DOCSLIB.ORG

Influence of Environmental Conditions on the Prevalence of Systemic

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Influence of Environmental Conditions on the Prevalence of Systemic DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232018235.20362016 1425 Influência das condições socioambientais ARTICLE ARTIGO na prevalência de hipertensão arterial sistêmica em duas comunidades ribeirinhas da Amazônia, Brasil Influence of environmental conditions on the prevalence of systemic hypertension in two riverine communities in the Amazon, Brazil Duarcides Ferreira Mariosa 1 Renato Ribeiro Nogueira Ferraz 2 Edinaldo Nelson dos Santos-Silva 3 Abstract This article discusses the influence of Resumo Este artigo discute a influência das con- environmental conditions on the prevalence of dições socioambientais na prevalência da Hiper- systemic hypertension in two riverine commu- tensão Arterial Sistêmica em duas comunidades nities in the Sustainable Development Reserve ribeirinhas da (RDS) Reserva de Desenvolvimen- of Tupé, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, through an to Sustentável do Tupé, Manaus, Amazonas, me- ecological study of multiple groups and contextu- diante estudo ecológico de grupos múltiplos e de al analysis carried out with the local inhabitants. análise contextual realizados com os moradores. To identify the environmental etiology describing Para delinear a etiologia ambiental que descre- the risk of disease development, the study com- ve o risco de acometimento da doença, o estudo pares demographics, incidence rates and common compara dados demográficos, taxas de incidência daily practices in these communities, using data e as práticas diárias comuns nas coletividades, collected in the field, between 2012 and 2014, as levantados em pesquisa de campo, entre os anos well as values provided by IBGE, originally from de 2012 e 2014, com valores apresentados pelo National Health Survey, 2013. The results suggest IBGE na Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2013. that social and environmental determinants, such Os resultados da análise sugerem que determi- as general living conditions, occupation and ac- nantes socioambientais, como a precariedade das cess to protective health care, in the investigated condições gerais de vida, trabalho e de acesso aos 1 Grupo de Pesquisa Biotupé, Instituto Nacional communities, are relevant factors in explaining mecanismos protetivos à saúde das comunidades de Pesquisas da Amazônia the observed variability in systemic arterial hy- investigadas são relevantes para explicar a varia- (INPA). Av. André Araújo pertension (SAH) incidence rates. The study con- bilidade das taxas de incidência de HAS. Finali- 2936, Aleixo. 69060-001 Manaus AM Brasil. cludes by pointing out the importance and need za-se alertando para a necessidade de considerar a [email protected] to consider socio-environmental vulnerability in vulnerabilidade socioambiental na elaboração de 2 Programa de the elaboration of public health policies and in the políticas públicas de saúde e na gestão de unidades Mestrado Profissional em Administração, management of environmentally protected areas. de conservação. Gestão em Sistemas Key words Society, Environment, Systemic ar- Palavras-chave Sociedade, Ambiente, Hiperten- de Saúde, Programa terial hypertension, Health vulnerability, Health são Arterial Sistêmica, Vulnerabilidade em saúde, de Pós-Graduação em Administração, management Gestão em saúde Universidade Nove de Julho. São Paulo SP Brasil. 3 Coordenação de Biodiversidade, INPA. Manaus AM Brasil. 1426 et al. Mariosa DF Mariosa Introdução vel às pessoas localizadas naquele espaço socioge- ográfico seja observado7. Da mesma forma que fatores ambientais como a Em se tratando de localidades com poucos poluição do ar, exposição a pesticidas, inseticidas, habitantes e reduzida infraestrutura de serviços, metais pesados e contaminantes químicos dos torna-se, todavia, um desafio garantir a equidade alimentos inserem-se na matriz de importantes e integralidade do acesso e da atenção à saúde. mecanismos moleculares que ocorrem no inte- Um Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) total ou per ca- rior do corpo humano e que, consequentemente, pita superior não é garantia que os indicadores aumentam o risco de acometimento de doenças de saúde também o sejam. Pois, se o volume da e, também, a possibilidade de sua transmissão às riqueza é precondição para a melhoria da qua- futuras gerações1, fatores socioeconômicos de- lidade de vida, “nem sempre há uma correlação vem ser levados em consideração ao se estudar constante entre os macro-indicadores de riqueza o perfil de adoecimento e morte de uma popu- e os indicadores de saúde”8. É preciso observar lação2-4. a interação complexa dos fatores intervenientes. A relação sociedade-natureza é um elemento Doenças Crônicas Não Transmissíveis explicativo importante para determinar como o (DCNT), como as doenças cardiovasculares, al- processo de industrialização interfere na preva- guns tipos de câncer, diabetes e doenças respi- lência de doenças infectocontagiosas, quando o ratórias crônicas, são responsáveis por gerar um perfil societário é de baixo desenvolvimento, e elevado número de mortes prematuras, perda de de doenças crônico-degenerativas, para o caso qualidade de vida, e suscitar impactos negativos de sociedades mais