February 2015
Nanotechnology and Display Applications
Dr. Zvi Yaniv Applied Nanotech, Inc. 3006 Longhorn Blvd., Suite 107 Austin, TX 78758 Phone: 512 339 5020 ext. 103 Email: [email protected] ogy! ustry
2 LC alignment layers alignment LC PDLC PSCT crystal liquid in nanoparticles Metal Nanochromics Electrophoretic polalizers Discotic Quantum confinementpropertiesnanoparticles Quantum and of lasers and LEDs nanocrystals Si crystals Photonic The relation between nanotechnology and display ind displaybetweenrelationThe nanotechnology and dots colorful Thequantum of world always industry nanotechnolused modernThedisplay Outline 3 CNT FEDs CNT HyFED FEDs nanowires Metalic FEDs? crystal liquid Discotic FEDs? mesophase Carbonaceous OLED Gyricon E Ink Cholesteric FEDs TV versus SED CNTFED TV from iMoD Quallcomm displays? Self assembled Conclusions A “flexible”impact revolutionnanotechnologyand 4 Nanotechnology is a new scientific fieldscientific new is a Nanotechnology material−specific from evolving when elements present of peculiarities (one nanometric become their sizes millionth the to corresponds nanometer millimeter). one of part Nanotechnology definition(original) Nanotechnology 5 Nanotechnology describes the creation and and creation the describes Nanotechnology and devices materials, functional of utilization that properties and functions withnovel systems material on or geometrical on either based are nanostructure. of peculiarities specific Alternative nanotechnology definition (1) definition nanotechnology Alternative 6 Nanotechnology is the scientific field field scientific is the Nanotechnology of mastery the encompassing manipulating and understanding and matter molecular and atomic the for prerequisite as interactions and products existing of optimization ones. new of creation the Alternative nanotechnology definition (2) definition nanotechnology Alternative ss traditional disciplines traditional ss material that can form material can form that ) sics to Chemistry and Chemistry to sics additives is embly of nanostructures of embly s ands manufacturing lines
7 nanotechnology will… nanotechnology The vast interdisciplinary nature of of nature interdisciplinary vast The and think out of the box the of and out think and organic inorganic for scaffolding of a template Improve characterization and imaging (visualization and imaging characterization Improve analys chemical/biological of capabilities Increase nanostructures of manipulation Facilitate and modeling theory Enhance interfaces and surfaces of role the Reveal and self ass composition distribution, size Control stability and structural thermal of concerns Solve acro work can researchers that of type a new Create from Phy all of disciplines congregation the Induce matter) organic life self−assembled (even Generate Biology to essentially all other engineering discip engineering all essentially other to Biology Achieve reproducibility and scalability in synthesi in and scalability reproducibility Achieve ual ual ew
efined efined
8 elements. nanoelementsnecessary.are pre d with lighter, (stronger, materials artificial New techniquesmustNew be discovered to organize, individ thesenanoscale manipulate and characterize theseof principles into Insights self−organization with architectures newImplementation nanoscale of functions. macroscopic and microscopic of the unification catalyze will Nanotechnology processesfrom livingworlds.to the non living the materials’ revolutionizing is Nanotechnology createto n offersthe and capability understanding optical and electronic properties, etc.). electronic and optical What is needed to succeed?.. Creativity! succeed?.. to neededis What 9 Ultra−thin layers Ultra−thin structures up Bottom preparation surface Ultra−precise molecular and nanomaterials of Integration structures convergence biotechnology and Nanotechnology Top down nanostructures down Top nanostructures for Analytical instrumentation • • • • • • • The building blocks of nanotechnology of buildingblocks The 10 Nanotechnology is the “perfect “perfect is the Nanotechnology storm” scientific all where place a in and congregate sciences natural nanoscale. at the other each intersect and creative a is Nanotechnology technology. transformational Alternative nanotechnology definition (3) definition nanotechnology Alternative 11 Medicine/biology Chemistry New materials integrated New nanoelectronic technology current microelectronics with displays and Optics security and Defense Applied research commercialization Applied Nanotechnology opportunities Nanotechnology 12 presentation Lynch Merrill from Basic nanocrystal QD architecture QD nanocrystal Basic 13 presentation Lynch Merrill from Bulk semiconductor Bulk 14 presentation Lynch Merrill from Why nanocrystals? nanocrystals? Why confinement! Quantum 15 presentation Lynch Merrill from Quantum confinement Quantum 16 CdSe quantum dots quantum CdSe 17 Visible Light Visible Light UV Si nanocrystals (quantum dots) produced produced dots) (quantum nanocrystals Si ANI by 18 Si nanocrystals photoluminescence nanocrystals Si Heisenberg principle works!
