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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19174-6 - Darfur’s Sorrow: The Forgotten History of a Humanitarian Disaster, Second Edition M. W. Daly Index More information

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Abatcha, Ibrahim, 199 administration of Darfur, 78–83 Abbaker, Adam Salih, 304 becomes Muhammad Ahmad’s Abbakr, Abbakr Badawi, 174 disciple, 62 Abbakr Ismail, 75, 82, 83, 96, 120 forced migration of tribes by, 77–78 Abboud, Ibrahim, 182.Seealso during invasion of Anglo-Egyptian Sudanese military regime forces, 88 abbo umo (umangawi), 103–04 and Kurqasawi brothers, 71–72 Abd al-Aziz Adam al-Hilu, 260 Mahdist victories of, 69 Abd al-Hamid Abu Bakr Ibrahim, 156 and Muhammad Khalid Zuqal, 70 Abd al-Hamid Ibrahim, 129 Abdallahi, Idris, 118 Abd al-Hamid Ibrahim, Yusuf, 174 Abd al-Nabi, Ismail, 71, 74, 76 Abd al-Hamid Musa Kasha, 276 Abd al-Qadir Pasha, 67 Abd al-Hamid Musa Madibbu, 174 Abd al-Qadir wad al-Zayn, 40 Abd al-Jabbar Dusa, 302 Abd al-Rahman (d. 1803,sultanof Abdalla Ali Masar, 276 Darfur), 21, 33 Abdallah, Hilal Muhammad, 265 Abd al-Rahman, Hasabu, 276 Abdallah, Idris, 105 Abd al-Rahman Adam Rijal, 127 Abdallah, Jibril, 275–76 Abd al-Rahman Bahr al-Din, 156, 158 Abdallah, Muhammad Ahmad Abd al-Rahman Firti, 98 (al-Mahdi) Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi, 121 conquest of Kordofan, 63 and elections of 1958, 182 crisis following death of, 68–70 in opposition to Socialist Republican death of, 68 Party, 172–73 declaration as Mahdi, 62–63 threat of rebellion from, 175–76 Gordon’s offer of sultanate to, 68 and Umma party, 183 support of, 63–64 and Unionists, 155–57 Abdallah Abbakir, 277, 279 varying appeal of, 121–25 Abdallah Dud Banja, 57, 65, 66, 68, 70 Abd al-Rahman Muhammad Ibrahim, Abdallah Khalil, 174, 178, 182 174 Abdallah Saﬁ al-Nur, 275, 276, 281 Abd al-Rahman Muhammad Siwar Abdallahi (Khalifa), 69–70, 71–73 al-Dahab, 234 1887 campaign in Darfur, 72–73 Abd al-Rahman Musa, 302, 304 Abu Jummayza’s rebellion against, Abd al-Rahman Shattut, 48 74–77 Abd al-Razzaq Haqqi Pasha, 51–52

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© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19174-6 - Darfur’s Sorrow: The Forgotten History of a Humanitarian Disaster, Second Edition M. W. Daly Index More information

INDEX

Abd al-Salam al-Khalifa, 175 monitoring team appointed by, Abd al-Shafi,Ahmad,267 295–96 Abd al-Shakur Abd al-Rahman Shattut, in peace process 2006–09, 303–11 68 taking leading peacekeeping role, Abd al-Wahid Muhammad al-Nur, 267, 294 277, 278, 279, 300, 302, 303–04 violence against, 304 Abdo, Ahmad Makki, 183 African Union/United Nations operation Abduh Abdallah Ismail, 277 in Darfur (UNAMID) force, Abel Alier Kwai, 204 307–08, 313 Abo Bey, 66 Agha, Ali Khurshid, 40–41 abo dali, 103–04 Agricultural Bank, 213 abo dima (dimangawi), 103–04 Agricultural Research Corporation, 186 Abtar, Idris, 55 Agricultural Research Council, 186 Abu Adhan (Shamli, Ahmad Pasha), 42, agriculture.Seealsodesertification; 43 drought; famine; water supplies Abu Anja, Hamdan, 70, 71, 72 benefits from Five-Year Plans, 162, Abu Bakr, 69 163, 165 Abu Hamad, 88 during Egyptian regime (Turkiyya), 42 Abuja peace process, 297–98 government efforts to diversify, 141 Abuja Protocol, 296 during May Regime, 220–21 Abu Jummayza, 74–77 overreliance on, 185 Abu Kauda, 90 overview, 5–7 Abu Kauda, Husayn, 89, 102 during Sudanese parliamentary Abul-Bashar Abbakar, 302 regime, 188–91 abul-jabbayyin (head tax collector), 29 during World War II, 147–50 Abul-Khayrat, 73, 74, 75, 76, 80 airports in Darfur, 147, 190 Abul Qasim Ahmad Bukr, 20 Ali, Adam, 107 Abul-Qasim Ali Dinar, 156 Ali, Ahmad, 79 Abul-Qasim of Kutum, Ahmad, 174 Ali, Ramadan, 105 Abu Madyan, Muhammad, 34 Ali b. Abi Talib, 60 Abu Qurayn, 52 Ali Dinar Zakariyya Muhammad al-Fadl Abu Risha, 74, 82 army of, 107 Abu Shak, Ahmad, 89 and death of Abul-Khayrat, 80 Abu Sinn, Ali Abdallah, 175, 183 and French territorial claims, 96–100 Abu Sinn, Muhammad Ali, 174 and Mahdists, 80–81, 92–94, 102–03 Addis Ababa Agreement, 204, 205, 219, officials under, 78, 79 226 overthrow of, 112–14 Administration Conference, 155–56 palace of, 114 Advisory Council for the Northern photograph of, 113 Sudan, 150–52 relations with Dar Masalit, 96–97 discussion of education in Darfur, and religious groups, 103 153 returned from captivity, 2 elections to, 171–72 rivals of, 101–03 Africa Confidential, 286 struggle ruling tribes, 100–01 African Belt, 245–46, 266 taxation by, 28, 106 Africans, versus Arabs, 264–66 territorial administration, 103–07 African Union (AU), 289, 298 titles of, 91 and Abuja peace process, 300–02 Wingate’s plans against, 109–12