industrializadas5. Em países à vida econômica das pessoas, seus familiares e a como o Brasil, em que a transição para o perfil sociedade de um modo geral9. Enfermidades crô- de sociedade industrialmente desenvolvida ainda nicas como o diabetes e a hipertensão geram, de não se completou totalmente, algumas regiões, maneira crescente e preocupante, enormes per- por suas características intrínsecas (perfil demo- das para os sistemas de saúde, sendo considera- gráfico e estilo de vida) e extrínsecas (localização das doenças de importância em saúde pública em geográfica, acesso aos serviços de saúde e a influ- todo o mundo10. Um recente levantamento iden- ência de centros urbanos mais dinâmicos), estão tificou que as DCNT são responsáveis por cerca sujeitas a uma substituição gradativa, porém não de 70% da mortalidade no Brasil, atingindo, pre- completa, das doenças infecto-contagiosas pelas valentemente, a população mais pobre em razão doenças cardiovasculares, tumores e “causas ex- de sua maior exposição aos fatores de risco e ao ternas” ou mortes violentas, constituindo-se essa menor acesso aos serviços de saúde11. São con- condição de risco ou de vulnerabilidade socio- siderados como fatores de risco para as DCNT ambiental um desafio para as políticas públicas hábitos e comportamentos, em geral, associados de saúde6. ao estilo de vida moderno, efeito da globalização Ao se falar de risco e de vulnerabilidade, en- e da rápida urbanização, como o sedentarismo, o tende-se que a distribuição da saúde e da doença consumo de alimentos com alto teor de gordu- se apresenta social e espacialmente estratificada. ras e açúcares, o tabagismo, a ingestão excessiva O padrão da riqueza material produzida, seu de álcool, o sobrepeso e obesidade, níveis altera- volume, diversidade e forma de distribuição al- dos de pressão arterial e hiperglicemia12. Fatores cançam grupos de indivíduos promovendo sua como gênero, etnia e nível de escolaridade, além diferenciação econômica e social. Essa caracterís- do local e situação de residência, exercem consi- tica pode ser observada nas sociedades mediante derável influência sobre o padrão de distribuição a análise de certos atributos que os integrantes de das DCNT13. um grupo de status possuem em comum, como Hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) é de- gênero, renda, faixa etária, escolaridade, ocupa- finida pela Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, ção e local de moradia. Para cada uma dessas em sua “VI Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertensão”, faixas ou divisões coletivas, forças sociais em sua como uma condição clínica multifatorial, que se ação concorrem para que formas, estruturas e caracteriza por níveis elevados e sustentados de processos materializem em seus respectivos espa- pressão arterial (PA)14. Considera-se hipertenso o ços os equipamentos, bens e serviços colocados à paciente adulto (acima de 18 anos) cuja medida disposição das coletividades, nem sempre de ma- da pressão arterial mantém-se acima de 140/90 neira igualitária, apropriada ou suficiente, mas mm/Hg. Todavia, a mortalidade por doença que sustentam condições favoráveis para que um cardiovascular aumenta proporcionalmente à determinado perfil de morbimortalidade aplicá- elevação da PA, já a partir de 115/75 mm/Hg, de 1427 Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 23(5):1425-1436, 2018 23(5):1425-1436, Coletiva, & Saúde Ciência “forma linear, contínua e independente”14. Entre desenvolvimento17. A vulnerabilidade é anterior os fatores de risco apontados estão a relação di- ao risco, pois inclui fatores não apenas de origem reta com a idade, aumentando linearmente sua biológica, mas também geográficos, políticos, incidência a partir dos 40 anos, um pouco maior culturais e sociais, de natureza socioambiental, entre homens até os 50 anos, mas invertendo a portanto18,19. proporção em favor das mulheres acima dos 50 anos. Entre os não brancos é duas vezes mais pre- valente; e o excesso de peso e obesidade, mesmo Objetivos em indivíduos ativos, alarga o risco de desen- volver a hipertensão. Hábitos alimentares que Na perspectiva de contribuir para os processos de incluem a ingestão excessiva de sal e o uso pro- gestão e no melhor aproveitamento dos recursos longado de álcool associam-se com a ocorrência aplicados à saúde coletiva, o presente estudo tem de HAS, no Brasil, independente das condições como objetivo discutir a influência das condições demográficas. Quanto ao sedentarismo, fatores socioambientais na incidência e variabilidade das socioeconômicos
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Vulnerability of the Biota in Riverine and Seasonally Flooded Habitats to Damming of Amazonian Rivers