Illustration of how energy levels of a metal change when the number of atoms of the material is reduced: (a) valence band of bulk metal, (b) large metal cluster if 100 atoms showing opening of a band gap; (c) small metal cluster containing three atoms. Metalic clusters behave as “super atoms”
(a) A plot of the ionization energy of single atoms versus the atomic number. (b) (b) plot of the ionization energy of sodium nanoparticles versus the number of atoms in the cluster. [A. Herman et al., J. Chem. Phys. 80, 1780 (1984).] 8). n of n of
21 C.L. Pattiete et. Al., J. Chem. Phys. 88, 88, 5377 Phys. et.Al., (198 Chem. J. Pattiete C.L. copper nanoparticles having and 20 atoms. 40 nanoparticles copper UV photoelectron spectrum in the valence band regio valence the in spectrum photoelectron UV Properties of a cluster depend on the the dependon cluster a of Properties atoms of number 5). es versus the versus es
22 Number of Atoms R.L. Whetten et et Rev. al., Whetten Phys. R.L. Lett. 54, 1494 (198 0 5 10 15 20 25
5 4 3 2 1 0 Log of Relative Reactivity Relative of Log Reaction rate rate of gas with hydrogen nanoparticl Reaction iron size. particle Chemical reactions depend on a number number a on depend reactions Chemical cluster the in atoms of ace ace
23 O.A. Yeshchenko, et al, O.A. Yeshchenko, al, et arXiv:cond mat/0701276v1 2007 12 Jan melting diameter. onofmelting coppertheir nanoparticles Dependencies of oftemperature and melting the surf Dependencies Size dependent melting of Cu nanoparticles Cu of melting dependent Size Near IR and visible LEDs fabricated from Si nanocrystals
Si nanocrystals by laser ablation
Separation technique by differential mobility in a viscous fluid
T. Yoshida, N. Suzuki, T. Makino, Y. Yamada Matsushita, Japan resolution bright field (right) bright field (right) resolution monodispersed Si nanocrystallites diameters TEM TEM images of deposited a) field and (left) Dark high b) Histogram particle of
25 Solid State Technology, APR. 2002, pg. 41 pg. 2002, APR. Technology, State Solid Monodispersed Si nanocrystals Si Monodispersed Characteristics of Si nanocrystal LEDs
Integrated emission intensity as a Light emission spectra of LEDs at room function of forward injection current temperature from: a) the clean sequential process without exposure to air after Si nanocrystallite deposition and b) with exposure to air and thermal oxidation before In2O3 deposition. Dissipation power = 84mW Solid State Technology, APR. 2002, pg. 41 Microscopic lasers of Si nanoparticles
In aggregates Si nanoparticles lased in response to a green mercury lamp
In 6 µm aggregates Si nanocrystals can stimulate each other until a higher energy state is achieved resulting in laser action (blue and red lasers were demonstrated).
University of Illinois, EE Times, March 4, 2002, pg. 61 for a one κ
28 Curve of E plotted Curve energy wavevector versus dimensional line of atoms. line dimensional Macrocrystals with photonic gap photonic with Macrocrystals g long gcylinders of long
29 dielectric materials in a square lattice array. a lattice in square materials dielectric A two dimensional crystalphotonic made by arrangin Photonic crystals Photonic ttice of a ttice photonic which crystal, . .