356

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Amnesty International, 287 Argun, Sad, 51 Anglo-Egyptian Agreement, 175 Atim, Sese Muhammad, 129 Anglo-Egyptian regime Atrocities Documentation Team, 285–86 colonial rule in Darfur, 117–19 AU. See African Union Condominium Agreement, 89, 156, Ayman, Rashid Bey, 59 172 Ayub, Ismail, 38, 47, 48–49 conquest of Darfur, 108–14 al-Azhari, Ismail, 118, 173, 175, 176, conquest of Sudan, 88–89 178, 195, 196, 198–99 deterioration of Anglo-Egyptian relations, 155–57 Bahr al-Din (Endoka), sultan, 127–28 economy during, 2, 137–39 on Advisory Council of the Northern Hicks expedition, 65, 66–67 Sudan, 151 independence from, 177 decentralization of judicial system of, Indirect Rule by. See also Native 158 Administration and Dud Murra, 98 and Mahdism, 119–25 informal majlis of, 152 and maqdumates, 128–29 and Mahdists, 121 and nazirs, 130–33 photograph of, 120 and shaykhs, 125–26, 130–33 reduced power of, 119 judicial administration by, 118 Bahr al-Ghazal, 37, 46 slave trade policy of, 92, 115, 124 Baker, Samuel, 45–46 taxation by, 115, 121, 128, 132, Bakheit, Jaafar Muhammad Ali, 207–10 138 Bakhit Abu Risha, 75 as unequal partnership, 88 BakhitofDarSila,96 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty, 156 Bani Halba tribe Anglo-French agreements, 95 during Abu Jummayza revolt, 76 animal products, export of, 7, 143, 148 defeat of SPLA invaders, 260 Anqara, al-Nur Bey Muhammad, 57, 59 home of, 10 Anti-Thirst Campaign, 197 and Indirect Rule, 132 Anyanya rebels, 193, 236–37 relations with Ali Dinar, 94, 101 Aouzou Strip, 205–06 versus Slatin, 65–66 Approved Enterprises Act, 186 support of Mahdist revolution, 66 Arab Alliance (tajamu al-arabi), 245–46, tribal court established, 152 263–68 war with Fur people, 245 Arab Belt, 245–46 Bani Husayn tribe, 10, 52 Arabicization, 13–14, 193, 259 Baqqara tribes, 35 Arabic language, 12, 178 and Abdallahi, 69 Arabi Dafallah (amir), 92 during Abu Jummayza revolt, 76 Arabism, 244–45 and Ali Dinar, 100 Arab Monetary Fund, 255 forced migration of, 84 Arabs home of, 10 versus Africans, 264–66 and Indirect Rule, 131 population of, 10 migration of, 17 Reconciliation Agreement with Fur opposition to Mahdiyya, 72 people, 245–46 population of, 12 tribal origins of, 11 raiding of, 85 war with Fur people, 264–66 settling of during drought of 1973, Arbab Ahmad Shatta Ishaq, 174 215

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Baqqara tribes (cont.) Long Range Desert Group, 146 support of Mahdism by, 123 occupation of Egypt support of slave trade by, 61–62 and party politics, 172–73 tribal court established, 152 view toward UN stance on Sudan, 297 use by Gordon to suppress slave trade, during World War II, 145–46 50 Browne, William, 21–22 war with Fur people, 27, 35 Bukr, Ahmad, 19 Bari tribe, 44 Burckhardt, J. L., 29 al-Bashir, Omar Hasan, 247–48.See Burkan (“Volcano”) Brigade, 218 also National Islamic Front (NIF) Bush administration, 292, 310 regime Bushra Ismail, 281 breach with al-Turabi, 257, 269–70 election as president, 250 camps indictment of, 309, 313 during famine of 1984–85, 232 offer of peace to rebels, 289 for refugees, 285, 301, 309 photograph of, 250 Carriage of Goods by Motor (Control) reactions to Fur complaints about Ordinance, 163 Arab attacks, 278 cattle reactions to SLA/JEM attacks, 281 in Darfur, 189 al-Bashir, al-Sammani, 127 disease in, 138–39, 189, 211 Bashiri Bey wad Bakr, 65–66 export of, 143, 168–69 Bedri, Ibrahim, 172–73, 175 and Five-Year Plan, 168–69 Beja Congress, 195, 198 taxes on, 163 Bell, Gawain, 173 cease-ﬁre agreements, 289, 295, 304 Bence-Pembroke, R. A., 139 census of 1955–56, 178–80 Benn, Hilary, 303 cerebrospinal meningitis, 140, 170 Berti tribe, 10, 26, 66, 121, 130 Chad Bidayriyya tribe, 10–11, 12, 216 attempts to mediate Darfur crisis, bin Ladin, Osama, 256 288–90 Birgid tribe, 10, 66 food aid for camps in, 291 conquest of, 21 French involvement in, 199 and Indirect Rule, 132 refugees from in Darfur, 232 opposition to Mahdists, 64, 72 relations with Libya, 205–06, 216–19, sultan’s relations with, 26 241–43, 258–59 Bishara, Adam Tamin, 121 relations with Sudan, 199–200, Bishara, Muhammad, 75 242–44, 258–59, 301 Bishara Taj al-Din, 77 Sudanese refugees in, 283, 287 Black Book (al-kitab al-aswad), 274–77 and Tripoli Agreement, 299 Black Flag division, of Mahdist, 69 during World War II, 146 borders of Darfur, 95–100, 118–19 Chad Liberation Front, 199–200 borehole drilling, 197–98, 212 Chad National Liberation Front Bosh Muhammad al-Fadl, 48 (FROLINAT [Front de Liberation Boustead, Hugh, 129 Nationale du Tchad]), 199–200, Britain. See also Anglo-Egyptian regime 205–06, 216–17 Disaster Relief Committee, 291 children. See also education Egypt’s independence from, 116 deaths of during drought/famine of evacuation of Egyptians from Sudan, 1984–85, 230–31 67–68 treatment by janjawid, 282–83

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INDEX

China, view toward UN stance on Egyptian regime; Mahdist state; Sudan, 297 May Regime; National Islamic cholera virus, 85–86 Front (NIF) regime; Sudanese Christians military regime; Sudanese during Egyptian regime (Turkiyya), parliamentary regime; 56–57 Transitional Military Council during May Regime, 251 (TMC) climate of Darfur, 6–9 agriculture of, 5–7 Closed Districts Order, 126 borders of, 95–100, 118–19 cloth tax (takkiyya), 29, 106 climate of, 6–9 coins, 106 conquest by Egypt, 47 commerce. See economy; trade division into three states, 261–63 Commission of Inquiry on Darfur, UN, effect of World War I on, 108–12 295 epidemics in, 170 Committee for Restoration of State ethnic composition, 10–12 Authority and Security in Darfur, exports of, 7, 9, 143, 189–90 278 and Five-Year Plans, 164–67 Committee of Forty, 248 geography of, 5 communists, 195, 206, 210, 220 health services in, 170, 191–92 Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), importance to Umma party, 197–99 273, 297–98, 306–07 labor relations in, 171 Condominium Agreement, 89, 156, 172 meaning of name, 4 cotton, export of, 181, 187.Seealso National Council for the Salvation of Gezira Scheme Darfur, 245–46 council of kings (majlis al-maluk), 105 nationalist politics in, 170–75 coup population of, 9, 178, 188 of 1958, 182–84 Regional Government of, 222–25 of 1969, 201–05 relations with Chad, 242–44 of 1971 (failed), 195, 210 rivalry with Wadai, 83, 95–96 of 1989, 247–48 SPLA invasion of, 260 CPA (Comprehensive Peace Agreement), territories of, 5 273, 297–98, 306–07 water supplies in, 190–91 “crimes against humanity,” whether Darfur Construction Unit, 191 applicable to Darfur, 293–94 Darfur-Darfur Dialogue and Cromer, Lord, 90–91 Consultation, 303 crops. See agriculture Darfur Development Front, 194, 266 Darfur Liberation Front (DLF), 277–79 Daali (jadd al-Fur), 17 Darfur Peace Agreement (DPA), 4 Dabaha, Muhammad Ibrahim, 127, 132 conditions in Darfur during signing of, al-Dabi, Muhammad Ahmad, 262 304–05 al-Dadingawi, Mahmud Ali, 93, 103, negotiations over, 302–04 105, 107 overview of, 302 al-Dadingawi, Salih, 129 security arrangements of, 303 al-Daghur, Fadlallah, 83 Darfur Province Council, 150–52, 154, Daju tribe, 10, 15–16, 26, 75 208 damur (homespun), 143 Darfur Regional Assembly, 223 Darfur. See also Anglo-Egyptian regime; Darfur Regional Government, 231 Darfur Peace Agreement (DPA); Darfur Students Association, 224

