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Smith, Darrell J. (2014) a Values-Based Wood-Fuel Landscape Evaluation: Building a Fuzzy Logic Framework to Integrate Socio-Cultural, Ecological, and Economic Value

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Smith, Darrell J. (2014) A values-based wood-fuel landscape evaluation: building a fuzzy logic framework to integrate socio-cultural, ecological, and economic value. Doctoral thesis, University of Lancaster.

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A values-based wood-fuel landscape evaluation: building a fuzzy logic framework to integrate socio- cultural, ecological, and economic value

by
Darrell Jon Smith BSc (Hons.)
Lancaster University
2014

This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Submitted: October 2014, word count: 76 422.

Declaration

I declare that no material in this thesis has previously been submitted for a degree at this or any other university.

The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without prior written consent and the information derived from it should be acknowledged.

Page | I

Abstract

Title:

A values-based wood-fuel landscape evaluation: building a fuzzy logic framework to integrate socio-cultural, ecological, and economic value. Darrell Jon Smith, BSc (Hons.)

Author: Degree:

Doctor of Philosophy

Submitted: October 2014 Word count: 76 422

In meeting the UK Governments national and international renewable energies commitments and their role in UK energy security, decarbonisation of energy use, carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation, the recognition of a potential for considerable scaling up of UK woodland coverage is emphasised. Also, UK forestry has increasingly become realigned with the global sustainability agenda encompassing issues such as native woodlands, the decline of

woodland biodiversity, the Government’s quality of life indicators, and ideas of socio-

cultural, ecological and economic landscape scale values. Accordingly, socio-cultural interaction with the natural world places structure and components into the landscape, the subsequent combinations of which are characterised by consequent ecological and economic conditions. As a consequence compositional, structural, spatial and temporal differences produce different value outcomes. This thesis explores these value outcomes illustrating the multi-dimensional nature of the relationships that society experience with their surrounding landscape, across a range of case study wood-fuel producing landscapes.

The case study landscapes describe traditional silvo-pastoral management, Natura 2000 forest, primarily managed around ideas of ecosystem goods and services, co-operatively and commercially owned sustainable forestry. Differences in value are observed between and within landscapes, value domains and value components. These differences reflect tensions

that exist between sustainability and society’s continued use of natural resources.

Consequently value articulates the nature of relationships between and within multiple value components, characterised by competing socio-cultural, ecological, economic interests. Thus

Page | II value, as a concept, is built through an understanding of the connected, embedded nature of

society’s relationship with the natural world.

Using a novel fuzzy logic modelling based approach to valuation, the consequences of landuse choices and the associated changes across socio-cultural, ecological and economic value domains are made visible. Understanding the complex nature of these interrelated and interdependent relationships can inform the political and institutional decision making and policy setting process. In this manner knowledge of interaction, interdependence and the reality of trade-offs, consistent with systems describe by finitude, can support and facilitate deliberative discourse. Where the true nature of value is considered an emergent property expressed through an appreciation of the value components and the outcomes of their relationships. Thus value is fundamentally a comparative property and not the outcome of an accumulative argument.

Page | III

Acknowledgements

Firstly I’d like to thank everyone who helped me throughout the process of completing this

thesis, thank you. Most importantly I am very grateful to everyone who participated in the research, whether by sharing their views and experience, helping with the organisational practicalities, or with the day-to-day business of completing this project. More specifically, this includes the communities of Askham, UK, Tsepelovo, Greece, and Rechnitz, Austria, for allowing me to spend time with them. The Greek Forest Service in Ioannina and in particular Rigas Tsiakiris for all his assistance, the Mayor of Zagori, Gavriil Papanastasiou and his office, particularly Vasso and Thomas for their help, and the Mayor of Rechnitz, Engelbert Kenyeri. I would also like to thank Vasso, Antigone, Giorgis, Thomas, Takis, Illias and Beatrice for making my stay in Tsepelovo and Rechnitz a pleasurable experience rather than just work.

I am also grateful to the UK Energy Research Centre for funding this studentship and to the University of Cumbria for hosting it. A big thank you goes to my supervisors, Ian Convery, Andrew Ramsey, Viktor Kouloumpis and Andreas Ottitsch who have provided continued advice and encouragement – I have enjoyed working with you all. Last but definitely not least, a final thank you goes to Juliet and Noah, who have endured endless new, interesting ideas and facts whilst providing support, understanding and help in so many ways – I really appreciate everything.