30 J. D. Joannapolous, Nature 386, 143 (1970) 143 386, Nature Joannapolous, J.D. Guided modes in photonic crystals photonic in modes Guided Effect Effect of removing row of one rods from a la square introduces a (guided level a mode) gapin forbidden introduces The LC nematic phase and molecular alignment
Molecules are arranged in a When flowing on a finely Molecules line up parallel loosely ordered fashion with grooved surface (alignment along the grooves. their long axes parallel. layer) After V.G. Chigrinov V.G. After
32 Different types of nematic liquid crystal liquidcrystal nematic of types Different orientation , Tokyo
etal University,Japan AfterS. Kobayashi,
33 The roleThe of the molecular shapeof determining the surfacemolecular undulations Influence of PI molecular shape PI molecular of Influence After Wu and Yang and Wu After
34 SEM Photograph of of Photograph SEM network polymer the reverse PSCT in light shutter. mode PSCT d cholesteric d cholesteric After Wu and Yang and Wu After
35 Schematic diagram the how showing polymer stabilizeSchematic texture normal modetexture works. shutter light PSCT After V.G. Chigrinov V.G. After
36 Switching between between Switching cholesteric three PSCT in textures configuration. PSCTD Ube Industries, Ltd. Industries, Ube
37 Metal nanoparticle doped liquidcrystal doped nanoparticle Metal Ube Industries, Ltd. Industries, Ube
38 LCD response time and CR improved at 15°C at improved and CR time LCD response Metal nanoparticle dopped liquid dopped crystal nanoparticle Metal he he
39 paper quality display display quality paper TM Smart windows (first products entering market) entering (first products windows Smart are consumption power and switchingSlow speed issues listed as Anti glare rear view mirrors (for over 10 years) 10 over (for mirrors view rear Anti glare Electrochromic materials change their color under t under their color change materials Electrochromic electricity of influence applications of commercial areas Current market on currently not displays Electrochromic NanoChromics technology Li Based EC Device (Sage Glass)
• Based on reversible lithium insertion into EC layer, e.g.:
+ - WO 3 + x Li + xe Li xWO 3 clear blue • State of coloration determined by x • Lithium stored in CE in clear state
TC - transparent conductor - provides conductive path for electrons CE - counter electrode - stores Li ions IC - allows conduction of Li + ions & prevents conduction of electrons EC - electrochromic electrode play: After Wu and Yang and Wu After
41 (a) black state, (b) bright state. bright (b) state, black (a) Device structure of an in-plane electrophoretic dis electrophoretic in-plane an of structure Device Electrophoretic display Electrophoretic 42 E Ink hE-vector h h transmits to to the direction
43 Schematic drawingof an O-type sheet polarizer whic polarizationcomponent with E-vectorperpendicular of alignment of and absorbspolarization component wit parallelto the directionsof alignment. O type sheet polarizers sheet O type -vector h h transmits edirection of
44 polarizationcomponent with E-vectorparallel to th alignmentand absorbspolarization component withE perpendicular the to directionof alignment. Schematic drawingof an E-type sheet polarizer whic E type sheet polarizers sheet E type rastratio herange atiofor
45 N600 OPTIVA polarizer. The dashed curve is the cont forthe conventional (O-type) polarizer. (-80º,80°). The continuous curveis the contrast r The contrastThe ratiodependence of viewing angle in t The contrast ratio dependence ratio contrast The 46 Why CNTs? Why • capacity, carrying high current The length conductivity, huge thermal and resistance independent metallic of stability mechanical applications for suggests nanotubes interconnects; microelectronic • band gap large of The reasonably nanotubes single walled narrow and transistors nanoscale suggests diodes; • at radius curvature of small The low suggests nanotubes of tips the for devices field emission voltage displays. flat panel CNTs for FEDs for CNTs 47 Large area color TVs color area Large electronic area large resolution Medium billboards LCDs for Backlights thin filmtechnology thin The top three markets for carbon nanotube nanotube carbon for markets three top The 48 Datafrom Sato F. and M. Seki, IDW ’01, p.1153 screen display screen Target for ultra high definition and wide wide and definition ultra high for Target Digital Billboard Digital