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Darfur Tribes Initiative, 299 Diraige, Ahmad Ibrahim, 224–25, 228, Dar Hamid tribe, 10–11, 12 277 Dar Masalit, 48–49, 74, 119 attempt to mediate Darfur crisis, 289 Anglo-Egyptian claims to, 98–99 call for true federal system, 241 education in, 135 election as governor, 264, 266–67 effect of division of Western Darfur and famine of 1984–85, 231 on, 261–62 as leader of Dar Fur Development and French, 97, 98 Front, 194 native administration of, 127–28 “disaster relief industry,” 272 origin of name, 10 “disaster tourism,” 227 relations with Ali Dinar, 96–97 disease. See epidemics Uthman Adam’s invasion of, 80 district chief (dimlij), 25 Dar Masalit Rural Council, 207 district representatives (shartays), 25, Dar Qimr, 10, 26, 52, 74, 97–99, 32–33, 151 119 diwan tax, 29 Dar Sila, 48–49, 74, 96, 98 DLF (Darfur Liberation Front), 277–79 Dar Tama, 26, 48–49, 74, 97–99 Doctors without Borders survey, 312 Dar Zaghawa, 74 Dongola, 18, 88 Dau al-Bayt, Ibrahim, 156 DPA. See Darfur Peace Agreement Daud Yahya Bulad, 260 drought, 139–43 Davies, Reginald, 124, 127–28 of 1926, 139–40 Dawra, Muhammad, 19, 21 of 1969–70, 189 debt. See foreign debt of 1984–85, 226–33 Deby, Idris, 245, 258–59, 289–90.See of 1989–90, 260–61 also Chad during Mahdist rule, 85–86 DECARP (Desert Encroachment and Dud Banja, Abdallah, 57, 65, 66, 68, 70 Rehabilitation Program), 233 Dud Murra (Muhammad Salih), 83, 98 decentralization, 222–23, 225 DUP (Democratic Unionist Party), 198 de Gaulle, Charles, 146, 147 Dupuis, C. G., 130 dei Danziger, Francesco Emiliani, 56 dysentery, 142 Democratic Revolutionary Council, 218 Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), 198 Eastern Darfur District Council, 207 Depression. See Great Depression Eastern Darfur Rural Council, 207 Desert Encroachment and Rehabilitation Economic Integration Agreement, 202 Program (DECARP), 233 economy. See also exports; taxation; desertiﬁcation, 141, 148–50, 212, 214, trade 227–28.Seealsodrought during Anglo-Egyptian regime, 2, development plans 137–39 Five-Year Plans, 162–69, 210–11 of Darfur, 188–92 New Schemes program of 1957–61, development plans 185 Five-Year Plans, 162–69, 210–11 Six-Year Plan, 210–14 New Schemes program of 1957–61, Ten-Year Plan, 185–88, 189, 190 185 devshirme system of slavery, 24 Six-Year Plan, 210–14 diarrhea, 231 Ten-Year Plan, 185–88, 189, 190 dimangawi (abo dima), 103–04 and foreign ﬁnancing, 186–87 dimlij (district chief), 25 during Great Depression, 142–43 Dinka tribe, 41, 42, 130, 238 during Mahdist state, 84–86

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during May Regime, 210–14, 220–21 taxation by, 40, 41–42, 51, 54 during National Islamic Front (NIF) trade during, 49–50 regime, 255–56 waning interest in Sudan, 43, 60 during Sudanese military regime of elections 1958–64, 184–88 of 1953, 173–74, 175–76 during Sudanese parliamentary regime of 1958, 181–82 of 1956–58, 184–88 of 1963, 192–93 during Sudanese parliamentary regime of 1965, 195–96, 220 of 1965–69, 197 of 1968, 198 education, 153–54 of 1974, 204–05 1955–56 census findings, 179, of 1986, 237 180 of 1996, 250 during Anglo-Egyptian regime, 126, scheduled for 2010, 307, 308 133–37 elementary vernacular schools (kuttabs), benefits from Five-Year Plans, 162, 134–35 166–67 El Fasher and failure of Six-Year Plan, 211 conquest by Egypt, 47 during May Regime, 211 fula (lake) of, 141 during Sudanese military regime of origin of, 20–21 1958–64, 193 rebellion against Egyptian rule in, Egypt. See also Anglo-Egyptian regime; 51–52 Egyptian regime relief of garrison by Gordon, 53 British occupation of, 87 SLA and JEM attacks on, 281 elimination of annual grants from, and Slatin, 59 137 during World War II, 147 expansion of empire, 39–40 El Fasher Rural Council, 207 Fur trade with, 18, 27 Eliasson, Jan, 306 independence from Britain, 116 El Obeid, 63, 65 Mamluk kingdom of, 24 Emin Pasha (Eduard Schnitzer), relations with Sudan, 202, 217, 256, 56 257 Ennedi Groupe Nomade, 146 Egyptian regime (Turkiyya), 39–59, environment. See desertification; 63–64.SeealsoGordon, drought; soil degradation; water Charles supplies administration of, 41–42 epidemics. See also medical provisions agricultural production, 42 of 1926, 139–40, 143 army of, 45, 46 of 1927, 1930,and1936, 138–39 capital of, 40 of 1928–29, 140 conquest of Darfur, 47 in Darfur, 139–43, 170, 191–92 debt of, 54 during Mahdist rule, 85–86 efforts to suppress slave trade, 44–45, estate (hakura) system of land tenure, 50, 55–56, 61 25–26, 106, 214–15 explorations by, 42–43 ethnic cleansing officials of, 41, 43, 46–47 as aspect of tribal fighting in 1980s, provinces of, 41 216 rebellion against, 40, 51–52, 57–59. by National Islamic Front and See also Mahdist state janjawid, 3–4, 265–66, 282–84 rule over Darfur, 47, 48–49 use of term, 293–94

361

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Europe foreign debt efforts to suppress slave trade, 37, during Egyptian regime, 54 44–45 during May Regime, 221 opposition to British occupation of during National Islamic Front (NIF) Egypt, 87 regime, 255–56 political inaction toward Darfur, 293 during Transitional Military Council Europeans (TMC) regime, 238 appointment to positions over Forty-Days Road, 18, 27, 28, 84 Muslims, 56–57 France in Egyptian army, 45–46 and Ali Dinar, 96–100 as officials in Egyptian regime, 46–47 and borders of Darfur, 95–96, 108 slave trading by, 44 and Chad, 199 European Union Airbridge, 232 opposition to Wingate’s plans to take Executive Council and Legislative Darfur, 112 Assembly Ordinance, 155–56 view toward UN stance on Sudan, Executive Council of Darfur, 223 297 exiles (muhajarin), 123 during World War II, 145–46 exports, 7, 9, 143 Free Officers Movement, 201–02 animal products, 7, 143, 148 FROLINAT (Front de Liberation cattle, 143, 168–69 Nationale du Tchad) [Chad cotton, 181, 187.SeealsoGezira National Liberation Front], Scheme 199–200, 205–06, 216–17 gum, 143, 165, 189–90, 221 Funj sultanate, 34 fuqara (holy men), 31–33, 122 al-Fadl, Muhammad, 21, 34, 102 Fur-Arab war of 1987–89, 264–66 Fallata people, 11, 152 Fur language, 10, 12, 14 famine, 139–43 Fur Leadership Conference, 278–79 of 1873–74, 85 Fur people, 4.SeealsoFur state; Fur of 1888–92, 78, 85–86 sultans; Keira clan of 1913–14, 110–11, 117 alliance with Zaghawa against NIF, of 1926, 139–40 277–79 of 1931–32, 140 effect of epidemics of 1926 on, of 1941–42, 148 139–40 of 1973, 214–16, 228 and Indirect Rule, 131 of 1984–85, 3, 226–33 main groups, 10 of 1989–90, 260–61 during May Regime, 225 FAN (Northern Army Force), 217 militias against Chadians, 243–44 faqihs (Islamic Law experts), 25, 33, 103 organization/training of against Arab Federal Army of Darfur, 243 Alliance, 266–68 Fiki al-Muhajir, 124 population, 12 fitr (head tax), 29, 106 possible coexistence with Tunjur, Five-Year Plans, 162–69, 210–11 16–17 food aid, 231–32 Reconciliation Agreement with Arabs, for camps in Chad, 291 245–46 during National Islamic Front regime, relations with Ali Dinar, 96–97 255, 260–61, 285 support of slave trade by, 62 Food Aid National Administration, 233 war with Arabs, 264–66 Food for Peace, 187 fursan (horsemen), 26–27

