Notes and References
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Notes and References Introduction l. Tom Burns, 'Sociological Explanation', in D. Emmet and A. Macintyre (eds) Sociological Theory and Philosophical Ana(ysis (London: Macmillan, 1970). Chapter I l. The most important works are: H. Lefebvre, La Revolution Urbaine (Paris: Gallimard, 1970) and La Pensee Marxiste et la Ville (Paris: Castermann, 1972); M. Castells, La Question Urbaine (London: Edward Arnold, 1976), M. Castells and F. Godard, Monopolville (Paris: Mouton, 1974) and M. Castells, Ciry, Class and Power (London: Macmillan, 1978); J. Lojkine, 'Contribution to a Marxist Theory of Capitalist Urbanization', pp.ll9-46 in C. Pickvance (ed.), Urban Sociology: Critical Essays (London: Tavistock, 1976); L. Althusser, For Marx (New York: Vintage Books, 1970); L. Althusser and E. Balibar, Reading 'Capital' (London: New Left Books, 1970). 2. See, for example, M. Harloe (ed.), Proceedings rifthe Coriference on Urban Change and Conflict (London: Centre for Environmental Studies, 1975). 3. M. Castells, 'Theory and Ideology in Urban Sociology', in Pickvance, Urban Sociology, pp. 60-84 4. Ibid, p. 70. 5. For commentary on the influence of this particular strain of Marxism in urban geography see D. Ley, 'Social Geography and Social Action', pp. 41-57 in D. Ley and M. Samuels (eds), Humanistic Geography: Prospects and Problems (Chicago: Maaroufa Press, 1978), and the much more extensive work in preparation- D. Ley andJ. Duncan, 'Structural Marxism and the Geography of Advanced Societies: Critical Assessment', Department of Geography, University of British Columbia,July 1980. 6. Such a view has been elegantly developed by F. Braude! in his celebrated Capitalism and Material Life 14W-1800 (Glasgow: Fontana, 1973) and, among recent studies of early modern towns, C. Friedrichs, Urban Sociery in an Age rif War: Nordlingen 1580-1720 (Princeton University Press, 1979) provides an instructive account of capitalist growth, class struggle and attendant structural changes in one German centre. J. Foster, Class Struggle and the Industrial Revolution (London: Methuen, 1977), Notes and Riferences !55 Benwell Community Project, The Making rif a Ruling Class (Newcastle: Benwell CDP Publications, 1978) and J. Melling, Housing, Social Policy and the State (London: Croom Helm, 1980), are also worth consulting. 7. An excellent recent study is B. Roberts, Cities rif Peasants (London: Edward Arnold, 1978). 8. J. Lojkine, 'A Marxist Theory of Capitalist Urbanization' in Pickvance, Urban Sociology, p. 145. 9. The point is made in several places but the clearest expression is found in this article, 'City, Class and Power', in his book of the same title. 10. Inadequacies in his conception of collective consumption are pointed out by Pahl in his article, 'Castells and Collective Consumption', Sociology, 12 (2), 1978, pp. 309-15. 11. See the well-known debate between Poulantzas and Miliband: N. Poultanzas, 'The Problem of the Capitalist State', New Left Review, 58, 1969, pp. 67--78 andR. Miliband, New Left Review, 159, 1970, pp. 53-60. But see too the criticism of the structuralist view of the state contained in E. P. Thompson, The Poverty of Theory (London: Merlin Press, 1978) and J. Foster, 'How Imperial London Preserved its Slums', International Journal rif Urban and Regional Research, 3 (I), 1979, p. Ill. 12. C. Cockburn, The Local State (London: Pluto Press, 1977). 13. See Castells's account of urban social movements in Spain, 'Urban Social Movements and the Struggle for Democracy', International Journal rif Urban and Regional Research, 2 (!), 1978, pp. 133-46, or his chapter, 'The Social Prerequisites for the Upheaval ofUrban Social Movements', in his City, Class and Power, pp. 12&-51; and J. Olives, 'The Struggle against Urban Renewal in the Cite d'Aliarte', in Pickvance, Urban Sociology, pp. 174-97. 14. R. Pahl, Whose City? (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1975), p. 273, and S. M. Miller, 'Economic Crisis and Oppositional Movements in the USA', IntemationalJournalrifUrbanandRegionalResearch, I (I), 1977,pp.l2&-31. 15. SeeP. Leonard (ed.) 'The Sociology of Community Action', Sociological Review Monograph, 21, 1975. 16. D. Harvey, Social Justice and the City (London: Edward Arnold, 1973). 17. The best-known attack on 'grand theory', of course, is C. W. Mills, Sociological Imagination (New York: Oxford University Press, 1959) ch. 2. 18. L. Althusser, Lenin and Philosophy (London: New Left Books, 1971) p. 72, quoted in Thompson, The Poverty q[Theory, p. 215. 19. The phrase belongs to Geoffrey Hawthorn: see his Enlightenment and Despair (Cambridge University Press, 1976) p. I. 20. Apart from Thompson, The Poverty rif Theory, see F. Parkin, Marxism and Class Theory: a Bourgeois Critique (London: Tavistock, 1979), and Ley and Duncan, 'Structural Marxism and the Geography of Advanced Societies'. 21. P. Worsley, 'The Reification of Marxism: Rejoinder to Lazar', Sociology, 9 (3), 1975. 22. P. Abrams, 'Urban Collapse: Notes on the Non-Urban Nature of an Urban Phenomenon', in M. Harloe (ed.), New Perspectives in Urban Change and Conflict (London: Heinemann, 1982). 