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Chapter 2: Estimating Runoff

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Chapter 2: Estimating Runoff Contents SCS Engineering Field Handbook. Chapter 2 Introduction .....................................2.1 Factors affecting surface runoff .................. 2-2 General ..................................... 2-2 Rainfall ......................................2-2 Hydrologic soil groups ......................... 2-2 Covertype ................................... 2-3 Treatment ................................... 2-3 Hydrologic conditions ..........................2-3 Topography .................................. 2-3 Runoff ........................................ 2-4 Runoff curve numbers ......................... 2-4 Rainfall ...................................... 2-4 Estimating runoff .............................. 2-4 j--/ Time of concentration .......................... 2-5 General ..................................... 2-5 Estimating time of concentration ................. 2-5 Average watershed slope ....................... 2-5 Flow length .................................. 2-5 Peak discharge ................................ 2-6 General ..................................... 2-6 Ia/P ratio .................................... 2-6 Estimating peak discharge ...................... 2-6 Limitations .................................... 2-7 Example 2-1 ................................... 2-8 Example 2-2 ................................... 2-9 Exhibits Pege 2-1 Unit peak discharge (qu ) for SCS Type I rain- fall distribution .......................... 2-1 1 2-IA Unit peak discharge (q, ) for SCS Type IA rainfall distribution ....................... 2-12 2-11 Unit peak discharge (q, ) for SCS Type I1 rain- fall distribution ..........................2-13 2-111 Unit peak discharge (q, ) for SCS Type Ill rain- fall distribution ..........................2-14 L, Figures Page Page Approximate geographic boundaries for SCS Precipitation values for Hawaii-10-year rainfall distributions. 2-15 24-hour rainfall (inches). .2-30 Precipitation values for the Eastern United Precipitation values for Hawaii-25-year States-2-year 24-hour rainfall (inches). 2-16 24-hour rainfall (inches). .2-31 Precipitation values for the Eastern United Precipitation values for Hawaii-50-year States-5-year 24-hour rainfall (inches). 2-17 24-hour rainfall (inches). .2-32 Precipitation values for the Eastern United Precipitation values for Hawaii-100-year States-10-year 24-hour rainfall (inches). 2-18 24-hour rainfall (inches). .2-33 Precipitation values for the Eastern United Precipitation values for Puerto Rico and the States-25-year 24-hour rainfall (inches). , 2-19 U.S. Virgin Islands-Byear 24-hour rainfall Precipitation values for the Eastern United (inches). .............................. 2-31 States-50-year 24-hour rainfall (inches). 2-20 Precipitation values for Puerto Rico and the Precipitation values for the Eastern United U.S. Virgin Islands-5-year 24-hour rainfall States-100-year 24-hour rainfall (inches). 2-21 (inches). .............................. 2-35 Precipitation values for Alaska-2-year 24-hour Precipitation values for Puerto Rico and the rainfall (inches). .2-22 U.S. Virgin Islands-16-year 24-hour rainfall Precipitation values for Alaska-5-year 24-hour (inches). .............................. 2-36 rainfall (inches). 2-23 Precipitation values for Puerto Rico and the Precipitation values for Alaska-10-year US. Virgin Islands-25-year 24-hour rainfall 24-hour rainfall (inches). 2-24 (inches). .............................. 2-37 Precipitation values for Alaska-25-year Precipitation values for Puerto Rico and the 24-hour rainfall (inches). .2-25 US. Virgin Islands-50-year 24-hour rainfall Precipitation values for Alaska-50-year (inches). .............................. ! 2-38 24-hour rainfall (inches). 2-26 Precipitation values for Puerto Rico and the Precipitation values for Alaska-100-year U.S. Virgin Islands-100-year 24-hour rainfall 24-hour rainfall (inches). 2-27 (inches). .............................. 2-39 Precipitation values for Hawaii-2-year 24-hour Solution for runoff equation. 2-40 rainfall (inches). 2-28 Tc nomograph.. 2-41 Precipitation values for Hawaii-5-year 24-hour rainfall (inches). 2-29 Tables Page Hydrologic soil groups for United States soils. 2-42 Runoff depth for selected CN's and rainfall amounts ................................2-84 Runoff curve numbers for cultivated agricultural lands ...................................2-85 Runoff curve numbers for other agricultural lands ...................................2-86 Runoff curve numbers for arid and semiarid rangelands .............................. 2-87 Runoff curve numbers for urban areas ....... 2-88 lavalues for runoff curve numbers .......... 2-89 Worksheets 1 Runoff curve number. .....................2-90 2 Time of concentration and peak discharge .... 