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La Saga De Ce Ácatl Topiltzin Quetzalcóatl
SECCIÓN GENERAL RELACIONES 95, VERANO 2003, VOL. XXIV Ce Ácatl Topiltzin Quetzalcóatl ha sido objeto de interpretaciones ex- travagantes y confusas. En el presente trabajo se estudian primero las fuentes históricas que hablan del personaje histórico descrito como el fundador y gobernador de Tula (lo que podría llamarse la “Saga de Topiltzin Quetzalcóatl”), para distinguirlo del protagonista presenta- do como el causante de la destrucción y el abandono de Tula (el “Ci- clo de Huémac”). (Topiltzin Quetzalcóatl, Huémac, Tula: fundación, auge y caída, Chi- chén Itzá y Kukulcán) A SAGA DE CE ÁCATL TOPILTZIN QUETZALCÓATL L Enrique Florescano* CONACULTA The documents [relacionados con el relato de Topiltzin Quetzalcóatl de Tula], taken together, constitute a rich, fascinating, confused, and contradictory corpus, a remarkable mélange of intricately blended, historical, legendary, and mythological elements. Nicholson 2001, 247. Ce Ácatl Topiltzin Quetzalcóatl, el legendario rey y sacerdote de Tula es el personaje más citado por las fuentes que narran la historia de este reino y su trágica destrucción en el siglo XIII. Ningún otro individuo del mundo prehispánico alcanzó esa fama, ni su memoria fue recogida por tantos cantares, leyendas y monumentos, ni su recuerdo se propagó por tan diversas regiones de Mesoamérica. Pero también es verdad, como lo advirtió hace tiempo Henry Nicholson,1 que esos testimonios mezclan * [email protected] 1 Nicholson, 2001. Este libro, conocido en forma de tesis desde 1957, es la mejor obra sobre las fuentes que construyeron la figura y el mito del Topiltzin Quetzalcóatl de Tula. Se trata de una verdadera enciclopedia, donde el lector puede encontrar todas las refe- rencias y temas sobre este personaje recogidos en las fuentes de los siglos XVI al XVIII. -
Ce Acatl Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl and His Position in the Succession of Toltec Rulers: an Interpretation Through Colhua History
Ce Acatl Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl y su lugar en la sucesión de gobernantes toltecas. Una interpretación a través de la historia colhua Ce Acatl Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl and his Position in the Succession of Toltec Rulers: An Interpretation through Colhua History ERIK DAMIÁN Doctor en historia por la Universidad Nacional Autónoma REYES MORALES de México. Profesor de la Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales en la misma universidad. Su principal línea de investigación es el pensamiento geopolítico en la nobleza prehispánica. Su última publicación, escrita en coautoría con José Rubén Romero Galván, es “Aztlan, Teocolhuacan, el inicio de una migración y el fin de una triple alianza. Tiempos y lugares” (Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl, 2019). [email protected] RESUMEN Una de las principales discusiones sobre el papel de Ce Acatl Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl en la historia de Mesoamérica se ha centrado en el lugar que éste ocupó en la sucesión de gobernantes de Tula. Paul Kirchhoff y Wigberto Jiménez Moreno iniciaron esta discusión. A partir de entonces, algunos autores sostienen que Ce Acatl fue uno de los primeros tlahtoque de los toltecas; otros, que fue contemporáneo de Huemac y testigo de la caída de Tula. Este artículo ofrece un análisis de la historia de Ce Acatl desde la tradición colhua, a través de la cual es posible establecer que este gobernante se ubicó en la mitad de la línea de sucesión. Además, en el texto se abordan temas como los vínculos familiares de Ce Acatl, el contexto en el que se estableció la primera excan tlahtoloyan y las características del sistema de gobierno entre los toltecas. -
El Oro De Tenochtitlan: La Colección Arqueológica Del Proyecto Templo Mayor Tenochtitlan’S Gold: the Archaeological Collection of the Great Temple Project