    Received: 11 December 2019 Revised: 8 April 2020 Accepted: 5 June 2020 DOI: 10.1002/aqc.3424 SPECIAL ISSUE ARTICLE Vulnerability of the biota in riverine and seasonally flooded habitats to damming of Amazonian rivers Edgardo M. Latrubesse1 | Fernando M. d'Horta2 | Camila C. Ribas2 | Florian Wittmann3 | Jansen Zuanon2 | Edward Park4 | Thomas Dunne5 | Eugenio Y. Arima6 | Paul A. Baker7 1Asian School of the Environment and Earth Observatory of Singapore (EOS), Nanyang Abstract Technological University (NTU), Singapore 1. The extent and intensity of impacts of multiple new dams in the Amazon basin on 2 National Institute of Amazonian Research specific biological groups are potentially large, but still uncertain and need to be (INPA), Manaus, Brazil 3Institute of Floodplain Ecology, Karlsruhe better understood. Institute of Technology, Rastatt, Germany 2. It is known that river disruption and regulation by dams may affect sediment sup- 4 National Institute of Education (NIE), plies, river channel migration, floodplain dynamics, and, as a major adverse conse- Nanyang Technological University, Singapore quence, are likely to decrease or even suppress ecological connectivity among 5Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California (UCSB), populations of aquatic organisms and organisms dependent upon seasonally Santa Barbara, California, USA flooded environments. 6Department of Geography and the Environment, University of Texas at Austin, 3. This article complements our previous results by assessing the relationships Austin, Texas, USA between dams, our Dam Environmental Vulnerability Index (DEVI), and the biotic 7 Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke environments threatened by the effects of dams. Because of the cartographic rep- University, Durham, North Carolina, USA resentation of DEVI, it is a useful tool to compare the potential hydrophysical Correspondence impacts of proposed dams in the Amazon basin with the spatial distribution of Edgardo Latrubesse, Asian School of the Environment and Earth Observatory of biological diversity.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecosystem Services for Poverty Alleviation in Amazonia
    Ecosystem Services for Poverty Alleviation in Amazonia A report of a capacity-building project to design a research agenda on the links between the natural capital of Amazonian forests and water, food, health, livelihood, climate and energy securities. – Global Canopy Programme – Grupo de Trabalho Amazônico – Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais – London School of Economics – Met Office Hadley Centre – Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro – Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina – Universidad Nacional de Colombia – University of Edinburgh – University of Oxford – University of1 Vermont This Report presents the activities and results of an ESPA capacity-building project (grant NE/G008531/1) entitled: Valuing rainforests as global eco-utilities: a novel mechanism to pay communities for ecosystem services provided by the Amazon. The project was led by the University of Edinburgh and the Global Canopy Programme in the UK; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) and Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE) in Brazil; Universidad Nacional de Colombia (UNAL) and Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina (UNALM) in Peru in collaboration with a number of academic and NGO partners. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the organisations involved in this project, or those of its funders. Acknowledgements The project leaders would like to warmly thank all those who gave up their valuable time to engage in this capacity-building project. In particular, the members of the project team who committed their energies at workshops and meetings and through the writing of reports and project proposals. We especially thank the stakeholders in local communities and government who provided their insights into the process.
    [Show full text]
  • Brazil, Foreign Policy and Climate Change (1992-2005) Kiessling
    Contexto Internacional vol. 40(2) May/Aug 2018 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-8529.2018400200004 Brazil, Foreign Policy and Climate Change (1992-2005) Kiessling Christopher Kurt Kiessling* Abstract: Since the emergence of the environmental agenda in the global arena, Brazil has main- tained an active position in the debates around this topic. Although Brazil has always been a protag- onist, its foreign policy has shown some changes in relation to addressing climate change in recent years. Likewise, the modalities under which this issue has been framed as a problem since 1992 are fundamentally important to interpreting the Brazilian position in international negotiations and the changes in them over the years. The objective of the following article is to understand the discursive framework on which the foreign policy of climate change in Brazil was structured from a con- structivist standpoint on International Relations. Using this approach, this article studies both the international influences and the internal conditions of Brazilian climate policy in the negotiations of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The main sources of this research are semi-structured interviews with state and non-state actors in Brazil, complemented with a review of secondary sources such as official documents and academic papers. Keywords: Climate Change; Foreign Policy; Brazil; Constructivism; International Relations. Introduction To understand Brazilian foreign policy in general terms, it is possible to argue that, in the long term, its main objective has been the promotion of development. In a geographical and historical context, as a consequence of being the only Portuguese colony in South America, the construction of the Brazilian international identity placed the definition of the national space as the base on which the international projection of Brazil was consoli- dated (Merke 2008).