49 Pixel Size (mm) Pixel 40" Diag. Wall TV 40" Diag. Wall Fullcolor 80dpi 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
1.00E+07 1.00E+06 1.00E+05 1.00E+04 1.00E+03 1.00E+02 Emission Site Density (/cm^2) Density Site Emission Emission site density required for for required density site Emission size pixel the of function a as applications 50 The FED PET and VFD PET (right) PET VFD and PET FED The 51 SID 1997 SID 2 52 “The field emission display field“The emission display one(FED) is the of promising most devices this for from viewpoints luminance, energytime, of response efficiency, etc.” Sato and (F. M. Seki, IDW’01) NHK, cd/m ~ 1000 Luminance ~ 15 (Lm/W) efficiency Luminance flat screen HDTV. flat Target market 60” 80” is home use for display Large screen home FEDs Large Glass Cathode Glass Black Black Matrix Anode Anode Electrons Grid Light Insulating Grid Grid Insulating Layer Spacer Phosphor
53 Conducting Conducting Feedlines Cross section Cross section of display structure SWNT Annealed trate ) 2 SWNT
Cs-SWNT Annealed 54 Electric(V/micron) field Annealingconditions (470ºC N in Cs-SWNT Fieldemission from Cs-treated printed SWNT on subs 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 5 0
35 30 25 20 15 10
Cs treatment lowers driving voltage driving lowers treatment Cs Emission current (mA) current Emission 10wt.%CNTs 100wt.%CNTs 90wt.%CNTs 75wt.%CNTs
25wt.%CNTs 55 50wt.%CNTs Electric field (V/micron) field Electric 10wt.% CNTs 10wt.% CNTs 25wt.% CNTs 50wt.% CNTs 90wt.% CNTs 75wt.% CNTs 100wt.% 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
5 0
30 25 20 15 10 Emission current (mA) current Emission Field emission I V of composites of various various of composites of I V emission Field CNT nanoparticles of concentrations 56 ANI’s 25” ANI’s TV CNT color TM HyFED L/N . . . . . 1 2 N
57 FED FED vs. HyFED™ FED Demonstration of HyFED TM
Two beams (left), each scanning 6x8 pixels at a resolution of 250 dots/inch (right). Summer, 1998 59 Massachusetts,USA. Electrochemical Deposition Electrochemical M.Tuominen T. and Russell. T.P. University of Creation of ordered nanocylinders cavities cavities nanocylinders ordered of Creation film 60 Organized metal cylinders in a polymeric polymeric a in cylinders metal Organized matrix , 101 101 , (1981) 68
exa(octylyloxybenzoate 61 Brown University , Providence, RI Providence, , University Brown Chemist’s view Chemist’s Courtesy of Dr. Gregory Crawford, Gregory Dr. of Courtesy Molecular Crystal Liquid Molecular Crystal n Physicist ‘s view ‘s Physicist Discotic liquid crystal liquid Discotic ~ –4 nm 5 Nematic Director Nematic N. H. N. H. Tinh, Gasparoux,C. Destrade, HABT8 (EM Industries) (EM HABT8 2,3,6,7,10,11, - triphenyleneh , 101 (1981) , 101 68 Isotropic
62 n Molecular Crystal Liquid Crystal Liquid Crystal Molecular C C I o Temperature Nematic Discotic Nematic 244 D C C N o C C Dr 169 Discotic liquid crystal liquid Discotic o Rectangular K K 152 N. H. Tinh, H. Gasparoux, C. Destrade, Destrade, C. Gasparoux, Tinh, H. H. N. cross section cross section cross
63 micelle reverse reverse micelle Lyotropic Liquid crystals (membranes) crystals Liquid Top-Surface Cross-Section Brown University , Providence, RI Providence, , University Brown Courtesy of Dr. Gregory Crawford, Gregory Dr. of Courtesy 64 3 O (1992) 2 200 nm 200 m µ 60 60
J. Chem. Phys Chem. J. 3 O 2 Al Templates Al Templates Porosity ~40% Porosity Available Commercially Crawford, et al., et Crawford, C) R=100 nm R=100 o C (700 C Pitch (or LLC) (or Pitch o
65 RI Providence, , University Brown Courtesy of Dr. Gregory Crawford, Gregory Dr. of Courtesy m µ ) Carbon Cylinders/Posts/Tubes Carbon NI Stabilize LC phase, covalent covalent phase, LC Stabilize carbonize Capture, 60 60 Hot Plate 300 Plate Hot 2 4 Stabilize Nematic Phase (T>T 3 O 2 Al NaOH Templates processing Templates NaOH Etch NaOH Capillary Fill Capillary glass substrate glass Pitch Pitch (LLC) 1 3 t, t,