El oro de Tenochtitlan: la colección arqueológica del Proyecto Templo Mayor Tenochtitlan’s Gold: the Archaeological Collection of the Great Temple Project LEONARDO LÓPEZ LUJÁN Doctor en arqueología por la Université de Paris X-Nanterre. Profesor-investigador del Museo del Templo Mayor, INAH. Miembro del Proyecto Templo Mayor desde 1980 y su director a partir de 1991. Véase www.mesoweb.com/about/leonardo.html JOSÉ LUIS RUVALCABA SIL Doctor en Ciencias por la Université de Namur. Investigador del Instituto de Física de la UNAM. Director del Laboratorio de Análisis No Destructivo en Arte, Arqueología e Historia (ANDREAH) y del Laboratorio del Acelerador Pelletron. Véase www. fisica.unam.mx/andreah RESUMEN El territorio mexicano no es rico en yacimientos de oro nativo. Dicho fenómeno explica por qué las civilizacio- nes mesoamericanas aprovecharon este metal en cantidades siempre modestas. En este artículo se analiza la totalidad de la colección de oro del Proyecto Templo Mayor a la luz de la información histórica, arqueológica y química, con el fin de ofrecer nuevas ideas sobre su cronología, tecnología, tipología, función, significado, tradición orfebre y “zona geográfica de uso” en el Centro de México durante el Posclásico Tardío. PALABRAS CLAVE Tenochtitlan, recinto sagrado, Templo Mayor, Azcapotzalco, ofrendas, oro, orfebrería ABSTRACT Mexico is a not a country rich in native gold depos- its. This would explain why the precious metal was always used rather sparingly in Mesoamerican civilizations. This article will analyze the entire collection of gold pieces from the Great Temple Project in light of various historical, archaeological, and chemical data, and offer new insights about the chronology, typology, function, meaning, manufac- turing tradition, and “geographical area of use” of gold in Late Postclassic Central Mexico. -
Encounter with the Plumed Serpent
Maarten Jansen and Gabina Aurora Pérez Jiménez ENCOUNTENCOUNTEERR withwith thethe Drama and Power in the Heart of Mesoamerica Preface Encounter WITH THE plumed serpent i Mesoamerican Worlds From the Olmecs to the Danzantes GENERAL EDITORS: DAVÍD CARRASCO AND EDUARDO MATOS MOCTEZUMA The Apotheosis of Janaab’ Pakal: Science, History, and Religion at Classic Maya Palenque, GERARDO ALDANA Commoner Ritual and Ideology in Ancient Mesoamerica, NANCY GONLIN AND JON C. LOHSE, EDITORS Eating Landscape: Aztec and European Occupation of Tlalocan, PHILIP P. ARNOLD Empires of Time: Calendars, Clocks, and Cultures, Revised Edition, ANTHONY AVENI Encounter with the Plumed Serpent: Drama and Power in the Heart of Mesoamerica, MAARTEN JANSEN AND GABINA AURORA PÉREZ JIMÉNEZ In the Realm of Nachan Kan: Postclassic Maya Archaeology at Laguna de On, Belize, MARILYN A. MASSON Life and Death in the Templo Mayor, EDUARDO MATOS MOCTEZUMA The Madrid Codex: New Approaches to Understanding an Ancient Maya Manuscript, GABRIELLE VAIL AND ANTHONY AVENI, EDITORS Mesoamerican Ritual Economy: Archaeological and Ethnological Perspectives, E. CHRISTIAN WELLS AND KARLA L. DAVIS-SALAZAR, EDITORS Mesoamerica’s Classic Heritage: Teotihuacan to the Aztecs, DAVÍD CARRASCO, LINDSAY JONES, AND SCOTT SESSIONS Mockeries and Metamorphoses of an Aztec God: Tezcatlipoca, “Lord of the Smoking Mirror,” GUILHEM OLIVIER, TRANSLATED BY MICHEL BESSON Rabinal Achi: A Fifteenth-Century Maya Dynastic Drama, ALAIN BRETON, EDITOR; TRANSLATED BY TERESA LAVENDER FAGAN AND ROBERT SCHNEIDER Representing Aztec Ritual: Performance, Text, and Image in the Work of Sahagún, ELOISE QUIÑONES KEBER, EDITOR The Social Experience of Childhood in Mesoamerica, TRACI ARDREN AND SCOTT R. HUTSON, EDITORS Stone Houses and Earth Lords: Maya Religion in the Cave Context, KEITH M. -
Aztec Deities
A ztec Z T E C Deities E I T I E S Aztec Z T E C Deities E I T I Figurte 1 “Roland's Friend: 2002” E S Other Works ™ ramblin/rose publications My Father's Room The Four Season's of the Master Myth If Only…A collaboration with Bill Pearlman Mexican Vibrations, Vibraciones Méxicanas Mexican Secrets, Estrangement and Once Again…Alone; with poems by Bill Pearlman Twenty A Magical Number with Tonalphalli: The Count of Fate & Convergence: 2002 CD/DVD: Gods, Land & People of Mexico Con tu permiso: Dioes, Tierra y Gente de México CD/DVD: Work in Progress: The Four Seasons of the Master Myth Books can be downloaded free: www.salazargallery.com www.E-artbooks.com Aztec Z T E C Deities E I T I Figurte 1 “Roland's Friend: 2002” E S Roland Salazar Rose ™ PUBLISHED BY RAMBLIN/ROSE PUBLICATIONS Images Copyright Roland Salazar Rose 2000-2008 All content, identified in this book “Aztec Deities” published 2008, marked by this notice: “1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 & 11” are “from Wikipedia®, the free encyclopedia and are considered “copyleft”; therefore the following copyright notice applies to each and every page of written text so identified by “1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10&11”. “Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. -