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainable Bioproducts in Brazil: Disputes and Agreements on a Common Ground Agenda for Agriculture and Nature Protection
    On the Map Sustainable bioproducts in Brazil: disputes and agreements on a common ground agenda for agriculture and nature protection Gerd Sparovek, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil Laura Barcellos Antoniazzi, Agroicone, São Paulo, Brazil Alberto Barretto, Brazilian Bioethanol Science and Technology Laboratory, Campinas, Brazil Ana Cristina Barros, Ministry of Environment of Brazil, Brasília, Brazil Maria Benevides, ANDI Comunicação e Direitos, Brasília, Brazil Göran Berndes, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden Estevão do Prado Braga, Suzano Pulp and Paper, São Paulo, Brazil Miguel Calmon, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Washington D.C., USA Paulo Henrique Groke Jr, Ecofuturo Instituto, São Paulo, Brazil Fábio Nogueira de Avelar Marques, Plantar Carbon, Belo Horizonte, Brazil Mauricio Palma Nogueira, Agroconsult, Florianópolis, Brazil Luis Fernando Guedes Pinto, Imafl ora, Piracicaba, Brazil Vinicius Precioso, Avesso Sustentabilidade, São Paulo, Brazil Received March 3, 2015; revised January 3, 2016; and accepted January 22, 2016 View online at Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com); DOI: 10.1002/bbb.1636; Biofuels, Bioprod. Bioref. (2016) Abstract: A key question for food, biofuels, and bioproducts production is how agriculture affects the environment, and social and economic development. In Brazil, a large agricultural producer and among the biologically wealthiest of nations, this question is challenging and opinions often clash. The Brazilian parliament and several stakeholders have recently debated the revision of the Forest Act, the most important legal framework for conservation of natural vegetation on Brazilian private agricultural lands. Past decades have shown improvements in the agricultural sector with respect to productivity and effi ciency, along with great reductions in deforestation and growth of environmentally certifi ed pro- duction.
    [Show full text]
  • Soy Expansion in Brazil's Cerrado 1 Authors
    1 Title: Soy Expansion in Brazil’s Cerrado 2 Authors: Lisa L. Rausch1*, Holly K. Gibbs2, Ian Schelly3, Amintas Brandão Jr. 4, Douglas C. Morton5, 3 Arnaldo Carneiro Filho6, Bernardo Strassburg7, Nathalie Walker8, Praveen Noojipady9, Paulo Barreto9, 4 Daniel Meyer10 5 Affiliations: 6 1. Corresponding author: Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment (SAGE), 7 Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1710 8 University Ave, Madison, WI 53711, USA, [email protected], telephone: +1.608.890.0037, 9 fax: +1.608.265.4113 10 2. Department of Geography, Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment (SAGE), 11 Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA, 12 [email protected] 13 3. Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment (SAGE), Nelson Institute for 14 Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA, [email protected] 15 4. Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment (SAGE), Nelson Institute for 16 Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA, [email protected] 17 5. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA, [email protected] 18 6. Global Canopy, Oxford, United Kingdom, [email protected] 19 7. Department of Geography and the Environment Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de 20 Janeiro (PUC-Rio) and International Institute for Sustainability, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 21 [email protected] 22 8. National Wildlife Federation, Washington, DC, USA, [email protected] 23 9. NASA Goddard
    [Show full text]
  • The Implentation of the Warsaw Framework for REDD+ by Brazil
    The Implentation of the Warsaw Framework for REDD+ by Brazil http://redd.mma.gov.br Novembro, 2015 Federative Republic of Brazil Dilma Roussef President Michel Temer Vice-president Ministry of the Environment Izabella Teixeira Minister Francisco Gaetani Deputy Minister Francisco J. B. Oliveira Director, Department of Policies to Fight Deforestation Leticia Guimarães Manager, Climate Change and Forests Organization: Leticia Guimarães (MMA) and Antonio C. Martinez Sanches (MMA). Graphic Design: Gráfica e Editora Movimento Contributors: Monique Ferreira Sacardo (MMA) and Alexandre Avelino (MMA). Special thanks to: Working Group of Technical Experts on REDD+, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Secretariat and Felipe Ferreira (Ministry of External Relations). This publication has been edited under the responsibility of the Department of Policies to Fight Deforestation of the Brazilian Ministry of the Environment. BRAZILIAN GOVERNMENT Ministry of the Environment FOREWORD Climate change presents a critical global challenge that needs to be dealt with through the multilateral process. Brazil strongly supports the international regime established under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and is committed to its strengthening by means of an ambitious, universal and equitable agreement in Paris that sets a clear path towards meeting the goal of holding the increase in global average temperature below 2°C above pre-industrial levels. In September 2015, the Brazilian Government gave a clear demonstration of the country’s serious intent to contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation. Brazil’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) sets forward an economy wide absolute target of reducing its greenhouse gas emissions by 37% below 2005 levels in 2025 and 43% by 2030.
