coordination of the report was done by Daniele La Porta Arrobas (Irrigation & PPP Sp, LCSEN), with the collaboration of a group of core team members and consultants, including Alberto Ninio (Lead Attorney, LEGLA), Elmar Wagner (Agronomist), José Virgílio Lopes Enei (Attorney), Larry Simpson (Water Resources Management Specialist), Octavio Damiani (Economist), Paula Freitas (Operations Analyst, LCC5C), Luiz Gabriel Azevedo (Sector Leader, LCC5C) and Ronaldo Seroa da Mota (Economist) without whose support and hard work the results summarized here would not have been possible. This activity was funded by a grant from the Public Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility - PPIAF and undertaken by the Environment and Water Resources Sustainable Development Department of the Latin America and Caribbean Region of the World Bank. We would also like to extend a special thank you to our World Bank colleagues Joshua Gallo (PPIAF) and Amanda Schneider (LCSEN) whose input, support and advice helped us finalize this document as well as to Janice Molina, Judy Wolf and Anja Kampf for the editing. _______________________________________________________________________________________________ The findings, interpretations, and conclusions in this document are those of the authors, and should not be attributed to the World Bank, its affiliated organizations, members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Demand Prospects for Irrigation in the São Francisco River
    Water Policy 22 (2020) 449–467 Water demand prospects for irrigation in the São Francisco River: Brazilian public policy Angel dos Santos Fachinelli Ferrarinia, Joaquim Bento de Souza Ferreira Filhob, Santiago Vianna Cuadrac and Daniel de Castro Victoriac aCorresponding author. Federal University of Mato Grosso, Rondonopolis, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] bEscola Superior de Agricultura ‘Luiz de Queiroz’–São Paulo University, Piracicaba, Brazil cBrazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), São Paulo, Brazil Abstract This study analyzed how irrigation expansion in the São Francisco Hydrographic Region (SFRH) could affect water availability in four physiographic regions: Upper, Middle, sub-Middle, and Lower SFRH. The Brazilian National Water Resources Plan (PNRH) is the main policy for water resources in Brazil. The PNRH, however, did not evaluate how the expansion of the irrigated area could affect water demand. We use a detailed computable general equilibrium model (CGE), applicable to Brazil, to simulate expansion scenarios in irrigated areas for 2025 and 2035, according to the Water Resources Plan for the São Francisco River (SFP). Simulations were carried out for areas deemed potentially suitable for irrigation. The Climatic Water Balance (CWB) was estimated for the SFRH to compare water supply and water demand. Results suggest that cities located in the Upper and Middle São Francisco Regions would present greater irrigation potential due to water availability and proximity to large irrigated areas. The comparative result of the CWB and the CGE model shows water availability problems in the states of Alagoas and Pernambuco, in particular, cities located in the São Francisco Lower Region. Keywords: General equilibrium; Irrigation; São Francisco River; Water demand Introduction Discussions on the efficiency of water resource management have instigated the development of new tools for assessing and forecasting scenarios as a way to assist in the formulation of public policies.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Use and Impacts Due Ethanol Production in Brazil
    Water Use and Impacts Due Ethanol Production in Brazil Jose Roberto Moreira 1 Abstract Ethanol production from sugar cane crops uses significant amount of water in the agricultural and industrial processing phases. Most of the sugar cane plantations in Brazil rely on natural irrigation complemented by partial ferti­irrigation, carried out mainly to manage water wastes, limiting their production to regions where reasonable rainfall index occurs. Sugar cane processing to ethanol uses water collected mainly from surface water flows and, in few cases, from underground natural reservoirs for many different activities and it become contaminated with organic and inorganic pollutants. Water availability is not a problem now or in the mid­term in a water rich country like Brazil, except in some specific regions where the amount of rainfall is not the most recommendable for sugar cane growth. Nevertheless, due the increasing demand for ethanol and the high prices paid for it sugar cane crops tend to expand to regions where natural irrigation needs to be complemented with artificial water spray. On the other hand water pollution caused by application of fertilizers and agrochemicals, by soil erosion, by cane washing, by fermentation, by distillation, by the energy producing units installed in the mills and by other minor sources of waste water is a major concern due the large size of such agro­industrial activity. The paper describes agricultural and industrial activities involved in ethanol production trying to quantify the amount of potential pollutants that are sources of water contamination and provides description of measures commonly used to mitigate such contamination and the ones used to clean waste water.
