The Horse : Its Treatment in Health and Disease, with A
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1 I iR^llTiaciQic i ©DISIASI! mr- -,--« S^TW-^OTWMBIR'WKlBp- JOHNA.SEAVERNS TUFTS UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES I nil I 1 772 Webster Family Library of Veterinary Medicine Cummings School of Veterinary IViedicine at Tufts University 200 Westboro Road iMorth Grafton, MA 01536 THE HORSE ITS TREATMENT IN HEALTH AND DISEASE THE HORSE ITS TREATMENT IN HEALTH AND DISEASE WITH A COMPLETE GUIDE TO BREEDING TRAINING AND MANAGEMENT Edited by m.r.c.v.s. Prof. J. WORTLEY AXE, Ex-President of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons Late Lecturer at the Royal Veterinary College, and at the Agricultural Colleges of Dounton and Wye Chief Veterinary Inspector to tlie Surrey County Council Consulting Veterinary Surgeon to the British Dairy I'armers" Association Author of "The Mare and Koal" "Abortion in Cattle" "Anthrax in Farm Stock" " Examination of Horses as to Soundness" " Glanders, its Spread and Suppression " " Swine Fever" " " Lithotomy or the Removal of Stone from tlie Bladder of the Horse DIVISIONAL VOLUME I LONDON THE GRESHAM PUBLISHING COMPANY 34 SOUTHAMPTON STREET, STRAND 1905 DO PREFACE The object of the editor in preparing this work has been to set out in one compact whole some of the most useful information relating to the horse. The origin and develop- ment of the horse, his varieties, his breeding, training, and management, in health and disease, with other cognate sub- jects, have each in turn been considered. To render the book more intelligible and useful to the reader, each group of diseases is preceded by a brief reference to the anatomy and physiology of the parts therein concerned, and the whole has been written in the simplest possible language consistent with a clear enunciation of the subject. Having regard to the extent and variety of the matter to be dealt with, it was necessary to seek the co-operation of outside help, and I have much pleasure in saying how readily this was accorded by my friends Sir George Brown, C.B., Dr. Fleming, Professor Shave, Mr. Harold Leeney, Mr. Hunting, Mr. Vero Shaw, Mr. Lupton, Mr. Malcolm, and others, and how much I owe them my grateful acknowledgments. The greatest care has been taken in the selection and production of the very large series of illustrations which will be found in this book. Of these many are in colours, em- bracing portraits of prize - winning animals of the leading varieties, and drawings from nature illustrating anatomical and pathological subjects. Of the large number of black-and- \\'hite illustrations many are reproductions fi-om photographs, vi PREFACE many are drawn from original specimens, or reproduced from drawings in the portfolio of the Editor, while some are from the text-books of Chaveau, Kirks, and others. To those who have allowed me the use, or favoured me with portraits, of their animals, I am duly grateful, and my best acknowledgments are due to Captain Nicholas for his kindness in allowing me to present to my readers photograj^hs of the beautiful white horses which are used by His Most Gracious Majesty the King on state occasions. J. WORTLEY AXE. The Wilderness, Pinner. — CONTENTS DIVISIONAL-VOLUME I Section I.—THE EXTERIOR OF THE HORSE rage Divisions and Points of the Horse - - - 3 1. The Head— Supei-ioi- Extremity of the Head—the Poll, the Throat . _ . 4 Inferior Extremity of the Head—the Lips, the Mouth, the Teeth, the Tongue, the Bars, the Palate, the Froenum ----- 5 Anterior Surface of the Head—the Forehead, the Nose, the Nostrils - 8 Lateral Surfaces of the Head — the Ear, the Temple, Supra-orbit, Orbital-arch oi- Eyebrow, the Eye, the Checks - - - 10 Posterior Surface of the Head —Intermaxillary Space, the Chin - - 12 2. Upper Aspect of the Body —Top-line The Neck, the Withers, the Back, the Loins, the Croup, the Point of the Haunch --.-.---- 12 3. Posterior Extremity— The Tail, the Anus, the Perineum 15 4. Anterior Extremity— The Breast 16 5. The Lateral and Inferior Region — The Brisket, the Chest, the Abdomen, the Flank, the C4roin - - 16 6. External Genital Organs— Male—the Testicles, the Sheath 17 Female— the Vulva -.-.. ...---18 I. Fore Extremity— The Shoulder, Shoulder Point, the Elbow, the Forearm, the Chestnuts or Castors, the Knee, the Canon, the Fetlock, the Pastern, the Coronet, the Foot 18 8. The Posterior or Hind Limb— The Quarter, the Thigh, the Buttock, the Stifle, the Leg, the Hock Tarsus -..._.. 22 viii CONTENTS Section II.—CONFORMATION AND ITS DEFECTS Page Introductory 27 Centre of Gravity ----------- 28 Equilibrium -...-.-...... 