66 , Jochen Brill, Norbert Norbert Brill, Jochen , Chair of Display Technology, University of Stuttgar of University Display Technology, of Chair Yaniv Zvi Novak, P. James Germany Fruehauf Applied Nanotech Inc., Austin, TX 78758 USA 78758 TX Inc., Austin, Nanotech Applied Axel Schindler Axel Solution deposited carbon nanotube layers nanotube carbon Solution deposited flexibleapplications display for solvent Organic Substrate SWNT suspension
67 gate dielectric by dielectric gate 3 O 2 snow jet Device fabrication Device E beam evaporation and Lift off and evaporation E beam 2 anodic oxidation anodic Glass substrate with patterned Al Al patterned with substrate Glass gate Al of Formation 3 amino propyl triethoxy of SAM promoter adhesion as silane plus suspension SWNT coating Spin solvent organic surfactant residual remove to Rinse S/D Titatium or Palladium Forming contacts with CNTs unnecessary of Removal CO of of
68 R.L. Fink, et al, Fink, et 2007 Display R.L. Asia electrodes that supplies an electron current. an electron supplies that electrodes Structure of SED.pair a Structure has unique sub pixel Each SED TV structure TV SED Courtesy of Jeff Sampsell, Quallcomm Sampsell, Jeff of Courtesy 69 Color without filters? without Color Courtesy of Jeff Sampsell, Quallcomm Sampsell, Jeff of Courtesy 70 Etalons Courtesy of Jeff Sampsell, Quallcomm Sampsell, Jeff of Courtesy 71 Microsecond response Microsecond operation (<10V) voltage Low structure film PVDthin CVD) (or Simple, Interferometric modulator operation modulator Interferometric iMoD concept iMoD iMoD technology advantage
Modulator, color control and memory in one structure
Simpler than TFT LCD
No transistors
No organic material
No color filters
No polarizers 73 ? Future
74 Brown University , Providence, RI Providence, , University Brown Courtesy of Dr. Gregory Crawford, Gregory Dr. of Courtesy
LCD Transformation
CRT impact A “flexible” A nanotechnology and revolution ~ 100 years old ~ 25 years old old ~years 25 old years ~ 100 75 What is the definition of a flexible flat panel panel flat flexible a of definition the is What enable? FFPDs will applications What FFPDs? for issues the are What in the FFPDs have will we believes Who display? years? 5 years? 3 next Flexible flat paneldisplays Flexible flat (2003)] 19 ke defining ke
76
Information Display Information Everyone has a different opinion a different has Everyone There are believers non believers and believers are There Flexible flat paneldisplays Flexible flat It is also a bit like religion – like bit religion It is also a politics like bit It is also a “Defining a flexible flat panel display is a bit li displaybit is a panel flat flexible a “Defining modern art”modern [Slikkerveer, 77 Flexible glass or plastic or glass Flexible films Multi-layer ITO or polymer Conducting retarders Polarizers, OLED Gyricon, EP, LC, inorganic Organic, Sheet Roll-to-Roll, Flexible Substrates Flexible Barrier Layers Barrier Layers Conducting Components Other Materials Electro-Optic Matrix Active Manufacturing Technology convergence Technology 78 Flat, thin, lightweight, and robust displays robust and lightweight, thin, Flat, displays conformed or Curved displays Flexible displays Rollable displays Wearable displays shaped Irregular Foldable displays Foldable (use plastic substrates for these features) these for substrates plastic (use bent) or curved (permanently life) throughout flexing casual or (continuous use) in not when away (roll example) for clothing (in example) for shapes odd and (circular (fold away when not in use) in not when away (fold Flexible display Flexibledesigns display Brown University , Providence, RI Providence, , University Brown Courtesy of Dr. Gregory Crawford, Gregory Dr. of Courtesy