2-91 1. Introduction Surface runoff is the volume of excess water that runs off a drainage area. Peak discharge is the peak rate of runoff from a drainage area for a given rainfall. This chapter presents procedures for estimating runoff and peak discharge from small rural watersheds for use in designing soil and water conservation measures. These procedures for determining peak discharge are applicable to drainage areas that range in size from 1 to 2,000 acres in the United States, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. There is an MS-DOS microcomputer program that dupli- cates the manual computation procedures of the chapter. Tables, figures, exhibits, and worksheets are included for a quick and reliable way to estimate peak discharge and runoff for a range of rainfall amounts, soil types, land use, and cover conditions. The data for the peak discharge ex- hibits were computed using procedures from the Soil Con- servation Service (SCS) National Engineering Handbook Section 4 (NEH-4). NEH-4 or Technical Release 55 (TR-55), "Urban Hydrology for Small Watersheds," should be used to estimate peak discharge for conditions beyond the limits of this chapter and for special situations and areas where procedures of this chapter may be considered oo general to provide good estimates. L 2. Factors affecting surface runoff General Sierra Nevada Mountains in Oregon, Washington, and Rainfall is the primary source of water that runs off the northern California. The Type I is the characteristic storm surface of small rural watersheds. The main factors affect- distribution for the coastal side of the Sierra Nevada ing the volume of rainfall that runs off are the kind of soil Mountains in southern California and for Hawaii and Alas- and the type of vegetation in the watershed. Factors that ka. Type Ill represents Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic coastal affect the rate at which water runs off are the watershed areas where tropical storms bring large 24-hour rainfalls. topography and shape along with conservation practices The Type II storm distribution is typical of the more in- on a watershed. tense storms that occur over the remainder of the United States, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. Figure 2-1 is a Rainfall map showing the approximate geographic boundaries for The peak discharge from a small rural watershed is usual- the four rainfall distributions. If a watershed is near a ly caused by intense rainfall. The intensity of rainfall af- boundary, contact the State Conservation Engineer for a fects the peak discharge more than it does the volume of better definition of actual location. runoff. The melting of accumulated snow in the mountains and northern plains may result in a greater volume of In the intermountain and northern tier of States, the annu- runoff, but usually at a lesser rate than runoff caused by al peak discharge may occur in some years from rainfall rainfall. The melting of a winter's snow accumulation over falling on snow or from rapid snowmelt on frozen or satu- a large area may cause major flooding along rivers. In- rated soils. In this case, special procedures in NEH-4 are tense rainfall that produces high peak discharges in small to be used. watersheds usually does not extend over a large area. Therefore, the same intense rainfall that causes flooding in Hydrologic soil groups a small tributary is not likely to cause major flooding in a Soils have been classified into four hydrologic soil groups main stream that drains 10 to 20 square miles. This chap- as shown in table 2-1. The four groups are defined by ter considers only rainfall-generated runoff and not runoff SCS soil scientists as follows: generated from snowmelt. Group A soils have low runoff potential and high infiltra- J However, to avoid the use of a different set of rainfall in- tion rates even when thoroughly wetted. They consist tensities for each drainage area, a set of synthetic rainfall chiefly of sands and gravels that are deep, well drained distributions having "nested" rainfall intensities was deve- to excessively drained, and have a high rate of water loped. This set maximizes the rainfall intensities by includ- transmission (greater than 0.30 inlhr). ing selected short-duration intensities with those needed for longer duration. Group B soils have moderate infiltration rates when thoroughly wetted and consist chiefly of soils that are For the size of the watershed for which SCS typically pro- moderately deep to deep, moderately well drained to vides assistance, a storm duration of 24 hours was chosen well drained, and have moderately fine to moderately for the synthetic distributions. The 24-hour storm, while coarse textures. These soils have a moderate rate of longer than that needed to determine peak discharges, is water transmission (0.15 to 0.30
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