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Glossary - definitions for the purpose of this study

Ecosystem – a place where biotic and abiotic factors interact, where organisms interact with their environment (Elton, 1927; Tansley, 1935). Ecosystems exhibit temporal variability, spatial heterogeneity, hierarchical scaling and non-linear dynamic processes (Holling, 1973; De Leo & Levin, 1997; Levin, 1999), boundaries are fuzzy and permeable to the movement of both energy and organisms (Cadenasso et al., 2003; Post et al., 2007). The component parts are subject to selection processes and self organisation leads to endogenous pattern formation and emergent properties (Levin, 1998). The interaction between living elements and their environment is central to the concept of an ecosystem. Adoption of a systems perspective logically extends to including society as an integral component of ecosystems (O'Neill, 2001; Pickett et al., 2005).

Evaluation – the process by which the ‘value’ of a particular action or object is expressed

(Farber et al., 2002). Landscape – refers to an area defined by administrative boundaries. Although, it is recognised that, whilst this scale of observation represents local interactions, ecological, societal and economic boundaries may differ, will be permeable and are subject to external structural, functional and compositional (temporal, spatial and organisational) influences (Cadenasso et al., 2003; Pickett et al., 2005; Post et al., 2007). This approach is consistent with the hierarchical scale of interactions inherent within complex adaptive systems and acknowledges that the scale of any observation, by necessity, becomes defined by the observer (De Leo & Levin, 1997; O'Neill, 2001; Jax, 2005). This approach places the influence of society on landscape as a determinative element in the interactions between the societal, ecological and economic domains. In this relationship natural resources are managed to produce goods and services for the benefit of society.

Page | V
Learning-by-doing – Haila (1999) describes a scenario where management systems are adaptive, reflexive and sensitive to local situations, and in which the historical experience of traditional resource use institutions direct future actions. This position reflects a respect for

the capacity of nature to replenish the earth’s life support systems, which is internalised in to

all types of human activity (Haila, 1999). The ethical perspective is holistic; culture and nature occupy the same space. Nature is seen as a necessity for the existence of human culture, where all human activities are played out in the same biophysical processes as are the activities of other organisms (Haila, 1999).

Natural resources – refers to the natural components of ecosystem structure, their processes and interactions, the products of which provide a flow of goods and services, direct and indirect, to human societies (De Groot et al., 2003). These processes are the result of complex interactions between abiotic and biotic components of ecosystems (Elton, 1927; Tansley, 1935; De Groot et al., 2003), thus natural resources, ecosystem components, their processes and interactions provide the basis for ecosystem resilience, health and determine system integrity (De Groot et al., 2003). In the context of human use and natural resources, the provision of goods and services can be described as either renewable or non-renewable (Turner et al., 1994). The latter are relatively fixed in quantity, and their use means that there will be less available for use in the future (Turner et al., 1994).

Post-normal science – reflects an approach which encompasses the complexity and uncertainty of natural systems with the associated consequences of human interactions and

values (Funtowicz & Ravetz, 1994). In contrast to ‘....Kuhn's (1970) conception of normal

science underpinned by positivist philosophy and a universal, objective and context-free

knowledge..’, a post-normal science, as a general principle, accepts the irreducible plurality of perspectives, values and methods of understanding (Funtowicz & Ravetz, 2003). It is an interdisciplinary, context-sensitive science grounded in methodological pluralism and

concepts of active stakeholder engagement. In the acceptance of ‘different magnitudes of

Page | VI

scales (of time, space, and function), multiple balances (dynamics), multiple actors (interests) and multiple failures (systemic faults)’ (Frame & Brown, 2008), a post-normal perspective

challenges the assumption that all values or evaluations can or should be reduced to a single, one-dimensional measure (Funtowicz & Ravetz 1994, 2003). Post normal science integrates complex, adaptive, reflexive social-ecological systems in a manner that brings together science, practice and politics for decision-making and policy setting (Funtowicz & Ravetz 1994, 2003; Frame & Brown, 2008).

