Despre Rolul Curţii Constituţionale

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Despre Rolul Curţii Constituţionale EDITORIAL Bogdan Dima CRIZE INSTITUŢIONALE PUTEREA Sfera JUDECĂTOREASCĂ Alexandru Radu Vladimir-Florin Niculescu Politicii Lyana Francot Alexei Trochev REVISTĂ DE ŞTIINŢE POLITICE ŞI DE TEORIE POLITICĂ EDITATĂ DE FUNDAŢIA SOCIETATEA CIVILĂ Mădălina Virginia Antonescu 20 DE ANI DE LA CĂDEREA COMUNISMULUI Anca Alexandru Călin Sinescu Iavor Stoyanov Emanuel Copilaş Ştefan Popescu ESEU Stelian Tănase SEMN DE ÎNTREBARE Interviu cu Sir James Mancham ARHIVA SFERA POLITICII • Numărul 141 2009 Lavinia Betea RECENZIE Cosmin Dima SEMNALE Grandville NUMĂRUL 141 Crize instituţionale. ANUL XVII Puterea judecătorească ISSN: 1221-6720 2009 Sfera Politicii este prima revistă EDITORIAL BOARD de ştiinţă şi teorie politică apărută în România, după căderea Călin Anastasiu comunismului. Revista apare fără Daniel Chirot întrerupere din 1992. Dennis Deletant Sfera Politicii a jucat şi joacă un rol important în difuzarea principalelor Anneli Ute Gabanyi teme de ştiinţă şi teorie politică Gail Kligman şi în constituirea şi dezvoltarea unei reflecţii politologice viabile Steven Sampson în peisajul ştiinţific şi cultural din Lavinia Stan România. Vladimir Tismăneanu Sfera Politicii pune la îndemâna cercetătorilor, a oamenilor politici G. M. Tamas şi a publicului, analize, comentarii Katherine Verdery şi studii de specialitate, realizate pe baza paradigmelor teoretice şi metodologice ale ştiinţei şi teoriei DIRECTOR politice actuale. Stelian Tănase Sfera Politicii îşi face o misiune din contribuţia la consolidarea şi dezvoltarea societăţii democratice şi REDACTOR ŞEF de piaţă în România. Dan Pavel SECRETAR GENERAL DE REDACŢIE Sabin Drăgulin REDACŢIE Cecilia Tohăneanu Alexandru Radu Aurora Martin Nicolae Drăguşin Ioana Paverman Camelia Runceanu Revistă editată de: TEHNOREDACTOR Liviu Stoica Fundaţia Societatea Civilă [email protected] [email protected] Apare lunar http://www.sferapoliticii.ro Sfera Politicii NUMĂRUL 141, ANUL XVII, noiembrie 2009 Editorial Conflictele juridice de natură constituţională dintre legislativ, executiv şi puterea judecătorească...................................................................................................3 Bogdan Dima Crize instituţionale – puterea judecătorească Despre rolul Curţii Constituţionale ..................................................................................23 Alexandru Radu Statul de drept, Constituţia şi infrastructura justiţiei .....................................................29 Vladimir-Florin Niculescu Dealing with a double crisis: about the Dutch Supreme Court .....................................42 Lyana Francot Electoral Uncertainty and Judicial Dependence: Evidence from Ukraine .....................48 Alexei Trochev Câteva comentarii juridice asupra tratatului de la Lisabona .........................................57 Mădălina Virginia Antonescu 20 de ani de la căderea comunismului «1989». Documentarul politic românesc şi «construcţia socială a fericirii». Apogeul imaginii partidului unic ....................................................................................68 Anca Alexandru Spaţiul public al comunicării politice ............................................................................... 73 Călin Sinescu Rusofilism şi stângism în Europa de Est. Studiu de caz – Romania şi Bulgaria ............ 80 Iavor Stoyanov Implozia leninismului. O reevaluare a conflictului sino-sovietic din perspectivă ideologică .........................................................................................................................89 Emanuel Copilaş Albania – 17 ani de la comunism .....................................................................................112 Ştefan Popescu Eseu Emil Cioran supravegheat de Securitatea română ........................................................117 Stelian Tănase Semn de întrebare: Sir James Mancham .............................................................122 Aurora Martin Arhiva Arhivele Sfera Politicii - Socialismul îmbogăţeşte cele mai bune realizări ale dezvoltării omenirii. Ultima Sinteză Agerpres citită de Ceauşescu ........................125 Lavinia Betea Recenzie Influenţele situaţionale în transformarea comportamentală a individului. Psihologia răului ............................................................................................................. 139 Cosmin Dima Philip Zimbardo, Efectul Lucifer. De la experimentul concentraţionar Stanford la Abu Ghraib Semnale ........................................................................................................................... 142 Index de autori ............................................................................................................. 