Naturschutz Im Land Sachsen-Anhalt, Jahresheft 2019

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Naturschutz Im Land Sachsen-Anhalt, Jahresheft 2019 ZTURSCHUTNA Naturschutz im Land Sachsen-Anhalt 56. Jahrgang | Jahresheft 2019 Landesamt für Umweltschutz Bereits im zeitigen Frühjahr bildet das Breitblättrige Knabenkraut eine Scheinrosette aus. Foto: S. Dullau. Das breitblättrige Knabenkraut, Orchidee des Jahres 2020, hier auf der Struthwiese im Biosphärenreservat Karstlandschaft Südharz. Foto: N. Adert. Inhalt Aufsätze Sandra Dullau, Nele Adert, Maren Helen Meyer, Frank Richter, Armin Hoch & Sabine Tischew Das Breitblättrige Knabenkraut im Biosphärenreservat Karstlandschaft Südharz – Zustand der Vorkommen und Habitate . 3 Susen Schiedewitz Untersuchungen zur Diversität der Tagfalter und Libellen in der Hägebachaue nördlich von Samswegen . 27 Andreas Mölder, Marcus Schmidt, Ralf-Volker Nagel & Peter Meyer Erhaltung der Habitatkontinuität in Eichenwäldern – Aktuelle Forschungsergeb nisse aus Sachsen-Anhalt . 61 Christoph Saure & Andreas Marten Bienen, Wespen und Schwebfliegen (Hymenoptera, Diptera part.) auf Borkenkäfer-Befallsflächen im Nationalpark Harz . 79 Informationen Brünhild Winter-Huneck & Antje Rössler Übersicht der im Land Sachsen-Anhalt nach Naturschutz- recht geschützten Gebiete und Objekte und Informationen zu in den Jahren 2017 und 2018 erfolgten Veränderungen . 142 Michael Wallaschek Gegenrede zur Erwiderung von L. Reichhoff auf die Interpretation des Wörlitzer Warnungsaltars durch M. Wallaschek [Naturschutz im Land Sachsen-Anhalt 55 (2018) JH: 73−78] . 146 Mitteilungen/Ehrungen Frank Meyer & Wolf-Rüdiger Grosse Zum Gedenken an Jürgen Buschendorf (1938–2019) . 150 Christian Unselt & Elke Baranek Guido Puhlmann mit der Ehrennadel des Landes Sachsen- Anhalt ausgezeichnet . 152 Guido Puhlmann, Klaus Rehda & Olaf Tschimpke Armin Wernicke im (Un-)Ruhestand . 154 Fred Braumann Zum Gedenken an Helmut Müller (1960–2018) . 158 Hans-Ulrich Kison & Uwe Wegener Hagen Herdam zum 80. Geburtstag . 164 Hans-Ulrich Kison & Uwe Wegener Peter Hanelt zum Gedenken (1930–2019) . 167 Naturschutz im Land Sachsen-Anhalt | Jg. 56 1 Zu den Abbildungen der 2. Umschlagseite Das Breitblättrige Knabenkraut Das Breitblättrige Knabenkraut (Dactylorhiza majalis) ist west- bis mitteleuropäisch verbreitet und für Deutschland sind Nachweise aus allen Naturräumen bekannt. Die Art besiedelt eine große Bandbreite feuchter bis nasser Standorte des Offenlandes und lichter Wälder, kommt von der planaren bis in die alpine Höhenstufe vor und toleriert eine große pH-Wert-Amplitude. Trotz anhaltend negativem Bestands- trend ist die Art heute noch häufiger in unserer Landschaft zu finden als andere Vertreter der Familie. Ein Vorteil ist, dass ungünstige Habi- tatbedingungen vergleichsweise lange überdauert werden können. Beschatten Gehölze und hochwüchsige Stauden die Wuchsorte jedoch zu stark oder bilden Seggen und Simsen einen dichten Streufilz, dann erlöschen die Vorkommen letztendlich. Weiterhin zählen Entwässe- rung, Aufforstung und die Intensivierung der Landwirtschaft zu den Gefährdungsursachen. Bundesweit gilt Dactylorhiza majalis als gefährdete Pflanzenart. Wie in einigen Ländern bereits geschehen, erfolgt in Sachsen-Anhalt mit