362

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Fur state. See also Fur people; Fur plans to avenge, 90 sultans; Keira clan resignation as governor-general, 59 commerce of, 18, 27–30 Goukouni Oueddi, 217–18 expansion of, 19–22 Government of National Unity fall of first sultanate, 37–38 (GONU), 274, 300, 306–07 military of, 26–27 graduates’ constituency, 182 and religion, 30–33 Graduates’ General Congress, 150–52, royal government of, 22–26 153–54, 155 slave trade, 27–30 grain prices, 148, 161, 229 territories of, 25 Gration, Scott, 310–11 Fur sultans. See also Ali Dinar; Fur Grazing Agreement, 130 state; Keira clan Great Depression fall of second sultanate, 112–14 effect on Sudan, 142–43 Gordon’s attempts to restore, 55 and Indirect Rule, 137–38, 139 as judges, 32–33 groundnut (peanut) industry, 221 legitimacy of sultans, 101–03 Guardian, on atrocities in Darfur, 288 palaces of, 33 gum, export of, 143, 165, 189–90, 221 revenue of, 29–30 succession of, 21–22 Habbaniyya tribe tombs of sultans, 31 Abdallahi’s treatment of, 77 wives and concubines of, 22, 23 and Indirect Rule, 132 support of Mahdist revolution, 63, 66 Gaddafi, Muammar, 3, 205–06, 217, tribal court established, 152 219, 235–36, 299.SeealsoLibya war with Fur people, 27 Garang, John, 237, 252, 273, 297 Habre, Hissene, 216–17, 218–19, 245, genocide, whether term applicable to 258–59 Darfur, 293–95 Hadanduwa tribe, 42 geography of Darfur, 5 al-Hadi (imam), 202 Germany, and Ottoman Empire, 108–12 Hajjam Hasab Allah, 52 Gessi, Romolo, 55, 56 Hajjar Tokef, 98 Gezira Scheme, 137–38, 162, 163 hajj routes, 1 al-Ghali, Salah Ali, 278 hakura (estate) system of land tenure, al-Ghali Taj al-Din, 127, 132 25–26, 106, 214–15 Ghazi Salah al-Din, 311 Hamar tribe, 10–11 al-Ghazzali Ahmad Khawwaf, 77 Hamid, Adam, 123 Giegler, Carl, 56, 59 Harir (Sharif), 277 GONU (Government of National Hasab Allah, 48 Unity), 274, 300, 306–07 Hasan (son of Taj al-Din), 174–75 Gordon (Memorial) College, 134, 153, Hasan, Mustafa Muhammad, 174 162 Hasan, Yusuf, 129 Gordon, Charles al-Hasan, Zubayr Ahmad, 279 appointments made by, 50, 56–57 Hasan Jibril Sulayman, 174 attempts to restore Fur sultans, 55 Hasan Sulayman, 262 in Darfur, 52–59 Hashim Mustafa, 152 death of, 68 Hassaballah, Adud, 265 efforts to suppress slave trade, 55–56 Hawa, Salih, 77 evacuation of Egyptians by, 67–68 Hawkesworth, Desmond, 172 as governor-general of Sudan, 46–47 head tax (fitr), 29, 106

363

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head tax collector (abul-jabbayyin), 29 IGAD (Intergovernmental Authority on health services Drought and Desertification), 252 benefits from Five-Year Plans, 162, al-ikhwan al-muslimun. See Muslim 164, 167 Brotherhood in Darfur, 170, 191–92 IMF (International Monetary Fund), Henderson, K. D. D., 173, 175 210–11, 238–39, 255 Henri Dunant Foundation, 289 Indirect Rule. See also Native herd tax (zaka), 106 Administration Hicks, William, 66–67 and Mahdism, 119–25 Hicks expedition, 65, 66 and maqdumates, 128–29 High Technical Permanent Committee and nazirs, 130–33 for Combating Drought, and shaykhs, 125–26, 130–33 Desertification, and Disasters Industrial Act, 186 (HTPCCDDD), 233 Ingleson, Philip, 151 Hilal, Musa, 265–66, 276, 278, 279 Integration Charter, 258 al-Hilali, Muhammad, 46 Intergovernmental Authority on al-Hindi, Husayn, 205 Drought and Desertification holy men (fuqara), 31–33, 122 (IGAD), 252 homespun (damur), 143 international attention on Darfur, 289. honorifics of Fur officials, 23–24 See also Europe; United Nations; horsemen (fursan), 26–27 United States hospitals, 141–42, 164, 170 international movement to “save Howe, Robert, 156 Darfur,” 309–10 HTPCCDDD (High Technical media, 286–87, 288, 290–91, 292 Permanent Committee for organizations Combating Drought, Amnesty International, 287 Desertification, and Disasters), Britain’s Disaster Relief Committee, 233 287 Huddleston, Hubert, 145 International Crisis Group, 287 Humanitarian Cease-fire, 289 World Food Program, 291 humanitarian issue, treatment of Darfur treatment as humanitarian issue, as, 290–91 290–91 al-Husayn, Muhammad, 33, 37–38 International Commission of Inquiry, Husayn, Sanin, 83, 93, 95 296 International Convention on the Ibn Umar Said, 218 Prevention and Punishment of Ibok, Sam, 289 Crimes of Genocide, 294–95 Ibrahim (defterdar), 40 International Criminal Court, 295, 308 Ibrahim (nazir), 130 International Crisis Group, 287 Ibrahim Ali, 89–90 International Monetary Fund (IMF), Ibrahim Muhammad Sulayman, 278, 210–11, 238–39, 255 280–81 intifada, 224, 225 Ibrahim Qarad, 38 Islam. See Islamization; Mahdi; Ibrahim of the Tama, 74 Mahdists ICF (Islamic Charter Front), 195, 220 Islamic Charter Front (ICF), 195, 220 Idris (sultan), 74, 76, 81–82, 96, 119 Islamic Constitution, 257 Idris, Ali, 173 Islamic law. See law, Islamic (sharia) Idris, Hashim, 152 Islamic Law experts (faqihs), 25, 33, 103