156 Notes and Riferences 23. P. Saunders, Urban Politics: A Sociological Interpretation (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1979). 24. Thompson, The Poverty of Theory, p. 224. 25. B. Hindess and P. Q. Hirst, Pre-Capitalist Modes of Production (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1975) p. 312. 26. The renewed interest in urban history owes a great debt to the efforts of the late jim Dyos, and his colleagues at Leicester University. For some impression of the scale and scope of the recent research effort in urban history, see the articles, reviews and bibliographies provided in the Urban History Year Book (Leicester University Press, 1974 to 1980). 27. See the collection of essays in P. Abrams and E. A. Wrigley (eds), Towns in Societies (Cambridge University Press, 1978), or on the Benwell CDP reports, The Making of a Ruling Class. 28. P. Abrams, 'Being and Becoming in Sociology' (University of Durham, 1972) p.l9. 29. Foster, 'How Imperial London Preserved its Slums'. 30. Ibid, p. Ill. 31. See Foster, Class Struggles and the Industrial Revolution, for an example of Leninist treatment of class struggle and class conflict. 32. Thompson, The Poverty of Theory, p. 298. 33. The phrase is Frank Parkin's: see his Marxism and Class Theory. 34. SeeN. Poulantzas, Classes in Contemporary Capitalism (London: New Left Books, 1975). 35. See Cas tells, City, Class and Power, pp. 170-3. 36. See A. MacLaren, Religion and Social Class: the Disruption Years in Aberdeen (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1974). 37. F. Boal, 'Social Space in the Belfast Urban Area', pp. 225-44, and E. Jones, 'The Segregation ofRoman Catholics and Protestants in Belfast', pp. 245-65, both in C. Peach, Urban Social Segregation (London: Longman, 1975). 38. See L. de Paor, Divided Ulster (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1970). 39. M. Cas tells, 'Theory and Ideology in Urban Sociology', in C. Pickvance, Urban Sociology' p. 78, or see his paper, 'Towards a Political Urban Sociology', in M. Harloe (ed.), Captive Cities (London: Wiley, 1977) and Harloe's own comments on Cas tells's approach in his introduction to the book. 40. See Castells, 'Towards a Political Urban Sociology', or David Harvey, 'Labour, Capital and Class Struggle Around the Built Environment in Advanced Capitalist Societies', inK. Cox {ed.), Urbanization and Conflict in Market Societies (London: Methuen, 1978), but many other instances can be found. Ley and Duncan, 'Structural Marxism and the Geography of Advanced Societies', p. 17, document this phenomenon more precisely as it appears in urban geography and, of course, the overlap between urban geography and urban sociology is considerable. 41. Thompson, The Poverty of Theory, p. 201. 42. The phrase is borrowed from David Ley: see his 'Social Geography and Social Action', p. 48. 43. A. Dawe, 'Theories of Social Action', in T. Bottomore and R. Nisbet Notes and References 157 (ed), A History of Sociological Anarysis (London: Heinemann, 1979) p. 373. 44. Ibid, p. 373. 45. Ibid, p. 375. 46. Among the CDP reports see especially those from the Be_nwell Studies, or the essays in Melling, Housing, Social Policy and the State, and our own very modest contributions B. Elliott, D. McCrone and V. Skelton, 'Property and Political Power: Edinburgh 1875-1975', pp. 92-132 inJ. Garrard et al. (eds), The Middle Class in Politics (Farnborough; Saxon House, 1978), and B. Elliott and D. McCrone, 'Urban Development in Edinburgh: a Contribution to the Political Economy of Place', Scottish Journal of Sociology, 4, ( 1) 1980, pp. 1-26. 47. C. Tilly, 'The Web of Collective Action in Eighteenth Century Cities', Working paper, Centre for Research on Social Organization, University of Michigan, 1978. 48. M. Spencer, 'History and Sociology: an Analysis of Weber's The City', Sociology, ll (3), 1977, pp. 507-25. 49. For some discussions of this see Jane Jacobs's Massey Lectures published as Canadian Cities and Sovereignty Association (Toronto: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 1980); and G. A. Nader, Cities of Canada (Toronto: Macmillan, 1975). 50. The classic community studies by the Lynds explored the power of a single family in Muncie, Indiana in the 1920sand 1930s: seeR. S. and H. M. Lynd, Middletown (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1929), and their Middletown in Transition (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1937). In Canada, R. Lucas, Mine Town, Mill Town, Rail Town: Life in Canadian Communities of Single Industry (University ofToronto Press, 1971). 51. Spencer, 'History and Sociology', pp. 51~17. 52. M. Weber, Economy and Society (University of California Press, 1978) p. 305. 53. F. Parkin, Marxism and Class Theory, p. 44. Chapter2 l. D. Martindale, 'Prefatory Remarks', in M. Weber, The City (New York: Free Press, 1958) p. 56. 2. P. Abrams, 'Towns and Economic Growth: Some 'IJheories and Some Problems', in P. Abrams and E. Wrigley, Towns in Societies (Cambridge University Press, 1978) p. 29. 3. T. Parsons, The Structure of Social Action (New York: Free Press, 1937). 4. J. Freund, The Sociology of Max Weber (London: Allen Lane, 1968).