ISSN 2585-7738

Founder Európsky inštitút ďalšieho vzdelávania European institue of further education Zat’ko Jozef, Dr.h.c. mult. JUDr. Honor. Prof. mult., Prezident EIDV, Slovensko

Editor in chief Porada Viktor, Prof. JUDr. Ing. DrSc. Dr.h.c. mult., Česká republika. www.european-science.sk E-mail: [email protected]

Editorial Offi ce Address EURÓPSKA VEDA Európsky inštitút ďalšieho vzdelávania Za Humnami č. 508/28 Vedecký časopis 941 48 Podhájska Slovakia

Phone: +421 905 450 765

IČO: 42334390 DIČ: 2023768912 EUROPEAN SCIENCE Bank Connection Československá obchodná banka, a.s. Pobočka M.R. Štefánika 19 Scientifi c journal 940 01 Nové Zámky

Account Number: 4022107085/7500 IBAN: SK43 7500 0000 0040 22107085 SWIFT: CEKOSKBX

European Science is an interdisciplinary journal focused on Law, Economy, Sociology, Pedagogy and related disciplines. Applied articles deal with issues coming out of European Union and non-EU countries. All published 2/2017 articles are peer-review by journal policy. Journal is published quarterly on 31st January, 30th April, 31st August and 31.October. All rights reserved!

© Európsky inštitút ďalšieho vzdelávania, European institue of further education, 2017 Podhájska 2017 Editorial Council

Founder: European institue of further education Zat’ko Jozef, Dr.h.c. mult. JUDr. Honor. Prof. mult., academ. MAK, Prezident EIDV, Slovakia

Editor in chief: Viktor PORADA, Prof. JUDr. Ing. DrSc. Dr.h.c. mult., Czech Republic

Associate and managing editor: Petkov Sergey, Prof., DrSc., Dr.h.c., honor. prof. academ. MKA, expert EEDA, Viceprezident Europe- an institue of further education, Slovakia

Scientifi c secretary: Chervyakova Olga, doc. DrSc., expert EEDA, European institue of further education, Slovakia Varhol Lukáš, PhD, MBA, European institue of further education, Slovakia

Armash Nadiia Prof. DrSc., expert EEDA, National Aviation University, Ukraina

Bench Olga Prof. PhD., Catholic University, Institute of Juraj Pales in Levoca, Slovakia

Bock Thomas Prof. h.c.dr. Ing University Tokio, TU Muenchen, Germany

Dadak Crasimir Prof. Hollins University Virginia, USA

Heidari Alireza Prof. Dr..Ph.D., D.Sc. South University, Irvine, California, USA

Hrasko Juraj Prof. dipl. Ing. DrSc., academ. SAV, Slovakia

Kopotun Igor Prof. DrSc., expert EEDA, European institue of further education, Slovakia

Kostenko Oleksandr Prof. DrSc., Head of the Criminal law, criminology and judicial system

issues department, Koretsky Institute of state and law of National Academy

of Sciences of , Ukraine

Kostickiy Vasili Prof. DrSc., Honored Lawyer of Ukraine, Corresponding Member of the

National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine

Lazarenko Dmitry Prof. DrSc., Donbasky state educational institution, Ukraine

Mamojka Mojmir Prof. JUDr. CSc., Matej Bel University in Banska Bystrica, Slovakia

Marian Mesaros Dr.h.c. Prof. Ing. DrSc. MBA LL.M. The University of Security Management

in Kosice, Slovakia Moroz Liydmila Prof. DrSc., Odessa State Universitz of Internal Affairs, Ukraine

Navickas Valentinas Prof. DrSc. Kaunas University of Technology, Lithuania

Petkov Valeriy Prof. DrSc., Department of Theory of State and Law of the Eastern

European University of Economics and Management, Ukraine

Rodchenko Larysa Prof. DrSc., expert EEDA, European institue of further education, Slovakia

Sharashenidze Anzor Prof. Tbilisi University named after David Agmashenebeli, Tbilisi, Georgia

Shmygol Nadiia Prof. DrSc., Zaporizhzhya National University, Ukraine

Skibniewski Miroslaw Prof. University of Maryland, College Park, USA

Sobol Evgen Prof. DrSc., Kirovohrad V.Vynnychenko State Pedagogical Universiti, Ukraine

Sopilko Irina Doc. DrSc., Institute of Law in National Aviation University, Ukraine