79 Rollable Display Rollable • rolling/unrolling Continuous • time over can arise Issues • Fatigue Display Applications • degradation process after Little/no • processing during arise Issues • time over Delaminating Permanently Conformed Permanently 80 methods, a lot of activity) of lota methods, fabric) Essential technologies Essential • glass) and (plastic Substrates • water) and out oxygen (keep layers Barrier • inorganic) and (organic Conductors • liftoff inorganic, (organic, matrix Active • gyricon, electrophoretics, OLED, (LCD, Materials •sheet wise) (Roll to roll or Manufacturing ultra thin glass thin ultra Polymer coated Polymer with polymers with Brown University , Providence, RI Providence, , University Brown Courtesy of Dr. Gregory Crawford, Gregory Dr. of Courtesy 81 X X ert Hildebrand ert X X X X X Polymer foils Thin glass Thin foils Polymer Flexible glass Chemical resistance Chemical Flexibility Standard manufacturing Water permeation Water permeation Oxygen Stability Mechanical Thermal stability Thermal Chemical resistance Chemical Flexibility Standard manufacturing Water permeation Water permeation Oxygen Stability Mechanical Thermal stability Thermal Make glass behave like plastic (Schott, plastic NSG) like –behave Make glass coat Thin glass can go down can glass Thin to 30 mmthickness in Presented at USDC Flexible Conference (2003), Norb (2003), Conference Flexible USDC at Presented /H /H Ω Ω Strain >10% Transmission < 85% Strain < 2 % Transmission > 90 % Sheet Resistance Sheet 800 Sheet Resistance Sheet 50
82 Organic Inorganic m : Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) Indium Tin Oxide : 7 m 10 4 ≡ 10 ≡ : Conducting Polymer Conducting : Conductor technology Conductor Conducting Layer Conducting nm 100 ~ Future •……. but performance, Poor •flexible robust, very crack, not Does Polyester Substrate Polyester Today’s Solution Today’s •……. but properties, Great •compression) (tension, strain under Cracks ~ 100 m m 100 ~ 83 , 27 29 (2002). 27 29 , 02). XXXIII by Sheridon, Amundson, Doane, Doane, Amundson, by Sheridon, (Taylor & Francis, 1996), editor Crawford editor 1996), Francis, & (Taylor , 1004 1007 (2002). 1004 1007 , , 64 69 (2004). 64 69 , , 1131 1134 (1999). 1131 1134 , 290 , , XXXIII , 235 238 (1999). 235 238 , , October, 40 46 (2000). (2000). 40 46 October, , XXIX
SID Digest of Technical Papers of Technical Digest SID , 141 144 (1999). 141 144 , 7 Flexible Flat Panel Displays Panel Flat Flexible Digest SID
SID Digest SID IDW Proc.IDW 99
IEEE Spectrum IEEE SID J. Scientific American Scientific Flexible flat paneldisplays Flexible flat • Diodes (OLED) Emitting Light Organic •Technology Emissive • Gyricon • Electrophoretic • Crystal Liquid Cholesteric • Displays Paintable Crystal Liquid • Crystals Dispersed Liquid Polymer Broer, Crawford, and Hildner. and Crawford, Broer, Howard, Sheridan, Sheridan, Penterman, et al., SID Digest XXXIII, 1020 1023 (20 1020 1023 XXXIII, Digest SID al., et Penterman, al., et Gorkhali, Crawford, Crawford, Slikkerveer, et al., et Slikkerveer, See Chapters in in Chapters See Drzaic, et al., et al., Drzaic, West, et al., al., et West, Geometries Complex in Crystals Liquid HOMO HOMO , , 64 69 (2004). 290 , , LUMO ITO/Polymer/Metal
LUMO ITO/ HTL/ EML/ ETL /Metal ETL EML/ HTL/ ITO/
Energy Level Energy Energy Level Energy 84
Scientific American Scientific See Howard, See Cathode ETL EML HTL Metal Metal OLED ITOAnode hv Organic light emitting diodes emitting light Organic Vapor Deposited Molecule Deposited Vapor conductor conductor plastic balls
85 bichromal Gyricon technology Gyricon Developed at Xerox PARC Xerox Developed at (photo courtesy ofNick Sheridon) Dr. Black on white on Black Color Possible 5 10:1 Contrast 25 30 % Reflectance < 100 volts memory,Bistable thresholdless conductor + + + + + + + + plastic + + white white pigments black black pigments
86 Electrophoretic technology Electrophoretic Black on white on Black Color possible >10:1 Contrast 40 % Reflectance < 20 volts memory,Bistable thresholdless Developed at e Ink at Developed Karl Dr. of courtesy (photo Amundson) 87 Courtesy of Dr. H. Jacht, Philips Philips Jacht, H. of Dr. Courtesy Reflective E Ink electrophoretic E Ink Reflective smart card glass Plastic or Plastic conductor R G B
88 CLC
Kent Kent Displays Cholesteric technology Cholesteric Reflectance 25 30 % Reflectance < 35 volts memory,Bistable threshold Color Color Monochrome Color Demonstrated Contrast Contrast 50:1 Developed at Developed at Bill Dr. Doane) of courtesy (photo Reflective cholesteric electronic book Presented at Symposium (Shiyanovskaya, et al.)