    [Show full text]
  • Driving Forward a Sustainable Sugarcane Market
    DRIVING FORWARD A SUSTAINABLE SUGARCANE MARKET EUROPEAN SUGAR REFINERIES ASSOCIATION (ESRA) CONTENTS About ESRA 3 Foreword – Driving forward a sustainable sugar market 5 Executive summary 6 Sugarcane: Anatomy of a global commodity 9 Sugarcane – A versatile crop 9 A booming industry 10 The sugarcane value chain 12 The European sugarcane market 13 Sustainable sugarcane – A progressive trend 21 Sugarcane environmental legislation: Brazil and Australia 23 Socio-economic impact 26 Environmental impact 27 The EU as a driver of sustainability 36 Sustainability beyond borders 36 Conclusions 40 Annex 43 References 48 1 2 ABOUT ESRA The European Sugar Refineries Association (ESRA) is the leading voice of Eu- rope’s sugar refining industry. Established in 2011 and headquartered in Brus- sels, the association represents the majority of the full-time cane sugar refiner- ies in the EU. Our members are full-time cane sugar refineries located in four European coun- tries. Cane refiners provide consumer choice, competition, food security and a link to global markets, thanks to their use of a different raw material for pro- ducing sugar. ESRA members employ 4,500 workers, mostly in high grade jobs (chemists, engineers, plant operatives) and provide several other jobs indirectly. Altogeth- er, they have 2,400 active customers ranging from food & drink processors and retail chains to pharmaceuticals. ESRA members market several types of sugar products derived from sugar cane for a number of different uses and purposes across market segments, namely industry and distribution. EU CANE REFINERS Finland European States with full-time cane refineries Denmark United Kingdom Source: List of Full-time refiners, European Commission, 2016.
    [Show full text]
  • Leveraging a Water Efficient Economy – Opportunities for Companies And
    LEVERAGING A WATER EFFICIENT ECONOMY Opportunities for Companies and Financial Institutions PREPARED BY: 1 CREDITS Project Partners: CEBDS e GIZ Contents: SITAWI Finance for Good Coordination: CEBDS Sustainable Finance Working Group (CTFin) Translation: SITAWI Finance for Good Graphic Design: Júlia Caldas Month and Year of Publication: June 2016 GIZ The wide range of services offered by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH are based on a wealth of regional and technical expertise and on tried and tested management know- -how. We are a German federal enterprise and offer workable, sustainable and effective solutions in political, economic and social change processes. Most of our work is commissioned by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). However, GIZ also operates on behalf of other German ministries and public and private bodies in Germany and abroad. These include governments of other countries, European Union institutions, such as the European Commission, the United Nations and the World Bank. We are equally committed to helping our clients in the private sector attain their goals. GIZ operates throughout Germany and in more than 130 countries worldwide. Our registered offices are in Bonn and Eschborn. We have 16,510 staff members around the globe, almost 70% of whom are employed locally as national personnel. The Emerging Markets Dialogue Programme The goal of the Emerging Markets Dialogue Programme (EMD) on Green Finance is to increase capital flows to green investments and thereby enable the transformation towards sustainable economies. To achieve this aim, the EMD works with public and private actors from Emerging Markets and Europe to overcome barriers and gaps to increasing eco and climate-friendly investments.
    [Show full text]
  • A Strategic Plan Supplement
    , , 340 ·3 ,e 4- c4S8 CIAT in the 1990s and Beyond: A Strategic Plan Supplement CO:.ECCCN HISTORICA ,_o ~'~. _____' CCBLAlJ Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical CONTENTS Section Page 1 Economic and Agricultural Trends in Latin America and the Caribbean: Implications for the Generation of Agricultural Technology 1 2 CIATs Cornmodity Portfolio Revisited: Indicators of Present and Future Importance 21 3 Selected Cornmodity Trends 61 4 A GIS Approach to Identifying Research Problems and Opportunities in Natural Resource Management 85 Section 1 ECONOMIC AND AGRICULTURAL TRENDS IN LATlN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN: IMPLlCATlONS FOR THE GENERATlON OF AGRICULTURAL TECHNOWGY Willem Janssen, Luis R. Sanint, and Carlos O. Seré' Most of this paper is dedicated to long-term trends because these provide the most useful indicators for the generation of agricultural technology. The paper first deals with past economic and agricultural trends in Latin America and the Caribbean; then with the existing situation and the consequences for possible growth in the near future, leading to a discussion of alternative development paths and long-term trends; and finally closes with a discussion of implications for technology generation and conclusions. Structural change. 1950-1980 The abrupt changes observed in Latin America since the 1950s in terms of growth, urbanization and modernization were accompanied by a marked trend to diminish the relíance of economic activity on the primary sector, as a result of important developments in industry and services. The strategies of import substitution and self-sufficíency of the 1960s, supplemented by export promotion in the 1970s were based on a model of industrialization at the expense of the agricultural sector (Garcia and Montes, 1989; Krueger et al., 1990).
    [Show full text]