364

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Islamic Legion, 217, 264 orders/promises to disarm, 294, 296, The Islamic Way: How? (Nimayri), 303 222 organized resistance against, 268, The Islamic Way: Why? (Nimayri), 222 277–78, 279 Islamism, 244–45 raids/ethnic cleansing by, 3–4, Islamization 265–66, 282–84, 312 early, 13–14, 18, 30–33 and refugee camps, 291 during May Regime, 226 against SLA/JEM, 281–84 during National Islamic Front regime, Jawamaa tribe, 10–11, 12 247–48, 251 Al-Jazira radio station, 287 during Sudanese military regime of JEM. See Justice and Equality Movement 1958–64, 193 Jibril, Husayn Abdallah, 276 Ismail (khedive), 37, 38, 45–47 jihadia, 70, 71, 78 Italian forces in Africa, 144–46 jizzu vegetation, 6, 160–61 ivory, trade of, 44, 148 John Paul II (Pope), 257 journalism, on atrocities in Darfur, Jaaliyyin, 40 286–87 Jabal Marra judges (qadis), 32–33, 105–06, 115, 118 agriculture of, 7 judicial deputies (nuwwab), 79 as closed district, 279 judicial procedures. See also law, Islamic and early Fur state, 17 (sharia) as military training grounds, 267 during Anglo-Egyptian rule, 118 photographs of, 6, 8 during Mahdist rule, 78–80 as refuge during Egyptian regime, 48, during Sudanese military regime, 183 54 Jumaa Muhammad Hagar, 277 roads created by government, 169 Juma, Said, 59 Tura in, 17 jurenga, 26, 27 Jabal Marra Investigation Scheme of Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) agricultural expansion, attacks on El Fasher and Nyala, 281 190 formation of, 276–77 jadd al-Fur (Daali), 17 National Movement for Reform and jallaba (merchants or peddlers), 49–50, Development split from, 298–99 193–94.Seealsotrade negotiations in 2008–09, 306 Jamma, Mahmud Bashir, 224–25 NIF alliance with janjawid against, janjawid, 262, 268.SeealsoNational 281–84 Islamic Front (NIF) regime rift with SLM, 298–99 activities after signing of DPA, 304 al-Juwaysar, Hasan Hilmi (pasha), 51 agreements to disarm, 296 alliance with National Islamic Front, Kababish Arabs, 10, 100, 110, 130 265–66, 278, 280, 281–85, Kabkabiyya, 19, 49, 51, 93 286–87, 291, 300 Kapila, Mukesh, 291 Bush receives list of, 292 Karakirit division of Fur, 10 efforts to suppress knowledge of, Karam al-Din Muhammad, 132 286–87 Karo Fata (White Bone) famine, 85 ﬁrst ofﬁcial reference to, 245 kasha, 227 Fur defense against, 243 Keira clan, 16–19, 47, 48.SeealsoFur and Muhammad Ahmad al-Dabi, state; Fur sultans 262 Kelly,P.J.V.,118

365

INDEX

al-Khalifa, Majdhub, 302 languages spoken in Darfur, 12, 14 Khalil, Jibril, 302 law, Islamic (sharia) Khalil Ibrahim, 276, 280–81, 298, during Ali Dinar’s rule, 105 303–04 during Anglo-Egyptian rule, 118 khalwas (Quranic schools), 133, 135, during Fur state, 32–33 179, 193 during May Regime, 222, 226 Khartoum during National Islamic Front regime, closing of slave market at, 44–45 247 education in, 180 during Transitional Military Council and European traders, 43–44 regime, 234, 237–38 hospitals in, 170 “Law of Fratricide,” 21 during World War II, 144–46 legislation. See law Khartoum University, 153 Legislative Assembly, 155–57, 171–72 Khatir Tur al-Khalla, 277 Legitimate Command, 249 Khatmiyya order of suﬁs, 249 Libya Khusraw, Muhammad, 34 Italian threat from, 145–46 Kiir, Salva, 273 relations with Chad, 205–06, 216–19, al-kitab al-aswad (Black Book), 274–77 241–43, 258–59 Kitchener, Horatio Herbert, 88–90, relations with Sudan, 202, 216–19, 99–100, 108, 112 235, 241–42, 258–59 Kordofan, 20, 25 Libyan Islamic Legion, 218 and Ali Dinar, 94 Lissan, Ahmad Tugud, 302 combined with Darfur as “province of literacy, 133–37, 211 the west,” 78 loans to Sudan. See also Gezira Scheme conquest of, 21, 34, 63 during Anglo-Egyptian rule, 137 Egyptian invasion of, 39–40 during May Regime, 210–11, Kristof, Nicholas, 288 213 Krump, Theodor, 18 during National Islamic Front regime, Kubbar, Ahmad, 279 255 Kufra Oasis, 146 during Transitional Military Council Kul Kul, 49, 51 regime, 238–39 Kunjara, Adam, 71 Local Government Appropriation of Kunjara division of Fur, 10 Taxes Ordinance, 159 Kurqasawi, Karamallah, 71–72 locust plagues, 140, 147–48 Kurqasawi, Muhammad, 71–72 Lual Deng, 303 kuttabs (elementary vernacular schools), Lupton, Frank, 56, 64 134–35 Kuuruu, 17 Maalia people, 63, 66, 94, 132 MacMichael, H. A., 30, 110, 111, 114, Lagu, Joseph, 204 117–18 Al-Lahib al-Ahmar (Red Flame), 193 Madibbu, Ibrahim, 302, 304 Lam Akol Ajawin, 300 Madibbu, Ibrahim Musa, 127, 131, Lampen, G. D., 131–32, 144, 151, 164 156 Land Registration Act, 264 Madibbu, Musa, 100 land tenure, estate (hakura) system of, Madibbu, Said Mahmud Ibrahim Musa, 25–26, 106, 214–15 299 Land Use and Rural Water Development Madibbu Ali, 63, 64, 66, 71 Department, 191, 197–98 Maffey, John, 126–27

366

INDEX

Mahdi (divinely guided one). See also resistance to Ali Dinar, 92–94 Abdallah, Muhammad Ahmad; rule of Darfur, 73–74, 78–79, 80–83 Mahdists; Mahdist state taxation by, 73 Abdallahi al-Sihayni as, 119 trade during, 84–86 general concept of, 60–62 Wadai resistance to, 83 khalifas of, 69–70.SeealsoAbdallah; Western opposition to, 73–74 Abu Jummayza Mahid Elgabid, 289 al-Mahdi, al-Hadi, 195–96, 198 Mahjub, Muhammad Ahmad, 195, 196, al-Mahdi, al-Sadiq, 195–96, 198 198, 199 during 1965–69 parliamentary Mahmud, al-Malik Rahmatallah, 156, regime, 198 173, 174 Arab Alliance letter to, 264–65 Mahmud Ahmad, 78, 79, 80–83, 88–89 during May Regime, 202, 205, Mahu Bey, 40, 41 219–22, 226 majlis al-maluk (council of kings), 105 during National Islamic Front regime, malaria, 170, 191, 231 249, 258 Malloum, Felix, 206, 216–17 photograph of, 236 Mamluk kingdom of Egypt, 24 as prime minister, 239 Manasir people, 66 during Transitional Military Council Manikli, Ahmad Pasha (al-Jazzar), 42 regime, 235–36, 237–38 manufacturing, 185, 189, 211 al-Mahdi, al-Siddiq, 172, 173 Maqbula bint Nurayn, 104 Mahdi Hassaballah, 130 maqdumates, 128–29 Mahdists, 61–62.SeealsoAbdallah, maqdums, 25, 103, 158–59 Muhammad Ahmad; Mahdi; al-Mardi, al-Tayyib, 224 Mahdist state; Umma party Masalit people, 12, 75, 277–79 and Ali Dinar, 102–03 Mason, Alexander, 56 battle of Shaykan, 66–67 May Regime conquest of Darfur, 64–67, 73 agriculture during, 220–21 conquest of Kordofan, 63 attack on Mahdists, 202 crisis following death of Mahdi, and Bakheit, 207–10 68–70 economy during, 210–14, 220–21 and elections of 1953, 173–74 education during, 211 and elections of 1958, 182 and Gaddaﬁ, 205–06 and elections of 1965, 195–96 Islamization during, 226 May Regime’s attack on, 202 and National Reconciliation, 219–22 rising of 1921, 119–25 neglect by during drought/famine of Slatin’s efforts to suppress, 64–66 1984–85, 226–33 support of, 63–64 overthrow of, 234–36 during Transitional Military Council overthrow of Sudanese parliamentary (TMC) regime, 235, 237–38 regime by, 201–05 victories of, 64–67 redivision of south Sudan, 225–26 Mahdist state regionalization of northern Sudan, drought during, 85–86 222–25 economy during, 84–86 relations with Chad, 216–19 epidemics during, 85–86 relations with Libya, 202, 216–19 famine during, 85–86 taxation by, 223 forced migration of tribes by, 77–78 McMahon, Henry, 108, 112 rebellion of Abu Jummayza, 74–77 measles, 231