Coated cholesteric LC displays by Kent Displays Courtesy of Dr. A. Khan, Kent Displays, 2005 Lower Processing Temperatures (stamping/printing)TFTs) (organic
90 Brown University , Providence, RI Providence, , University Brown Courtesy of Dr. Gregory Crawford, Gregory Dr. of Courtesy Thought Schools of of Schools Transfer Process Transfer PCO, PAR, PI
e.g. TFTs on plastic on TFTs Self Assembly Self Raise Process Raise (inorganic TFTs) (inorganic Temperature of plastic ofTemperature plastic Brown University , Providence, RI Providence, , University Brown Courtesy of Dr. Gregory Crawford, Gregory Dr. of Courtesy 91 ): Street, USDC 2005 ): Street,
PARC Printing TFTs Printing Courtesy Raj Apte ( Courtesy of Crawford, Editor , , Chapter et23, Asano al Brown University , Providence, RI Providence, , University Brown Courtesy of Dr. Gregory Crawford, Gregory Dr. of Courtesy 92 Sony
Flexible Flat Displays Panel Flat Flexible (John Wiley & Ltd.,Sons, Wiley 2005,G. P. (John Chichester), Adapted from LTPS TFT LCD TFT LTPS ut functional ut ve matrix, matrix, ve Today’s Today’s igher cost igher ays in in ays
93 At time of market entry, flex entry, market of time At Not right now??? right Not At time of market entry, flex displays would displays flex entry, market of time At Market opportunity Market display would have to compete with full acti color, full with compete to have would display etc. consumption, power resolution, high Market: Driven Cost Performance driven market: driven Performance displays (e.g. STN displays can be really cheap). cheap). really be can displays STN (e.g. displays h times 2 at displays flex put estimates optimistic have to be less expensive than small, low quality b quality low small, than expensive less be to have Can flexible (plastic) displays replace glass displ glass replace displays (plastic) flexible Can conventional display applications? display conventional 94 , Science, Vol. 296, May 3, 2002. May Vol.3, 296, Science, ,
et al et Angela M. Belcher, M. Angela Using phagocyte bacteria phagocyte Using for moiety with recognition Bacteria specific surfaces crystalline biomultiplication through process Self ordering were obtained phases Lyotropic Liquid crystalline phases of genetically genetically of phases crystalline Liquid viruses engineered Schematic diagramof the processused togenerate nanocrystalalignment bythe phagedisplay method.
95 andMIT Angela Belchergroup, The University of Texas Liquid crystal order self assembly order crystal Liquid Characterization of the liquid crystalline suspension of A7 phage –ZnS nanocrystals (A7 ZnS) and cast film
(C) The characteristic fingerprint texture of the cholesteric phase of an A7- ZnS suspension (76 mg/ml). ir ir
97 Self assemble Recognize ways specific in Bind polymers complex Form How can we learn and apply the same techniques? same apply the can we and learn How functions must: functions The molecules in our bodies in order to perform the perform to order in bodies our in The molecules DNA electronics DNA n, Science, Science, n,
98 K. Keren, R. Berman, E. Buchstab, U. Sivan, E. Sivan, E. U. Buchstab, R. Brau Berman, Keren, K. Vol. 302,Vol. November 21, 2003, 1380. DNA templated carbon nanotube FET nanotube carbon DNA templated Nanolithography today! Nanolithography 99 Constantly revising (processes, products,…) (processes, revising Constantly products,…) (process, enhancing Constantly culture,…) (society, interacting Constantly products,…) (processes, inventing Constantly society,…) (economy, influencing Constantly fields,…) (regions, changing Constantly interdisciplinary vastly Constantly Display industry & nanotechnology are are nanotechnology & industry Display multidimensional