System – a system for the purpose of this study is that of a ‘complex adaptive system’ (Levin,

1998) which at a basic level is made up of its components and their connective structure (Straton, 2006). Interactions occur over a hierarchy of spatio-temporal and organisational scales (O’Neill et al., 1989), where, at any given level of resolution, an element at one hierarchical level contains both interacting components in the level below and is itself a constituent of the level above (O’Neill et al., 1989; Levin, 1998). In this respect the scale of external observation is determined by the observer.

Value – the contribution of an action or object to user-specified goals, objectives or conditions (Costanza, 2000; Folke et al., 2002). Value describes both the characteristics of things, as well as the consequences of actions between things (Mendes, 2007).

Value system – the normative and moral frameworks people use to assign importance and necessity to their beliefs and actions (Farber et al., 2002). Because ‘value systems’ frame how

people assign rights and add ‘value’ to objects and actions, they also imply internal,

subjective, user-specific goals, objectives or conditions (Farber et al., 2002). Woodland – is used as a generic term throughout this thesis to refer to areas of tree cover in a spatial context. The use of the term does not relate to woodland in the technical sense that a professional forester, for example, might use.

Page | VII

Contents

Declaration..................................................................................................................... Abstract.......................................................................................................................... Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................ Glossary.......................................................................................................................... Appendices..................................................................................................................... List of Figures................................................................................................................ List of Tables................................................................................................................. List of Boxes...................................................................................................................

III IV VXV XVI XX XXI
1

1

Introduction................................................................................................
Summary..................................................................................................... Research rationale....................................................................................... Research aims and objectives....................................................................

1.1 1.2 1.3
117

  • 1.3.1
  • Primary research aims and supporting objectives................................

Research approach..................................................................................... Thesis structure..........................................................................................

7
1.4 1.5
8
13

  • 2
  • A typology of value; socio-cultural, economic and

14

ecological......................................................................................................
Summary...................................................................................................... Introduction.................................................................................................

Socio-cultural value: the relationship between nature and society........
2.1 2.2 2.3
14 15 17 17 22 25 27 27 29 32 35 35

  • 2.3.1
  • Reason replaces revelation....................................................................

Reflection and romanticism.................................................................. A commodity culture............................................................................

Ecological value: taking a complex systems perspective.........................

An ecosystem........................................................................................ Ecological process and society............................................................. Ecological systems and disturbance......................................................

Economic value: an integration of ecology and socio-economics...........

Linking ecology and economy..............................................................
2.3.2 2.3.3

2.4 2.5

2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3

2.5.1
Page | VIII
2.5.2 2.5.3 2.5.4
Economic valuation of ecosystem goods and services......................... Social-ecological system evaluation.................................................... A complex systems approach to the evaluation of landscape;

42 45

environmental or ecological economics...............................................
Conclusion....................................................................................................

51 54 56
2.6

  • 3
  • Pilot studies; community landscape value and system.........

Summary...................................................................................................... The value of natural resources...................................................................

3.1 3.2
56 57 58 60 62 62 63 65 65 66 67

  • 3.2.1
  • The lexicon of value..............................................................................

Community and natural resources........................................................
Case study site selection..............................................................................
UK pilot study area............................................................................... European study areas............................................................................
3.2.2

3.3 3.4 3.5

3.3.1 3.3.2
3.3.2.1
3.3.2.1.1 3.3.2.1.2
Case study sites, country profiles............................................
Austria......................................................................... Greece.........................................................................
Methods........................................................................................................

  • The relationship between community, landscape and natural
  • 3.4.1

resources...............................................................................................

67 67 70 70 71 71

  • 3.4.1.1
  • A preference-based value questionnaire..................................

A map-based value measure....................................................
Perceived limits of interaction describe a boundary for study..............
3.4.1.2
3.4.2

3.5.1
Analyses and results....................................................................................
Analyses................................................................................................

  • 3.5.1.1
  • An exploration of preference-based values in a rural

community............................................................................... A map-based value measure.................................................... Perceived limits of interaction describe a boundary for

71 71

3.5.1.2 3.5.1.3 study.........................................................................................
Results...................................................................................................

72 73

3.5.2
Page | IX

  • 3.5.2.1
  • An exploration of preference-based values in a rural

community............................................................................... A map-based value measure.................................................... Perceived limits of interaction describe a boundary for study.........................................................................................

73 78

3.5.2.2 3.5.2.3

81 84 88
3.6 3.7

Discussion..................................................................................................... Conclusion....................................................................................................