Erscheinen der neuen Roten Liste die Hochstufung in die Kategorie „stark gefährdet“. Deswegen, und vor dem Hintergrund, dass Deutsch- land aus globaler Perspektive eine besondere Verantwortlichkeit zugemessen wird, ist der Handlungsbedarf ausgesprochen hoch. Um darauf aufmerksam zu machen, wurde D. majalis von den Arbeitskreisen Heimische Orchideen Deutschlands zur Orchidee des Jahres 2020 aus- gerufen. Der auch Fingerwurz lautende deutsche Artname leitet sich von der fingerartig ausgebildeten Wurzelknolle ab. Aus dieser treibt im zeitigen Frühjahr eine grüne Scheinrosette. Der ab Anfang Mai in die Höhe wachsende Stängel trägt in Abhängigkeit von der Höhen- lage bis etwa Mitte Juni eine Vielzahl an Blüten. Obwohl die Selbst- bestäubung möglich ist, werden Insekten an die nektarlosen Blüten gelockt und der Frucht- und Samenansatz dadurch deutlich erhöht. In jeder Fruchtkapsel befinden sich mehrere tausend Samen, die bei optimalen Aufwindereignissen weit verbreitet werden können. Die überwiegende Mehrheit verteilt sich aber im unmittelbaren Umfeld der Mutterpflanzen. Bei günstigen Bedingungen entsteht ein ober- irdisch nicht sichtbarer Vorkeim, der für seine weitere Entwicklung auf die Symbiose mit speziellen Mykorrhizapilzen angewiesen ist. Bis zur sichtbaren Jungpflanze mit Blättern dauert es in der Regel drei Jahre. Sandra Dullau 2 Naturschutz im Land Sachsen-Anhalt | Jg. 56 Das Breitblättrige Knabenkraut im Biosphären- reservat Karstlandschaft Südharz – Zustand der Vorkommen und Habitate Sandra DULLaU, NELE AdErT, MarEn HELEn MEYEr, FranK RICHTEr, ArMIn HOCH & SaBInE TISCHEW 1 Einleitung Das Breitblättrige Knabenkraut (Dactylorhiza majalis [Rchb.] Hunt & Summerh. 1965) wird als Art der Feucht- und Nasswiesen, Kalkflach- moore, Quellsümpfe und Feuchtheiden der planaren bis montanen Höhenstufe beschrieben (Frank & Schnitter 2016, Jäger 2011, Wege- ner 2011). Die Art kommt in Calthion-Gesellschaften (Wotovová et al. 2004, Wegener 2011) sowie basischen Molinion-Gesellschaften (schriftl. Mitt. Meysel 2019) vor. Unter atlantischem Einfluss kann die Art aber auch auf weniger nassen Standorten wachsen. DIJK & GROOTJANS (1998) beschrieben für eine atlantisch geprägte Region der Niederlande für die Vorkommen im Calthion eine Präferenz für eine trockenere Ausprägung. Darüber hinaus werden anthropogene und gestörte Sekundärhabitate besiedelt (ADAMOWSKI 2006, Rewicz et al. 2017). Eigene Beobachtungen im Südharz und Fremdbeobach- tungen (mündl. Mitt. BRÄUER 2017) lassen vermuten, dass die Art eine gewisse Wasserzügigkeit bevorzugt. ELLENBERG et al. (1991) stufen die Art als Wechselfeuchte bevorzugend ein. Die geschützte heimische Orchideenart (BNatschG, Verordnung (EG) Nr. 338/97) ist sowohl in Deutschland als auch in Sachsen-Anhalt als gefährdet eingestuft (Rote Liste-Status 3; FRANK et al. 2004, METZING et al. 2018). LUDWIG et al. (2007) stellten für die west- bis mitteleuro- päisch sowie regional auf dem Balkan verbreitete Art (ECCARIUS 2016) eine hohe Verantwortlichkeit Deutschlands fest. Vor den 1950er Jahren war Dactylorhiza majalis eine sehr häufige Art der Feucht- und Nasswiesen. Deutschland als Arealzentrum war nahezu flächendeckend besiedelt (WEGENER 2011). Zwar ist D. majalis auch heute noch deutlich häufiger vorzufinden