    [Show full text]
  • CBD Second National Report
    · SECOND NATIONAL REPORT TO THE CONVENTIONON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY BRAZIL Federative Republic of Brazil President LUIZ IN,_CIOLULA DA SILVA Vice-President JOSE ALENCAR J Ministry of the Environment Minister MARINA SILVA Executive Secretary CL_,UDIO ROBERTO BERTOLDO LANGONE Secretary for Biodiversity and Forests JO,_,OPAULO RIBEIRO CAPOBIANCO Director for the National Biodiversity Conservation Programme PAULO YOSHIO KAGEYAMA Manager for Biodiversity Conservation BRAULIO FERREIRA DE SOUZA DIAS / Ministry of the Environment Secretariat for Biodiversity and Forests Directorate for the National Biodiversity Conservation Programme National Biological Diversity Strategy and National Report Project / SECOND NATIONAL REPORT TO THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY BRAZIL Brasilia 2004 SECOND NATIONAL REPORT OF BRAZIL TO THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY: BRAZIL Coordination Braulio Ferreira de Souza Dias Staff for the National Biological Diversity Strategy and National Report Project N[_biaCristina Bezerra da Silva (coordinator), Aha L_cia Leite Prates, Gabriela Tunes da Silva, Luciana Aparecida Zago de Andrade, Mariana Otero Cariello, Marilia Guimar_es AraOjo Oliveira and Pedro Davison Consolidation of Information F_tima Pires de Almeida Oliveira, Gabriela Tunes da Silva, Luciana Aparecida Zago de Andrade, Mariana Otero Cariello, Nubia Cristina Bezerra da Silva and Saulo Marques de Abreu Andrade Technical Revision Gabriela Tunes da Silva, Luciana Aparecida Zago de Andrade, Mariana Otero Cariello and Saulo Marques de Abreu Andrade Translation
    [Show full text]
  • COHRE Brazil
    SUBMISSION Prepared by Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions (COHRE) for United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Concerning BRAZIL April 2008 Table of Contents I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................3 II. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................5 III. LAND AND HOUSING ..................................................................................................................................8 1. Slums and other substandard housing ........................................................................................................8 2. The National Social Housing System..........................................................................................................9 3. The National City Council ........................................................................................................................11 4. Bill of Territorial Responsibility...............................................................................................................11 5. Prevention and remedy of forced evictions...............................................................................................12 6. Threats to housing rights defenders..........................................................................................................15 7. Women, land and housing.........................................................................................................................16
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Infection and Vertical Transmission of Zika Virus in Sylvatic Mosquitoes Aedes Albopictus and Haemagogus Leucocelaenus from Rio De Janeiro, Brazil
    Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease Article Natural Infection and Vertical Transmission of Zika Virus in Sylvatic Mosquitoes Aedes albopictus and Haemagogus leucocelaenus from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Jeronimo Alencar 1,* , Cecilia Ferreira de Mello 1,2 , Carlos Brisola Marcondes 3, Anthony Érico Guimarães 1 , Helena Keiko Toma 4, Amanda Queiroz Bastos 1,2, Shayenne Olsson Freitas Silva 1,5 and Sergio Lisboa Machado 4,* 1 Laboratório Diptera, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Manguinhos 21040-360, Brazil; cecilia.mello@ioc.fiocruz.br (C.F.d.M.); anthony@ioc.fiocruz.br (A.É.G.); [email protected] (A.Q.B.); [email protected] (S.O.F.S.) 2 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica 23890-000, Brazil 3 Departamento de Imunologia e Parasitologia de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil; [email protected] 4 Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular e Hematologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil; [email protected] 5 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Manguinhos 21040-360, Brazil * Correspondence: jalencar@ioc.fiocruz.br (J.A.); [email protected] (S.L.M.) Citation: Alencar, J.; Ferreira de Mello, C.; Brisola Marcondes, C.; Abstract: Zika virus (ZIKV) was recently introduced into the Western Hemisphere, where it is Érico Guimarães, A.; Toma, H.K.; suspected to be transmitted mainly by Aedes aegypti in urban environments. ZIKV represents a public Queiroz Bastos, A.; Olsson Freitas health problem as it has been implicated in congenital microcephaly in South America since 2015.