367

INDEX

Mecca, pilgrimage to, 29, 84 Muhammad Taha, 226, 248, 269, 279, media attention on Darfur, 286–87, 288, 280, 289, 302 290–91, 292 Muhammady, Mamun, 212 medical provisions, 141–42 murahalin (tribal militias), 238, 299 Meidob people, 26, 152, 159, 161, 263 Musa, Adam Hamid, 276 Messedaglia, Giacomo, 56 Musa, Ahmad, 199–200 migration of tribes Musa, Ibrahim, 130, 151, 152, 173 during drought of 1973, 214–16 Musabbaat people, 21 during drought of 1984–85, 229–30 Muslim Brotherhood (al-ikhwan forced, 77–78, 84 al-muslimun), 193, 194, 220.See for grazing, 160–61 also National Islamic Front overview, 9–10 (NIF) Military Economic Board, 220 during May Regime, 205, 221–22, military regimes. See May Regime; 224, 226 National Islamic Front (NIF) during National Islamic Front regime, regime; Sudanese military regime 259 Milner Mission, 125 during Sudanese parliamentary regime Mima tribe, 66, 72 of 1965–69, 195 Minawi, Minni Arkoy, 300, 302, 304 during Transitional Military Council Ministry of Agriculture, 186 regime, 235 Ministry of Agriculture, Food, Natural Muslim clerics (ulama), 32, 79, 105, Resources, and Irrigation, 212 118, 122 Ministry of Cooperation and Rural Muslims. See Islamization; Mahdi; Development, 212 Mahdists Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, 212 Nachtigal, Gustav, 22, 23, 24, 30 Ministry of Finance, 186, 240 Nafie Ali Nafie, 311 Ministry of Industry and Mining, 186 Al-Nahjj al-islami limatha? (The Islamic Ministry of Local Government, 240 Way: Why?) (Nimayri), 222 al-Mirghani, Ahmad Uthman, 235 naib umum Dar Fur (chief judge), 79 al-Mirghani, Ali, 124, 155, 176 National Alliance for National al-Mirghani, Muhammad Uthman, 249 Salvation, 234–35 Misiriyya people, 64 National Council for the Salvation of missionaries, 44 Darfur, 245–46 Mubarak, Hosni, 256 National Democratic Alliance (NDA), mufti, 118 249, 257 muhajarin (exiles), 123 National Dialogue conference, 249 Muhammad (emir), 129 National High Council for Drought and Muhammad (Prophet), 60 Desertification, 233 Muhammad Adam, 302 National Islamic Front (NIF) regime Muhammad Adam Sharif, 103 and Abuja peace process, 297–98 Muhammad Ali Pasha, 34 alliance with janjawid against and Ahmad Abu Adhan, 43 SLA/JEM, 281–84 origin and language of, 39 and Arab Alliance, 263–66 Sudanese rebellion against, 40 coup of 1989, 247–48 taxes levied on Sudanese by, 40 Darfur Liberation Front (DLF) Muhammad al-Zaki Ahmad, 174 against, 277–79 Muhammad Sharif, 70 dealings with south, 251–54

368

INDEX

dissidents of, Black Book published and Mahdism, 119–25 by, 274–77 during May Regime, 202, 209 division of Darfur into three states by, during National Islamic Front regime, 261–63 251 economy during, 255–56 Nawai, Idris, 279 ethnic cleansing by, 282–84 NDA. See National Democratic Alliance foreign relations, 256–57 negotiation agreements, 295 Islamization under, 251 Neguib, Muhammad, 176 military of, 248–49 Newbold, Douglas, 150, 155 neglect of/discrimination against Fur, New Schemes program, 185 267–68 New York Times, on atrocities in provincial administration, 250–51 Darfur, 288 relations with Sudan People’s NIF regime. See National Islamic Front Liberation Movement, 270–74, (NIF) regime 297–98 Nimayri, Jaafar Muhammad, 202–05, rule in Darfur, 259–61 208, 218.SeealsoMay Regime SLA/JEM attacks on, 280–82 books published under name of, split of, 269–70 222 strains within, 257 efforts to make peace with Chad, support of Chadian rebels against 216–17 Habre, 258–59 and National Reconciliation, 219–22 and terrorist organizations, 256 overthrow of, 234–36 totalitarian nature of, 248 photograph of, 203 National Liberation Party, 182 return from exile, 257 National Movement for Reform and Niyazi, Sulayman Pasha, 67 Development (NMRD), 298–99 NMRD (National Movement for National Reconciliation, 219–22, 257 Reform and Development), National Research Council, 186 298–99 National Unionist Party (NUP), 172–75, Non-Project Assistance, 187 177–78 Northern Army Force (FAN), 217 in elections of 1958, 182 Northern Darfur Rural Council, 207 in elections of 1965, 195–96 Northwest Darfur District Council, 207 and May Regime, 202 Nuba Mountains Federation, 195, 198 reuniting with People’s Democratic NUP. See National Unionist Party Party, 198 al-Nur, Adam, 132 split of, 178 al-Nur, Sad, 38 Native Administration. See also Indirect al-Nur, Tibn Sad, 105 Rule Nur al-Din Dafaallah, 276–77 during Anglo-Egyptian regime, nuwwab (judicial deputies), 79 119–25, 127–28, 130–31, 132–37 OAU (Organization of African Unity), combination with local Darfur 217–18 government, 158–59 Obama administration, 292, 310–11 of Dar Masalit, 127–28 October Revolution, 192–95 effect on education, 133–37 oil production, effect on international efforts to amalgamate tribes under, relations, 256–57, 286 132–33 Organization and Promotion of and intertribal relations, 130–31 Industrial Investment Act, 186