30 Muscles in Relation to Power and Speed - 31 The Bones as Levers - - . - 33 Head and Neck ----- 3G Volume and General Aspect of the Head ------ 37 Form of the Head—Ears - - - - 38 Length of the Head - --------- 43 Coupling of the Head ---- 44 Carriage of the Head ---------- 4(5 Neck - . - . _ 47 Carriage of the Neck ---------- 48 The Withers—Height of the AVithers, Coarse Withers - - - 52 The BACK^Length, Loins ---------- 55 Direction of the Back and Loins -------- 57 The Croup- - 58 The Breast --------..._ 61 Chest and Abdomen 62 The Chest— Height, AVidth - - 63 Legs—Function of the Limbs --------- 66 The Shoulder - - ... 68 The Arm ----- 71 Elbow .-..---.---. 72 Foreaim -..--------.72 Knee -------------73 The Canon ------------ 75 The Fetlock - - - - 79 The Pastern - - 79 The Foot— Size and Proportion, Flat Feet, L'pright Feet - - - 81 The Hind Limb—Thigh ---.----- 82 Leg (Second Thigh) 85 Hock - . - 86 Cow-Hocks - - - 89 Bow-legs - - - - 89 Sickle or Curby Hock ..------- 90 Body and Limbs . - . - - 90 Distribution of the Weight of the Body - - - - - - 91 Height—Elevation of the Height at the Withers, Elevation of the Height at the Croup 93 CONTENTS i Page Length - 95 Width 98 Proportions of Height to Length - - 99 The Head as a Unit of Measurement 99 Compensation of Defects of Conforjiation - 101 Section HL—YAIMETIKS OF THE HORSE English Breeds— The Thoroughbred 107 The Hackney 113 The Pack-Horse 123 The Cleveland Bay 125 The Yorkshire Coach-Horse ..... 133 The Hunter - - 135 The Saddle Horse 146 The Harness Horse - - - -149 Ponies and Pony-breeding - - - 153 The Dartmoor - - - -163 ILLUSTRATIONS DIVISIONAL -VOLUME I FULL-PAGE PLATES Page Thoroughbred Stallion, St. Simon (cohni)) Frontispiece 28 Symmetry—Arched Chest - - - - 30 Equilibrium in the Walk and in the Gallop Hackney Stallion, Danegelt 174 (colour) - 38 Short Xeck—Long Neck iS 5-2 High Withers—Low Withers - - - - 54 56 58 60 note: 66 70 TKe Pviblishers desire to state tHat, 80 82 ©wing to tKe desirability of placing tHe 86 Plates (both blacK and coloured) as far as 98 108 possible side by side with the letterpress to 'A2 [16 "which they refer, some of the Divisional [54 Volumes -will contain a larger number of Plates than others. Page 10 oi the Haw - - - 11 Ihe Mead: bide View - - - i examination Three-quarter Portion of Lower Jaw, showing Tongue 6 Exterior of the Horse: - - - - - 13 Examination of the .Mouth - - 7 Back Yiew Median Section through a Horse's Exterior of thejiorse: Three-quarter 14 Head, showing Soft Parts - - 8 Front View 19 - - 9 Bones of Left Fore-Leg The Head : Front View . 1 ILLUSTRATIONS DIVISIONAL-VOLUME I FULL-PAGE PLATES Pr.se Thoroughbred Stallion, St. Simon (colow) - - Frontispiece Symmetry—Arched Chest - - 28 Equilibrium in the Walk and in the Gallop - - - - 30 Hackney Stallion, Danegelt 174 (cuhur) - . - 38 Short Neck—Long Neck ---------- 48 High Withers—Low Withers - - - 5-2 Short Back, Dished Face—Long Back . - . - - . 54 Back Hollow from Age—Back Naturally Hollow - - - . 56 Straight Croup—Sloping Croup - - 58 Roach Back—Good Quarters—Split-up - 60 Good Fore-Legs—Weak Fore-Legs 66 Long Sloping Shoulder—Straight Shoulder - 70 Upright Pasterns—Good Quarters and Gaskins ----- 80 Phases of the Gallop 82 Good Hocks —AVeak Fleshy Hocks—Curby Hocks 86 Shire Stallion, Harold {colour) 98 Brown Horse, Ard Patrick -------- 108 Bay Filly, Sceptre—Bay Horse, Flying Fox - - - - - - 112 Hackney Mare, Lady Dereham 2891 IIG A Group of Ponies {colour) 154 TEXT ILLUSTRATIONS - Exterior of the Horse : Side View Examination of the Nostril - 10 The Head: Side View Examination of the Haw - - - 1 Portion of Lower Jaw, showing Tongue Exterior of the Horse: Three-quarter Examination of the Mouth Back View - - - - - 13 Median Section through a Horse's Exterior of thejiorse: Three-quarter Head, showing Soft Parts Front View - - - - - 14 The Head : Front View Bones of Left Fore-Leg - - - 19 ILLUSTRATIONS Pat-e Page Principal Tendons of the Fore-Limb - 20 Ligamentum Nuchfe - - - 53 - Front View of Horse - - - 21 Section through the "Withers - - 54 Back View of Horse - - - - 22 Narrow Breast - - - - - Gl Bones of Left Hind-Leg - - - 23 Broad Breast - - - - - 61 Centre of Gravity - - - - 28 Two Ribs, showing Costal Cartilages - 64 The Centre of 6ra\ity in the Horse - 29 Articulation of the Hip Joint - - 67 Equilibrium 30 Oblique Position of the Limljs in draw- Base of Support - - - - 31 ing a' Load ----- 68 Lever of the First Order - - - 33 Bowed Knees ----- 74 Lever of the Second Order - - 33 Calf Knees 74 Lever of the Third Order - - - 34 Toes turned out ----- 75 The Bones as Levers - - - - 35 In-kneed ------ 75 Lean Head, well set on - - - 36 Toes turned in - - - - - 75 Fleshy Head ----- 37 Good Forearm and Canon - - - 77 Front View of Skull and Temporal Weak Forearm and Canon - - 77 Muscles ------ 38 Bones of Fetlock and Pastern - - 78 Broad P'ace, lop ears - - - - 39 Attachment of the Sesamoid Bones to Narrow Face 39 the Skeleton of the Leg - - - 78 Straight Face (Arab Stallion) - - 40 Good Pasterns ----- 80 Undulating Face -