    [Show full text]
  • Brazil in the 1990S an Economy in Transition
    Brazil in the 1990s An Economy in Transition Renato Baumann Director UN/ECLAC Office in Brazil in association with ST ANTONY'S COLLEGE, OXFORD © Renato Baumann 2002 All rights reserved. N o reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, L o n d o n W 1 P OLP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2002 by PALGRAVE Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE is the new global academic imprint of St. Martin's Press LLC Scholarly and Reference Division and Palgrave Publishers Ltd (formerly Macmillan Press Ltd). ISBN 0-333-92196-8 hardback This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Brazil in the 1990s: an economy in transition/Renato Baumann (editor). p. cm .— (St. A n to n y ’ s series) Includes bibliographical references and index.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Justice and the Brazilian Amazon
    ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE AND THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON APREPRINT X.M.B. Verschuur Forest and Nature Policy Wageningen University and Research Droevendaalsesteeg, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands Supervised by Dr. J.H. Behagel [email protected] July 17, 2020 ABSTRACT The forest fires and deforestation levels that rapidly increased in the Brazilian Amazon in 2019 resulted in global media coverage and became a point of international concern. This information brought forward tensions regarding the use of and decision-making on the Amazon while competing claims regarding environmental justice were made. Despite the absence of a common understanding on environmental justice, the concept is widely applied by scholars and practitioners alike. The study reconstructs the discourses and discourse-coalitions in the Dutch and British media that shape the Amazon fires as an issue and illustrate how environmental justice is articulated. The results are helpful in contextualising various political debates and discourses beyond this case study to include other (transnational) environmental issues. A discourse analysis of media sources revealed three dominant discourses: 1) Bolsonaro as the Hero; 2) Bolsonaro as the Villain; and 3) The problem is bigger than Bolsonaro. The portrayal of Bolsonaro as a Villain was favoured by the media and supported by a powerful discourse-coalition, therefore suggesting that – at least internationally – this appears to be hegemonic. The two dominant Hero/Villain discourses used discursive strategies largely based on division and polarisation, including through the use of divisive rhetoric such as mythological archetypes. Distributive justice was extensively and widely articulated by all three discourses, thereby illustrating that concerns on the overemphasis of distributive justice by environmental justice scholars are warranted.
    [Show full text]
  • Latin America
    13 Latin America Coordinating Lead Authors: Graciela Magrin (Argentina), Carlos Gay García (Mexico) Lead Authors: David Cruz Choque (Bolivia), Juan Carlos Giménez (Argentina), Ana Rosa Moreno (Mexico), Gustavo J. Nagy (Uruguay), Carlos Nobre (Brazil), Alicia Villamizar (Venezuela) Contributing Authors: Francisco Estrada Porrúa (Mexico), José Marengo (Brazil), Rafael Rodríguez Acevedo (Venezuela), María Isabel Travasso (Argentina), Ricardo Zapata-Marti (Mexico) Review Editors: Max Campos (Costa Rica), Edmundo de Alba Alcarez (Mexico), Phillip Fearnside (Brazil) This chapter should be cited as: Magrin, G., C. Gay García, D. Cruz Choque, J.C. Giménez, A.R. Moreno, G.J. Nagy, C. Nobre and A. Villamizar, 2007: Latin America. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 581-615. Latin America Chapter 13 Table of Contents .....................................................583 13.4.3 Water resources ...................................................597 Executive summary 13.4.4 Coasts ..................................................................599 13.1 Summary of knowledge assessed in .........................584 13.4.5 Human health .......................................................599 the Third Assessment Report ...................584 13.5 Adaptation: practices, options and 13.2
    [Show full text]