Quetzalcoatl and the Irony of Empire : Myths and Prophecies in the Aztec Tradition / Davíd Carrasco ; with a New Preface.—Rev
Quetzalcoatl and the Irony of Empire Quetzalcoatl and the Irony of Empire Myths and Prophecies in the Aztec Tradition Revised Edition David Carrasco ~University Press of Colorado Copyright © 2000 by the University Press of Colorado International Standard Book Number 0-87081-558-X Published by the University Press of Colorado 5589 Arapahoe Avenue, Suite 206C Boulder, Colorado 80303 Previously published by the University of Chicago Press All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. The University Press of Colorado is a cooperative publishing enterprise supported, in part, by Adams State College, Colorado State University, Fort Lewis College, Mesa State College, Metropolitan State College of Denver, University of Colorado, University of Northern Colorado, University of Southern Colorado, and Western State College of Colorado. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials. ANSI Z39.48-1992 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Carrasco, Davíd. Quetzalcoatl and the irony of empire : myths and prophecies in the Aztec tradition / Davíd Carrasco ; with a new preface.—Rev. ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-87081-558-X (alk. paper) 1. Aztec mythology. 2. Aztecs—Urban residence. 3. Quetzalcoatl (Aztec deity) 4. Sacred space—Mexico. I. Title. F1219.76.R45.C37 2000 299'.78452—dc21 00-048008 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To my mythic figures -
The Devil and the Skirt an Iconographic Inquiry Into the Prehispanic Nature of the Tzitzimime
THE DEVIL AND THE SKIRT AN ICONOGRAPHIC INQUIRY INTO THE PREHISPANIC NATURE OF THE TZITZIMIME CECELIA F. KLEIN U.C.L.A. INTRODUCTION On folio 76r of the colonial Central Mexican painted manuscript Codex Magliabechiano, a large, round-eyed figure with disheveled black hair and skeletal head and limbs stares menacingly at the viewer (Fig. 1a). 1 Turned to face us, the image appears ready to burst from the cramped confines of its pictorial space, as if to reach out and grasp us with its sharp talons. Stunned by its gaping mouth and its protruding tongue in the form of an ancient Aztec sacrificial knife, viewers today may re- coil from the implication that the creature wants to eat them. This im- pression is confirmed by the cognate image on folio 46r of Codex Tudela (Fig. 1b). In the less artful Tudela version, it is blood rather than a stone knife that issues from the frightening figures mouth. The blood pours onto the ground in front of the figures outspread legs, where a snake dangles in the Magliabecchiano image. Whereas the Maglia- bechiano figure wears human hands in its ears, the ears of the Tudela figure have been adorned with bloody cloths. In both manuscripts, long assumed to present us with a window to the prehispanic past, a crest of paper banners embedded in the creatures unruly hair, together with a 1 This paper, which is dedicated to my friend and colleague Doris Heyden, evolved out of a talk presented at the 1993 symposium on Goddesses of the Western Hemisphere: Women and Power which was held at the M.H. -
Fighting with Femininity Gender and War in Aztec Mexico