369

INDEX

Organization of African Unity (OAU), Railway Workers’ Union, 171 217–18 rainfall. See drought Ottoman Empire, 108–12.Seealso Ramcharan, Bertrand, 293 Egyptian regime (Turkiyya) al-Rashid, Muhammad Harun, 48, 51, 52, 53, 55 PDP. See People’s Democratic Party battle against Slatin, 57 Peace and Reconciliation Council, 303 Egyptian regime’s inability to deal Peace and Security Council, AU, 301 with, 54 peanut (groundnut) industry, 221 killing of, 57 People’s Assembly, 204, 209 Rauf, Muhammad Pasha, 47, 59 People’s Democratic Party (PDP), 178 RCC (Revolutionary Command and elections of 1958, 181–82 Council), 201–03, 247, 249 and elections of 1965, 195, 220 Red Flame (Al-Lahib al-Ahmar), 193 reuniting with National Unionist redivision of south Sudan, 225–26 Party, 198 refugees, 285, 290–91 People’s Local Government Act, 207 Regional Conference of SSU, 223 Perham, Margery, 128 Regional Government Act, 222 pilgrimage to Mecca, 29, 84 Regional Government of Darfur, 222–25 plague, locusts, 140, 147–48 regionalization of northern Sudan, police in Darfur, 138 222–25 Popular Assembly, 249 Regional Self-Government Act, 204 Popular Islamic and Arab Conference, Relief Information and Coordination 256 Support Unit, 233 Popular Patriotic Congress (PPC), 270 reporters, and atrocities in Darfur, Powell, Colin, 294 286–87 The Powers of Nomad Sheikhs Republican Brothers, 226 Ordinance, 125–26 Revolutionary Command Council PPC (Popular Patriotic Congress), 270 (RCC), 201–03, 247, 249 prison labor camps, 167 Rigolet, Charles, 56 Professionals’ Front, 194 Rijal, Adam, 93, 97–98, 105, 107 Pronk, Jan, 296 rinderpest, 138–39, 189, 211 Prout, Henry, 56 Rizayqat tribe, 10 provinces of Darfur, 48–49, 118 and Abu Jummayza revolt, 76 Provincial Administration Act of 1960, conﬂicts over tribal boundaries and 183 rights of way, 262–63 and Indirect Rule, 130, 132 qadi al-Islam, 79 massacre of Dinka refugees by, 238 Qarad, Husayn Ibrahim, 102 Muhammad Tayrab’s campaigns qisms, 49 against, 21 Quarantine Law, 191 opposition to Mahdiyya, 71, 72 Quran, as basis of laws, 79 relations with Ali Dinar, 94 “Quraysh 1,” 265 and Slatin, 66 “Quraysh 2,” 266 support of Mahdist revolution, 63–64 quz region, 6–7 tribal court established, 152 war with Fur people, 27 Rabih Zubayr, 95 roads in Darfur, 169, 213 al-Raddi, Umbadda, 83 Robertson, James, 156, 157, 173, 174 railways, 163, 164–65, 190, 213–14 Rosset, Karl Friedrich, 56

370

INDEX

Rural Water Development Corporation Shamli, Ahmad Pasha (Abu Adhan), 42, (RWDC), 212 43 Rural Water Supplies and Soil sharia. See law, Islamic Conservation Board, 190–91 shartays (district representatives), 25, Russia, view toward UN stance on 32–33, 151 Sudan, 297 Shatta, Ahmad, 38 RWDC (Rural Water Development Shaykan, battle of, 66–67 Corporation), 212 shaykhs and Abd al-Rahman, 123 Sadat, Anwar, 217 alliance with Muhammad Khalid, Said, Muhammad, 44–45 69–70 Salamat people, 245 collection of taxes by, 54 Salih, Mahmud al-Tayyib, 174 education of children of, 133–37 Salih, Muhammad (Dud Murra), 83, during Egyptian regime, 49, 65 98 and Indirect Rule, 125–26, 130–37 Salim Ahmad Salim, 302, 306 during Mahdist rule, 79–80 Salim Qabudan, 42 during May Regime, 209 Sanusi, Ali, 127 relations with Ali Dinar, 100–01 Sanusiyya order of sufis, 103, 111 settling of legal disputes by, 105–06 Savile, R. V., 109–10, 118 Sudanese dependence on for Sayf al-Din, 48, 129 leadership, 122 al-Sayyid, Hamid Effendi, 151 Shayqiyya tribe, 40 al-Sayyid Bey Juma, 67 Shilluk people, 41, 42 schistosomiasis, 142, 191–92 Shuqayr, Naum, 48 Schnitzer, Eduard (Emin Pasha), 56 al-Sihayni, Abdallahi, 119 schools, 133–37, 153–54 Sinnar, 18, 20, 34, 39–40 1955–56 census findings, 179 Sirte Process, 306 benefits from Five-Year Plans, 166–67 Six-Year Plan, 210–14 and failure of Six-Year Plan, 211 SLA. See Sudan Liberation Army during May Regime, 211 Slatin, Rudolf, 57–59, 64–67 during Sudanese military regime, 193 and Ali Dinar, 91, 92, 97 SCP (Sudanese Communist Party), 192, and borders of Darfur, 95, 97, 98–99 193, 198 efforts to suppress Mahdists, 64–66 Scramble for Africa, 37, 96 as governor of Dara, 57 SDF (Sudan Defense Force), 144, 145, and revolting tribes, 100, 101 146 slaves Security Council, UN, 293, 296, 304 eunuchs, 24 countries interested/uninterested in in important positions, 24–25 aggressive UN stance, 297 in Sudanese military, 61 Resolution 1556, 296 of sultan, chief of (ab shaykh dali), 24 Resolution 1574, 296–97 slave trade Resolution 1593, 295 Anglo-Egyptian policy on, 92, 115, Resolution 1769, 307 124 September Laws, 226, 234, 237–38 Egyptian efforts to suppress, 37, Sese, Tijani, 245, 265 44–45, 50, 55–56, 61 al-Shafi Ahmad al-Shaykh, 195, 210 European efforts to suppress, 44–45 al-Shahana, 298–99 by Europeans, 44 Shakka, 55, 64 of Fur state, 27–30

371

INDEX

slave trade (cont.) relations with Chad, 199–200, overview, 7 242–44, 258–59, 301 Sudanese, 44–45 relations with Egypt, 202, 217, 256, support by Baqqara tribes, 61–62 257 support by Fur people, 62 relations with Libya, 202, 205–06, SLM. See Sudan Liberation Movement 216–19, 235, 241–42 smallpox, 86, 140, 142, 170 Sudan Defense Force (SDF), 144, 145, Socialist Republican Party (SRP), 146 172–75 Sudanese Communist Party (SCP), 192, social services, 166–67, 187–88 193, 198 soil conservation, 165, 168 Sudanese military regime Soil Conservation Committee, 149–50, of 1958–64, 182–95 167, 168 of 1965–69. See May Regime Soil Conservation, Land Use, and Rural of 1989–. See National Islamic Front Water Programming (NIF) regime Administration, 212 Sudanese parliamentary regime soil degradation, 149–50, 228 of 1956–58, 181–84 South Darfur Transport Company, of 1965–69, 195–96, 197, 200, 214 201–05 Southern Darfur Rural Council, 207 of 1986–89, 238–41 Southern Darfur Rural Development Sudanese Socialist Union (SSU), 204, Program, 211 208–10, 222, 223, 225, 234 Southern Liberal Party, 182 Sudan Government. See Anglo-Egyptian Southern Regional Government, rule of Sudan 236–38 Sudanization Committee, 175 Southern Sudan Liberation Movement Sudan Liberation Army (SLA) (SSLM), 204 early success of, 280–82 SPLA. See Sudan People’s Liberation ﬁrst chairman of, 267 Army NIF alliance with janjawid against, SPLM. See Sudan People’s Liberation 281–84 Movement refusal to sign DPA by factions of, SRP (Socialist Republican Party), 303–04 172–75 splits within, 279–80 SSLM (Southern Sudan Liberation Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM), Movement), 204 279–80 SSU (Sudanese Socialist Union), 204, refusal to sign DPA by fractions of, 208–10, 222, 223, 225, 234 303–04 Stack, Lee, 125, 126 rift with JEM, 298–99 Sudan. See also Anglo-Egyptian regime; splits within, 300 Egyptian regime; May Regime; Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA) National Islamic Front (NIF) goal of, 237–38 regime; Sudanese military during National Islamic Front regime, regime; Sudanese parliamentary 248, 252–54 regime; Transitional Military Sudan People’s Liberation Movement Council (TMC) (SPLM) effect of Great Depression on, 142–43 alliance with National Democratic effect of World War I on, 108–12 Alliance, 249