143 Editorial Conflictele juridice de natură constituţională dintre legislativ, executiv şi puterea judecătorească BOGDAN DIMA Motto: „We live under a constitution. But the constitution is what the judges say it is.” Charles Evan Hughes I. Rolul constituţional al The present article analyzes a Curţii Constituţionale din new and highly controversial România constitutional provision introduced by the 2003 Constituţia din 1991 a prevăzut constitutional revision process: înfiinţarea unei Curţi Constituţionale al the competence of the cărei rol fundamental era acela de „ga- Constitutional Court (CC) to judge rant al supremaţiei Constituţiei” (art. judicial conflicts of constitutional 142, alin. (1)), spre deosebire de Preşe- nature (JCCN) between Romanian dintele României care „veghează la res- public authorities (article 146, pectarea Constituţiei şi la buna funcţio- letter e Romanian Constitution, nare a autorităţilor publice” (art. 80, republished). Since 2005, when alin. (2)). În perioada interbelică, con- the first judgement was draft trolul constituţionalităţii legilor era asi- until present time, nine decisions gurat de Curtea de casaţie şi justiţie of the CC concerning JCCN were (art. 103, alin. (1) şi (2) Constituţia din published in the Official Journal . 19231). În perioada totalitarismului co- These relevant decisions have munist, verificarea constituţionalităţii built a series of new legilor se făcea direct, de către organul constitutional powers for suprem al puterii de stat, Marea Aduna- Romanian public authorities and re Naţională (art. 24, lit. j2 Constituţia have generated the possibility for din 1952; art. 42, pnct. 15 Constituţia din a new practice of indirect control over the final and irrevocable 1 „(1) Numai Curtea de casaţie în secţiuni- decisions of the Romanian courts unite are dreptul de a judeca constituţi- by the CC. onalitatea legilor şi a declara inaplicabile pe acelea cari sunt contrarii Constituţiunii. Judecata asupra inconstituţionalităţii legi- lor se mărgineşte numai la cazul judecat. (2) Keywords: Curtea de casaţie se va rosti ca şi în trecut Constitutional Court, judicial conflict of asupra conflictelor de atribuţiuni.” 2 În art. 24, lit. j Constituţia din 1952, se constitutional nature, judicial power, stipula că Marea Adunare Naţională are executive power, legislative power, în competenţa directă „controlul general public authorities asupra aplicării Constituţiei”. Sfera Politicii 141 3 19621). După 1989, Adunarea Constituantă din 1990 a adoptat soluţia unui control de constituţionalitate de tip european, kelsenian, şi a instituit prin Titlul V o nouă au- toritate în sistemul instituţional românesc, Curtea Constituţională. Revizuirea Con- stituţiei din 2003 a sporit puterile Curţii Constituţionale, transformând-o într-una dintre cele mai influente instituţii din România. Înainte de a discuta despre noua competenţă a Curţii Constituţionale de a soluţiona conflictele juridice de natură constituţională (vezi punctul II), este nevoie să clarificăm conceptele cheie utilizate în teoria şi practica constituţională (vezi I.1.), pentru ca ulterior să clarificăm compe- tenţa Curţii Constituţionale şi tipul de justiţie constituţională pentru care a optat România după 1989 (vezi I.2.). I. 1. Precizări cu privire la conceptele de constituţie, justiţie constituţională şi control de constituţionalitate O constituţie fixează structura formală a unui stat, specificând puterile şi au- torităţile guvernării centrale, precum şi raporturile dintre aceasta şi celelalte niveluri ale guvernării2. În plus, constituţiile prevăd care sunt drepturile cetăţenilor, fixând prin modul de reglementare limitele impuse guvernării. Rolul principal al constituţiei este să specifice „o hartă a puterii”3. Constituţii- le definesc structura guvernării, articulând modurile de manifestare a puterii şi pro- cedurile de legiferare. Astfel, constituţia este o formă de inginerie politică, care trebuie judecată, ca şi oricare altă construcţie, în funcţie de cât de bine supravieţu- ieşte testului timpului4. Constituţia este aşezământul politic şi juridic fundamental al unui stat5. Ea se si- tuează inevitabil la joncţiunea dreptului cu politica şi nu poate înlătura ambiguitatea raporturilor întreţinute de aceste două universuri de discurs. Discrepanţele care apar între viaţa politică de zi cu zi şi domeniul principiilor teoretice enunţate în constituţie justifică pe deplin afirmaţiile lui Pierre Pactet, conform cărora „regulile constituţionale sunt un lucru, iar practica politică un altul, care poate fi foarte diferit de primul”.6 Din acest motiv, ordinea normativă născută din constituţie trebuie protejată de practicile abuzive ale actorilor politici, sociali, instituţionali sau individuali, în timp ce supremaţia regulilor constituţionale trebuie garantată în cadrul unei demo- craţii
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