Ulyanchenko Oleksndr Prof. DrSc., V.V. Dokuchayev Kharkiv National Agrarian University, Ukraine

Vovk Viktoria Prof. DrSc., European institue of further education, Slovakia

Yankovska Larisa Prof. DrSc., University of Business and Law, Ukraine

Reviewers

Bench Olga Prof. PhD., Catholic University, Institute of Juraj Pales in Levoca, Slovakia

Dadak Crasimir Prof. Hollins University Virginia, USA

Heidari Alireza Prof. Dr..Ph.D., D.Sc. South University, Irvine, California, USA

Chervyakova Olga doc. DrSc., expert EEDA, European institue of further education, Slovakia

Kopotun Igor Prof. DrSc., expert EEDA, European institue of further education, Slovakia

Lazarenko Dmitry Prof. DrSc., Donbasky state educational institution, Ukraine

Moroz Liydmila Prof. DrSc., Odessa State Universitz of Internal Affairs, Ukraine

Navickas Valentinas Prof. DrSc. Kaunas University of Technology, Lithuania

Petkov Sergey Prof., DrSc., Dr.h.c., honor. prof. academ. MKA, expert EEDA, Viceprezident

European institue of further education, Slovakia

Sharashenidze Anzor Prof. Tbilisi University named after David Agmashenebeli, Tbilisi, Georgia

Shmygol Nadiia Prof. DrSc., Zaporizhzhya National University, Ukraine

Skibniewski Miroslaw Prof. University of Maryland, College Park, USA

Sopilko Irina Doc. DrSc., Institute of Law in National Aviation University, Ukraine

Vovk Viktoria Prof. DrSc., European institue of further education, Slovakia  3DUWQHUVRIWKHVFLHQWLILFMRXUQDO    

    

        

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European Science 2/2017 139 Authors

Chervyakova Olga Professor of the Department of Public Administration of the Interregional Academy of Personnel Management (MAUP), Kiev, Ukraine, email: [email protected] Olak Antoni Dr.h.c. prof. Associate. dr hab. of Higher School of Law and Administration (WSPA) in Lublin, , email: [email protected] Walenia Alina Doctor of economy and Faculty of Economics, University of Rzeszów Poland, email: [email protected] Semenova Svitlana Ph.D., as. prof. State University of Infrastructure and Technologies , Ukraine, email: [email protected] Belous Alla V. M. Koretsky Institute of State and Law, Kiev, Ukraine, email: [email protected] Oberuč Jaroslav DTI University v Dubnici nad Váhom, Slovakia, email: [email protected] Petkov Sergey European institue of further education, Podhajska, Slovakia, email: [email protected] Zakut Salah Chairman of Rule NGO „Arab House, email: [email protected] Diduk AAlla National Academy of Juridical Sciences of Ukraine,Kiev, Ukraine, email: [email protected] Litvin Sstepan State higher educational establishment “ National University, Uzzhorod, Ukraine, email: [email protected] Ivanov Igor International University of Human Development Kiev, Ukraine, email: [email protected] Komissarov SSergiy Severodonetsk Institute «Higher Education Institution «Interregional Academy of Personnel Management, Severodonetsk, Ukraine, email: [email protected] Nalutsyshyn Victor Khmelnytsky University of Management and Law, Khmelnytsky, Ukraine, email: [email protected] Spytska Liana Volodymyr Dahl East Ukrainian National Universty, Severodonetsk, Kiev, email: fl owerofl [email protected] Bondarenko Volodymyr Donbas State Pedagogical University, Ukraine, email: [email protected] Aleinikova Olena Institute of Management and Psychology SHEI «University of Educational Management» NAES of Ukraine,Kiev, Ukraine, email: [email protected] Al-Atti Amer Interregional Academy of Personnel Management (MAUP), Kiev, Ukraine, email: [email protected] Rodchenko Igor Interregional Academy of Personnel Management, Ukraine, email: [email protected] Usachenko Alexander Interregional Academy of Personnel Management, Ukraine, email: [email protected] Péter Tóth Managing Director, Building Quality Control Innovation NKFT 26. Dózsa György str. Szentendre H-2000 . email: [email protected] Komjáthy László Associate professor, PhD, Institute of Disaster Management, National University of Public Service 9-11 Hungária krt. H-1101 Hungary. email: [email protected] Martynova Svetlana Donbas State pedagogical university, Slovyansk, Ukraine email: [email protected]

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