FIGHTING WITH FEMININITY: GENDER AND WAR IN AZTEC MEXICO CECELlA F. KLEIN Aeeording to a historical manuseript written around 1580 by the Domi niean friar Diego Durán, a fifteenth eentury ruler of Tlatelolco had ernployed a memorable strategy after being vigorously attaeked by Te noehtitlan, the Aztee capital now buried beneath Mexieo City (Durán 1967, 2: 263).1 The TIate10lcan king responded to his desperate cireums tanees by ordering sorne women and srnall boys to strip naked and attaek the invaders. While the Httle boys threw burning sticks, the wornen approaehed with their prívate parts "shamefully" exposed, sorne slap ping their bellies and genitals, others squeezing their breasts and seatter ing milk on their enernies. Another version of the sarne event adds that the naked women had their heads gaudily feathered and their lips paintrd red, the color of harlots (Tezozómoc 1975: 392).2 According to this author, the aggressive women carned shidds and obsidian bladed clubs while loudly accusing the Aztecs of being cowards. As the obscene cont ingent advanced other women -still dressed- turned around, flung up their skirts, and showed their buttocks to the enemy, whi1e others flung frorn the top oí a pyramid brooms, cane staves, weavíngs, warping frames, spindles and battens. 1 N. B. This paper owes much to many people. Elizabeth Boone, TOn! Cummins, Joan Weinstein, Zena Pearlstone, and Constance Cortez read over or listened to earlier drafts and made many helpful commcnts. KarI Taube, Cecile Whiting, David: Kunzle, Susan Kane, Andrea Stone, Stacy Schaefer, Maria Rodri guez-Shadow, Christopher Couch and Geoffrey and SharÍl;se McCafferty all shared valuable information with me. -
Legend of the Tepozteco: Mesoamerican and Catholic Mythology
LEGEND OF THE TEPOZTECO: MESOAMERICAN AND CATHOLIC MYTHOLOGY Margarita Vargas-Betancourt Stone Center of Latin American Studies Tulane University Prepared for delivery at the 2004 Meeting of the Latin American Studies Association, Las Vegas, Nevada October 7-9, 2004 Tepoztlan, a town located south of Mexico City, under a ridge of mountains known as the Ridge of Tepoztlan, has become a favorite subject of anthropological research. The reason for this is that its history has exemplified the continuity of certain pre-Hispanic traditions and the transformation that the conquest produced in rural communities, as well as the change and resistance that the process of modernization has brought about in modern Mexico (Corona Caraveo, 1999: 15-16). Doubtless, the most renowned studies are Robert Redfield’s Tepoztlan, a Mexican Village (1930), Oscar Lewis’ Life in a Mexican Village: Tepoztlan Restudied (1951) and Tepoztlan, Village in Mexico (1960), and Claudio Lomnitz-Adler’s Evolución de una sociedad rural (1982). These studies are excellent anthropological records of life in Tepoztlan (Tostado Gutiérrez, 1998: 9). However, more than analyzing the myths, they deal with the changes Tepoztlan underwent as modernization and industrialization took place in the country. Philip K. Bock’s “Tepoztlan Reconsidered” (1980) complements these analyses because it explains why the traditional systems have survived in the town. The legends of Tepozteco and the ritual in which he is commemorated are keynotes in the preservation and revitalization of collective memory. The word Tepozteco designates several entities. It refers to Tepoztecatl, the pulque god whose temple is on top of one of the mountains that make up the ridge, but it also denotes the mountain per se, and sometimes it refers to the wind. -
Aztec History QUETZALCOATL
Aztec History QUETZALCOATL Thomas Frederiksen -A STUDENT REFERENCE GUIDE- Copyright Quetzalcoatl - Aztec History A Student Reference Guide CONTACT OG BOOKS MEDIA © OG Books Media - Quetzalcoatl A Student Reference Guide 2014. All rights re- served. Washington State, USA, Ver 1.0. Quotation of passages is allowed for article preparation and review. Text, photos, illustrations, and graphics by the author, © Thomas Frederiksen & OG Books Media 2014. i CHAPTER 1 Forward This study guide is part of a larger work, also by the author and OG Books Me- dia, AZTEC RELIGION. We are presenting the individual chapters that pertain to many of the major deities worshipped by the Mexica, or more modernly re- ferred to as the Aztecs - in these shorter focused formats for quick reference. Of note, the term Aztec was coined by the British during the 1800s. This work at- tempts to stay true to the primary research material of the conquest period. The reference section contained at the end of this book not