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Transmodernity and Activism in Tourism the Case of El Palmar (Cádiz, Spain)

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Transmodernity and Activism in Tourism the Case of El Palmar (Cádiz, Spain) Transmodernity and Activism in Tourism The case of El Palmar (Cádiz, Spain) José Fabra Garrido Department of Environmental Sciences Socio Spatial Analysis Transmodernity and Activism in Tourism: The case of El Palmar (Cádiz, Spain) Thesis MSc Leisure, Tourism and Environment Wageningen University Department of Environmental Sciences Chair Group Socio Spatial Analysis Student: José Fabra Garrido Email: [email protected] Registration Nr. 830427236080 Thesis Code: SAL-80433 Examiners: Dr. Irena Ateljevic & Dr. Martijn Duineveld Date: 06 April 2011 Abstract This Master Science thesis tries to contribute to the debate on transmodernity and activism in tourism. A case study has been selected in the South of Spain where a huge mass tourism project has been approved by the local government in El Palmar, Cadiz. Tourists, locals, environmental organizations and other associations that believe in another kind of development are combining their efforts to stop the project. The final objective of this study is to explore the characteristics of this social movement, mainly made up of tourists, to see if it presents evidence of the paradigm shift toward the so- called new transmodern world. The results of the qualitative research reveal the potential role of this tourist as an active agent of the social, cultural and economic change, and identify numerous similarities in lifestyles, values and worldviews as of the Cultural Creative, who are claimed to form the emerging subculture. At the same time, contradictions and differences are found that show the paradox and complexity of this movement and the need of further research on this topic. More cases of protest actions related to tourism activities in various destinations, not just in Europe but all around the world, should be analyzed. Together with tourists, the local communities and other groups of interest, such as local and international environmental NGOs, should also be considered. Key Words: transmodernity; activism; Cultural Creatives; life style and values; tourism development iii Acknowledgements Before starting, I would just like to say that for me this is perhaps the most difficult part of writing my thesis! If I were to name all the people who in one way or another have contributed to me finishing this project, well...the list would never end! So, thank you all! Muchas gracias a todos! Muito obrigado a todos! Dank je wel! My utmost gratitude goes to my thesis advisor, Dr. Irena Ateljevic, for her expertise, kindness, motivation, patience and dedication. I wish you all the best in this new stage in your life. The classrooms will miss you, but you can leave happy because we all know you have planted many rich seeds. Thanks to all the respondents and people that participated and facilitated my field work in El Palmar. Lots of thanks to Aaron for his help with the English and to everyone who participated in the final draft of this thesis. I would also like to gratefully acknowledge the help and friendship of all my MLE family: professors, lecturers, advisors and, of course, all my classmates! Thank you to my Wageningen family. Many are the experiences we’ve lived together during these last three years, and I hope there will be many more! I will never forget you! Thanks also to my family on the other side of the Atlantic. You have also been a part of this stage in my life. Muchísimas gracias to everyone at our base camp back in Spain. The distance was never a problem in feeling you were always with me. Special mentions go to my parents, Ana y Pepe, for their daily love and support. You’ve both contributed immensely not just to my personal but academic and professional growth. Mamá, thanks for being so good at the difficult role of being “mami” and “professor” at the same time. Without you I might not have been able to do it. Papá, you are great, always taking care of everything and everybody. With your tranquility everything is easier. Thank also for passing on to me your love and my grandfather’s love for the tourism sector and entrepreneurship. I hope this MSc will continue one way or another with this lovely family tradition. Last but not least, I am immensely grateful to the TALENTIA Fellowship Program, an initiative of the Ministry of Innovation, Science and Enterprise in Andalusia, which has contributed to my completing this MSc in Wageningen University. José Fabra-Garrido, April 2011. v Table of Contents Abstract ___________________________________________________________________________ iii Acknowledgements ___________________________________________________________________ v List of Figures _______________________________________________________________________ 8 List of Tables ________________________________________________________________________ 8 1 Transmodernity and Activism in Tourism ______________________________________________ 9 1.1 Background and Introduction _________________________________________________ 9 1.2 Empirical Context: _________________________________________________________ 11 1.3 Problem statement _________________________________________________________ 13 1.4 Research Objective and Research Questions ____________________________________ 13 1.5 Type of Study _____________________________________________________________ 14 1.6 Relevance of the Study ______________________________________________________ 14 1.7 Outline ___________________________________________________________________ 15 2 Transmodernity and Social Movements in Tourism: Literature review _______________________ 16 2.1 Transmodern process ______________________________________________________ 16 2.1.1 Historical Process________________________________________________________ 17 2.1.2 TRANSmodernity ________________________________________________________ 19 2.2 Silent Social Movement and Cultural Creatives __________________________________ 22 2.3 Tourism, Environment and Transmodernity ____________________________________ 27 2.4 Social Conflicts and Activism in Tourism _______________________________________ 29 3 Methodology ___________________________________________________________________ 36 3.1 Research Design ___________________________________________________________ 36 3.1.1 Interpretative Paradigm __________________________________________________ 36 3.1.2 Research Methods and Techniques _________________________________________ 36 3.1.3 Exploratory Case Study ___________________________________________________ 37 3.2 Data Collection and Data Analysis _____________________________________________ 37 3.2.1 Data Collection Process ___________________________________________________ 37 3.2.2 Data analysis____________________________________________________________ 40 3.3 Constraints and limitations __________________________________________________ 40 3.4 Researcher Positionality ____________________________________________________ 41 4 Tourism in Spanish Economy and Society: The Case of El Palmar __________________________ 43 4.1 Introduction ______________________________________________________________ 43 4.2 Spain and Tourism _________________________________________________________ 43 4.3 Andalusia_________________________________________________________________ 51 4.3.1 El Palmar_______________________________________________________________ 54 4.3.1.1 Conflict in El Palmar ___________________________________________________ 59 5 Results and Discussion ____________________________________________________________ 66 5.1 Introduction ______________________________________________________________ 66 5.2 Lifestyle and Values ________________________________________________________ 67 5.2.1 Cultural and Social Capital Accumulation ____________________________________ 68 5.2.2 Responsible consumers? __________________________________________________ 70 5.2.3 Responsible tourists? _____________________________________________________ 71 5.2.4 Searching for Nature, Authenticity and the Traditional ...just in holidays? __________ 75 5.2.5 Political views___________________________________________________________ 78 5.3 Activism __________________________________________________________________ 80 5.3.1 These “crazy ecologists”... _________________________________________________ 81 5.3.2 Cyberactivism ___________________________________________________________ 83 5.3.3 Activism more complex than just “clicking”___________________________________ 84 5.3.4 Actions in the field _______________________________________________________ 91 6 Conclusion:_____________________________________________________________________ 96 6.1 Main conclusions __________________________________________________________ 96 6.2 Scope for further research __________________________________________________ 100 Reference List _____________________________________________________________________ 102 List of Figures Figure 1-1: Drawing of El Palmar beach _____________________________________________________________ 15 Figure 4-1: Spanish Coasts Map ______________________________________________________________________ 44 Figure 4-2: Evolution of the Spanish Coast: La Manga and Marbella _____________________________ 50 Figure 4-3: Maps of Spain and Andalusia ____________________________________________________________ 51 Figure 4-4: El Palmar Area Adapted Google Map Satelite Image _________________________________ 56 Figure 4-5: Entrance Roundabout, Family farms, The school and District Center Office _______ 57 Figure 4-6: The beach road and the lighthouse tower from the beach¡Error! 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