International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Its Pharmacotherapy, and Adrenal Gland Dysfunction: A Nationwide Population-Based Study in Taiwan Pin-Han Peng 1, Meng-Yun Tsai 2, Sheng-Yu Lee 3,4 , Po-Cheng Liao 5, Yu-Chiau Shyu 5,6,7,* and Liang-Jen Wang 8,* 1 Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan;
[email protected] 2 Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan;
[email protected] 3 Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan;
[email protected] 4 Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan 5 Community Medicine Research Center, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 204, Taiwan;
[email protected] 6 Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan 7 Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan 8 Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan * Correspondence:
[email protected] (Y.-C.S.);
[email protected] (L.-J.W.) Received: 24 March 2020; Accepted: 20 May 2020; Published: 25 May 2020 Abstract: This study aims to examine the co-occurrence rate of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and adrenal gland disorders, as well as whether pharmacotherapy may affect ADHD patients’ risk of developing adrenal gland disorder. One group of patients newly diagnosed with ADHD (n = 75,247) and one group of age- and gender-matching controls (n = 75,247) were chosen from Taiwan0s National Health Insurance database during the period of January 1999 to December 2011.