only contains a standard bibliography for the material presented here, but a broader starting point for a student to explore further - and research into the fascinating area of pre- Columbian religion / culture in the Central Valley of Mexico prior to the con- quest. Nahuatl translations included here are used with more modern spelling than those used for direct translations during the primary codice source material pro- duced during the 1600s. In some way this has standardized the study of the era. A necessary evil. In addition to this work on the Aztec God of Wind, Quetzalcoatl, we also offer other shorter individual works on the deities Tezcatlipoca, Huitzilopochtli, a Na- huatl to English Dictionary, and a codices reference guide. -
The Venus-Rain-Maize Complex in the Mesoamerican World
JHA, xxiv (1993) 1993JHA....24...17S THE VENUS-RAIN-MAIZE COMPLEX IN THE MESOAMERICAN WORLD VIEW: PART I IVAN SPRAJC, Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, Mexico City INTRODUCTION The importance attributed to the planet Venus by the ancient Mesoamericans is well known. Most famous is its malevolent aspect: according to some written sources from the post-Conquest central Mexico, the morning star at its first appearance after inferior conjunction was believed to inflict harm on nature and mankind in a number of ways. Iconographic elements in various codices seem to confirm these reports. Although there is a considerable amount of data of this kind, some recent studies have revealed the inadequacy of the common assumption that the heliacal rise was the most, if not the only, important Venus phenomenon. It has been argued that "in spite of the obvious importance of the first appearance of the Morning Star ... , the Evening Star which disappears into inferior conjunction in the underworld had an equal, if not greater, signifi cance".1 The importance of the evening star and of events other than heliacal risings is also attested in Mayan inscriptions and codices.2 Consequently, the symbolism associated with the planet Venus in Mesoamerica must have been much more complex than is commonly thought. One part of this symbolism was related to rain and maize. 3 The conceptual association of the planet Venus with rain and maize can be designated, following Closs et al., as the Venus-rain-maize complex.4 The object of this study is to present various kinds of evidence to demonstrate the existence of this complex of ideas in Mesoamerica, to describe its forms and particularities associated with distinct aspects of the planet, to follow its development, and to explore its possible observational bases. -
Abhiyoga Jain Gods
A babylonian goddess of the moon A-a mesopotamian sun goddess A’as hittite god of wisdom Aabit egyptian goddess of song Aakuluujjusi inuit creator goddess Aasith egyptian goddess of the hunt Aataentsic iriquois goddess Aatxe basque bull god Ab Kin Xoc mayan god of war Aba Khatun Baikal siberian goddess of the sea Abaangui guarani god Abaasy yakut underworld gods Abandinus romano-celtic god Abarta irish god Abeguwo melansian rain goddess Abellio gallic tree god Abeona roman goddess of passage Abere melanisian goddess of evil Abgal arabian god Abhijit hindu goddess of fortune Abhijnaraja tibetan physician god Abhimukhi buddhist goddess Abhiyoga jain gods Abonba romano-celtic forest goddess Abonsam west african malicious god Abora polynesian supreme god Abowie west african god Abu sumerian vegetation god Abuk dinkan goddess of women and gardens Abundantia roman fertility goddess Anzu mesopotamian god of deep water Ac Yanto mayan god of white men Acacila peruvian weather god Acala buddhist goddess Acan mayan god of wine Acat mayan god of tattoo artists Acaviser etruscan goddess Acca Larentia roman mother goddess Acchupta jain goddess of learning Accasbel irish god of wine Acco greek goddess of evil Achiyalatopa zuni monster god Acolmitztli aztec god of the underworld Acolnahuacatl aztec god of the underworld Adad mesopotamian weather god Adamas gnostic christian creator god Adekagagwaa iroquois god Adeona roman goddess of passage Adhimukticarya buddhist goddess Adhimuktivasita buddhist goddess Adibuddha buddhist god Adidharma buddhist goddess