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    PROTECTED AREA SITE SELECTION BASED ON ABIOTIC DATA: HOW RELIABLE IS IT? A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY BANU KAYA ÖZDEMĠREL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN BIOLOGY FEBRUARY 2011 Approval of the thesis: PROTECTED AREA SITE SELECTION BASED ON ABIOTIC DATA: HOW RELIABLE IS IT? submitted by BANU KAYA ÖZDEMİREL in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University by, Prof. Dr. Canan Özgen _____________ Dean, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Prof. Dr. Musa Doğan _____________ Head of Department, Biological Sciences, METU Assoc. Prof. Dr. C. Can Bilgin _____________ Supervisor, Department of Biological Sciences, METU Examining Committee Members: Prof. Dr. Aykut Kence ____________________ Department of Biological Sciences, METU. Assoc. Prof. Dr. C. Can Bilgin ____________________ Department of Biological Sciences, METU. Prof. Dr. Zeki Kaya ____________________ Department of Biological Sciences, METU. Prof. Dr. Nilgül Karadeniz ____________________ Department of Landscape Architecture. AU. Prof. Dr. ġebnem Düzgün ____________________ Department of Mining Engineering. METU. Date: 11.02.2011 I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name: Banu Kaya Özdemirel Signature : III ABSTRACT PROTECTED AREA SITE SELECTION BASED ON ABIOTIC DATA: HOW RELIABLE IS IT? Özdemirel Kaya, Banu Ph.D., Department of Biology Supervisor: Assoc.
  • Sovraccoperta Fauna Inglese Giusta, Page 1 @ Normalize

    Sovraccoperta Fauna Inglese Giusta, Page 1 @ Normalize

    Comitato Scientifico per la Fauna d’Italia CHECKLIST AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE ITALIAN FAUNA FAUNA THE ITALIAN AND DISTRIBUTION OF CHECKLIST 10,000 terrestrial and inland water species and inland water 10,000 terrestrial CHECKLIST AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE ITALIAN FAUNA 10,000 terrestrial and inland water species ISBNISBN 88-89230-09-688-89230- 09- 6 Ministero dell’Ambiente 9 778888988889 230091230091 e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare CH © Copyright 2006 - Comune di Verona ISSN 0392-0097 ISBN 88-89230-09-6 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers and of the Authors. Direttore Responsabile Alessandra Aspes CHECKLIST AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE ITALIAN FAUNA 10,000 terrestrial and inland water species Memorie del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona - 2. Serie Sezione Scienze della Vita 17 - 2006 PROMOTING AGENCIES Italian Ministry for Environment and Territory and Sea, Nature Protection Directorate Civic Museum of Natural History of Verona Scientifi c Committee for the Fauna of Italy Calabria University, Department of Ecology EDITORIAL BOARD Aldo Cosentino Alessandro La Posta Augusto Vigna Taglianti Alessandra Aspes Leonardo Latella SCIENTIFIC BOARD Marco Bologna Pietro Brandmayr Eugenio Dupré Alessandro La Posta Leonardo Latella Alessandro Minelli Sandro Ruffo Fabio Stoch Augusto Vigna Taglianti Marzio Zapparoli EDITORS Sandro Ruffo Fabio Stoch DESIGN Riccardo Ricci LAYOUT Riccardo Ricci Zeno Guarienti EDITORIAL ASSISTANT Elisa Giacometti TRANSLATORS Maria Cristina Bruno (1-72, 239-307) Daniel Whitmore (73-238) VOLUME CITATION: Ruffo S., Stoch F.
  • Lepidoptera Rhopalocera