als andere Orchideenarten, dennoch ist bereits seit mindestens 20 Jahren ein Rückgang im Berg- land und ein starker Rückgang im Tief- und Hügelland zu verzeichnen (FRANK & NEUMANN 1999, FRANK & SCHNITTER 2016, WEGENER 2011). Auch aus anderen Regionen, wie Süd-Böhmen (ŠtÍPKOVÁ & KINDL- MANN 2015, WOTAVOVÁ et al. 2004), dem ehemaligen Bezirk Frank- furt (Oder) (HAMEL 1977) und Hessen (Gregor & SAURWEIN 2010), werden ähnliche Tendenzen beschrieben. Die Hauptursachen für diesen Trend sind die Intensivierung der Land- wirtschaft, die Entwässerung von Feuchtgrünland, aber auch die Naturschutz im Land Sachsen-Anhalt | Jg. 56 3 Nutzungsaufgabe der Feucht- und Nasswiesen sowie die Aufforstung von Waldwiesen (FRANK & SCHNITTER 2016, Gregor & SAURWEIN 2010, ŠtÍPKOVÁ & KINDLMANN 2015, WOTAVOVÁ et al. 2004, WEGENER 2011). Durch Brachestadien neigen viele der potenziell geeigneten Flächen zur Verstaudung, der Entwicklung von Röhrichten und Großseggen- wiesen oder Verbuschung und stellen somit keinen geeigneten Le- bensraum mehr dar. Die verbliebenen Vorkommen sind zumeist eher kleinflächig und individuenarm. Die Anzahl blühender Pflanzen kann jährlich sehr großen natürlichen Schwankungen unterliegen (ADERT & SPITZNER 2018, SCHRAUTZER et al. 2011). So stellt WEGENER (1994) Bestandsschwankungen bis zu 100 Prozent nach zwei blütenreichen Jahren sogar als normal dar. Vor allem witterungsbedingt kommt es in manchen Jahren dazu, dass die Art nicht sichtbar ist, z. B. aufgrund des Wegfrierens der Blühtriebe durch Spätfröste. Stellen sich am Wuchsort ungünstige Bedingungen ein, kann die Art als Knolle überdauern. Wie lange die Periode einer solchen Persistenz bei Nutzungsaufgabe andauern kann, ist nicht bekannt. Ziel dieser Studie war die Erfassung und Bewertung der aktuellen Vorkommen von Dactylorhiza majalis im Biosphärenreservat Karst- landschaft Südharz. Dabei erfolgten nicht nur Erhebungen zu den Vorkommen, sondern auch zum besiedelten Habitat und zur aktuellen Bewirtschaftung bzw. Pflege. Auf eine Betrachtung der Entwicklung der Bestandsgrößen muss wegen fehlender durchgängiger Zählreihen verzichtet werden. 2 Historische Fundpunkte Durch die langjährigen Tätigkeiten des AHO (Arbeitskreis Heimische Orchideen Sachsen-Anhalt e. V.) sind die Vorkommen von Dactylorhiza majalis in Sachsen-Anhalt heute nahezu vollständig bekannt (schriftl. Mitt. MEYSEL 2019). Die Kontrolle von Fundpunkten findet jedoch in der Regel in Abhängigkeit der Verfügbarkeit ehrenamtlicher Orchi- deenfreunde statt. Entsprechend inhomogen gestaltete sich infolge dessen auch die Datengrundlage für das Gebiet des Biosphärenreser- vates Karstlandschaft Südharz (Abb. 1). Die ältesten Fundpunktmel- dungen der Datenbank des AHO stammen von sechs Fundorten aus dem Jahr 1982. Bis 2015 waren insgesamt 109 Fundpunkte bekannt. Die Meldungen erfolgten auf Basis von Mattfeldern (250 x 250 m-Raster) unter Angabe der Mittelpunktkoordinate sowie der Individuenzahl. In der Regel wurden dabei nur die gut sichtbaren fertilen Individuen ge- zählt oder bei sehr großen Vorkommen die Anzahl geschätzt. Genaue Beschreibungen des Fundorts fehlen meistens. 4 Naturschutz im Land Sachsen-Anhalt | Jg. 56 Naturschutz imLandSachsen-Anhalt
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