    Lepidoptera Rhopalocera

    Biodiversity Journal , 2015, 6 (1): 53–72 A multi-year survey of the butterflies (Lepidoptera Rhopalo - cera) of a defined area of the Triestine karst, Italy Peter F. McGrath IAP/TWAS, ICTP campus, Strada Costiera 11, 34151 Trieste, Italy; e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT A photographic survey of butterflies (Lepidoptera Rhopalocera) was carried out over a period of three years (2011, 2012 and 2013) in an area around the villages of Malchina, Ceroglie and Slivia, the municipality of Duino-Aurisina near Trieste, in the Friuli Venezia-Giulia region, northeast Italy. Historically, this area of the Triestine karst has been influenced by human activities. Grazing intensity, however, has declined over the past 50-100 years, leading to encroachment of the forested areas over previously more open grasslands. During the three- year survey period, sampling intensity, measured as the number of days during which butter - flies were observed and/or photographed, increased from year to year. In 2012 and 2013, especially surveys began in February and continued into December. During the three years, a total of 79 species (Papilionidae, 3; Pieridae, 11; Lycaenidae, 17, Riodinidae, 1; Nymphal- idae, 37, including 15 Satyrinae; and Hesperiidae, 10), including seven listed as either endangered or near-threatened in Europe, were identified. Among the species of European conservation value recorded were: Scolitantides orion , Melitaea aurelia , Melitaea trivia , Argynnis niobe , Hipparchia statilinus , Coenonympha oedippus and Carcharodus floccifera . Strong local populations of the following regionally threatened, declining and/or protected species were also recorded: Euphydryas aurinia , Brintesia circe , Arethusana arethusa , Hipparchia fagi , Pyronia tithonus and Coenonympha arcania .
  • Historical and Contemporary Factors Generate Unique Butterfly

    Historical and Contemporary Factors Generate Unique Butterfly

    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Historical and contemporary factors generate unique butterfly communities on islands Received: 20 January 2016 Raluca Vodă1,2,*, Leonardo Dapporto1,3,*, Vlad Dincă1,4, Tim G. Shreeve5, Mourad Khaldi6, Accepted: 31 May 2016 Ghania Barech7, Khellaf Rebbas7, Paul Sammut8, Stefano Scalercio9, Paul D. N. Hebert4 & Published: 29 June 2016 Roger Vila1 The mechanisms shaping island biotas are not yet well understood mostly because of a lack of studies comparing eco-evolutionary fingerprints over entire taxonomic groups. Here, we linked community structure (richness, frequency and nestedness) and genetic differentiation (based on mitochondrial DNA) in order to compare insular butterfly communities occurring over a key intercontinental area in the Mediterranean (Italy-Sicily-Maghreb). We found that community characteristics and genetic structure were influenced by a combination of contemporary and historical factors, and among the latter, connection during the Pleistocene had an important impact. We showed that species can be divided into two groups with radically different properties: widespread taxa had high dispersal capacity, a nested pattern of occurrence, and displayed little genetic structure, while rare species were mainly characterized by low dispersal, high turnover and genetically differentiated populations. These results offer an unprecedented view of the distinctive butterfly communities and of the main processes determining them on each studied island and highlight the importance of assessing the phylogeographic value of populations for conservation. Island communities share several features: the number of species is lower than on similarly sized mainland areas (impoverishment), they host a disproportionate fraction of non-predatory and highly dispersive species (dis- harmony) and they are characterized by a high fraction of endemic elements1.
  • How Much Biodiversity Is in Natura 2000?

    How Much Biodiversity Is in Natura 2000?

    Alterra Wageningen UR Alterra Wageningen UR is the research institute for our green living environment. P.O. Box 47 We off er a combination of practical and scientifi c research in a multitude of How much Biodiversity is in Natura 2000? 6700 AA Wageningen disciplines related to the green world around us and the sustainable use of our living The Netherlands environment, such as fl ora and fauna, soil, water, the environment, geo-information The “Umbrella Eff ect” of the European Natura 2000 protected area network T +31 (0) 317 48 07 00 and remote sensing, landscape and spatial planning, man and society. www.wageningenUR.nl/en/alterra The mission of Wageningen UR (University & Research centre) is ‘To explore Technical report Alterra Report 2730B the potential of nature to improve the quality of life’. Within Wageningen UR, ISSN 1566-7197 nine specialised research institutes of the DLO Foundation have joined forces with Wageningen University to help answer the most important questions in the Theo van der Sluis, Ruud Foppen, Simon Gillings, Thomas Groen, René Henkens, Stephan Hennekens, domain of healthy food and living environment. With approximately 30 locations, 6,000 members of staff and 9,000 students, Wageningen UR is one of the leading Kim Huskens, David Noble, Fabrice Ottburg, Luca Santini, Henk Sierdsema, Andre van Kleunen, organisations in its domain worldwide. The integral approach to problems and Joop Schaminee, Chris van Swaay, Bert Toxopeus, Michiel Wallis de Vries and Lawrence Jones-Walters the cooperation between the various disciplines