372

INDEX

Comprehensive Peace Agreement with takkiyya (cloth tax), 29, 106 Sudanese government, 297–98 Tamurkwa division of Fur, 10 division of, 252–53 Tawfiq, Muhammad, 47, 67 formation of, 225–26 taxation, 25–26 goal of, 237–38 by Ali Dinar, 106 improved relations with National by Anglo-Egyptian regime, 115, 121, Islamic Front (NIF), 270–74 128, 132, 138 invasion of Darfur, 260 by Egyptian regime, 41–42, 51, 54 during National Islamic Front regime, by Mahdiyya, 73 247, 252–54, 260 by May Regime, 223 PPC’s “Memorandum of types of, 29–30 Understanding” with, 270 Tayrab, Muhammad, 20–21, 33 and transitional government, 237–38 Tayrab Sulayman, 105 Sudan Railways, 162, 164–65 al-Tayyib Ibrahim, 251, 261 Sudan Textile Industries Company, al-Tayyib Ibrahim Khayr, 248 213 al-Tayyib Muhammad Khayr, 281 Suez Canal Zone, 155–57 Ten-Year Plan, 185–88, 189, 190 sufis, 251 terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001, Khatmiyya order of, 249 271 Sanusiyya order of, 103, 111 terrorist organizations, 256 Tijaniyya order of, 103 Tia, Muhammad Bey, 66 Sufism (Islamic mysticism), 61 al-Tijani Sad, 183 sugar consumption, 140–41 Tijaniyya order of sufis, 103 Sulayman, 17–18, 19 Tinay, 281 sultans, Fur. See Fur sultans; Keira Tirayu, Ali, 302 sultanate TMC (Transitional Military Council), sunna (custom) of the Prophet, 79 234–35, 236, 237–38, 241–43 Sunni Islam. See also Mahdi Tombalbaye, Francois, 199, 206 Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, trade. See also slave trade 182 of early Fur state, 18 Suq al-Naam project, 212, 213 between Egypt and Sudan, 42 Symes, Stewart, 124–25, 145, during Egyptian regime, 49–50 150 of Fur state, 18, 27–30 syphilis, 142 during Great Depression, 142–43 during Mahdist rule, 84–85 Taaisha tribe, 66 during Sudanese parliamentary regime Abdallahi’s treatment of, 77 of 1965–69, 197 and Indirect Rule, 132 Transitional Military Council (TMC), in Mahdist armies, 78 234–35, 236, 237–38, 241–43 tribal court established, 152 Transitional National Assembly, al-Tagawi, Tahir, 65–66 249 al-Tahir, al-Tijani, 258 transportation, 138 Taj al-Din, 82, 96, 98 benefits from Five-Year Plans, 164 Taj al-Din Nyam, 302 in Darfur, 169–70 tajamu al-arabi (Arab Alliance), 245–46, during May Regime, 213–14 263–68 and trade/agricultural problems, takanawi (an office), 103–04 148

373

INDEX

tribes. See also Indirect Rule; names of during Transitional Military Council specific tribes regime, 239 1955–56 census findings, 179 Umm Birayr, Ilyas, 50 efforts to amalgamate, 132–33 Umm Diwaykarat, battle of, 89 fighting among over land, 216 Umm Kadok, Hasan, 71 forced migration of, 84 Umm Shanqa, 64, 65, 67 identification and loyalties, 13 UNAMID (African Union/United migration of, 77–78, 160–61, 214–16, Nations operation in Darfur) 229–30 force, 307–08, 313 militias against Chadians, 242–44 Unionists. See National Unionist Party overview, 10–12 (NUP); People’s Democratic relations with Ali Dinar, 94, Party (PDP) 100–01 United Democratic Salvation Front, Tripartite Economic Agreement, 253 202 United Nations Tripoli Agreement, 299 Commission of Inquiry on Darfur, Tripoli Charter, 202 295 Tuhami Jalal Bey al-Din, 51 denounced by NIF regime, 300 Tunjur people, 10, 16–17 denouncing NIF’s actions as war Tura (Jabal Marra), 17 crimes, 284 al-Turabi, Hasan, 220, 222, 247–48, High Commissioner for Refugees 250, 256, 257, 269–70 (UNHCR), 291 Turco-Egyptian regime in Sudan. See Office for the Coordination of Egyptian regime (Turkiyya) Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), Turkish language, 39 291 Turkiyya. See Egyptian regime opposition of Sudanese government to al-Tuwaysha, 49, 53 intervention by, 4 in peace process from 2006–09, ulama (Muslim clerics), 32, 79, 105, 303–11 118, 122 Security Council, 293, 296, 304 umangawi (abbo umo), 103–04 countries interested/uninterested in Umar, Adam, 70 aggressive UN stance, 297 Umar Darhu, 70 Resolution 1556, 296 Umar Lel, 19–20 Resolution 1574, 296–97 Umma party Resolution 1593, 295 in elections of 1958, 181–82 Resolution 1769, 307 in elections of 1965, 195–96 United States during May Regime, 224–25 Atrocities Documentation Team, president of, 172–75 285–86 during Sudanese military regime of declaration of Sudan as terrorism 1956–58, 181–82, 183 sponsor, 256 during Sudanese military regime of financial aid to Sudan, 181, 187, 235 1958–64, 192–93 opposition to Libya, 217 during Sudanese parliamentary political inaction toward Darfur, regime of 1965–69, 195–96, 292–93, 294 197–99 relations with Sudan after 9/11, 271 support by Darfur, 259 view toward UN stance on Sudan, support of FROLINAT, 200 297

374

INDEX

Urabist movement, 64 and Slatin, 99 Uthman, Muhammad (nazir), 132–33 during World War I, 109–12 Uthman Adam (Uthman Janu), 72–73, World Bank, 255 74, 75, 76, 78, 80 World Food Program, 291 attack on Dar Masalit, 85 World War I, 108–12 forced migration of tribes by, 77–78 World War II Uthman Ishaq Adam, 174 Darfur Province Council inauguration, 150–52 veterinary services, 162, 163, 165 Five-Year Plans, 162–67 Victory Brigade, 282 North African campaigns, 146 supplying of Allies in N. Africa and Wadai, 20 Middle East by Sudan, 147 French conquest of, 95–96 resistance to Mahdists, 83 Yahya, Hamid (“Turjok”), 76 rivalry with Darfur, 83, 95–96 Yaqub, Adam, 127 trade with Darfur, 84 Yugoslavia, and May Regime, 202 WAR. See Western Air Reinforcement Yusuf Ibrahim, 71, 72–73 route Yusuf Muhammad Sharif, 74, 82 War of the Tribes, 243–44 water supplies Zaghawa tribe beneﬁts from Five-Year Plans, 167–69 alliance with Fur against NIF, 277–79 in Darfur, 190–91, 212 and Chadian forces, 258–59 drying up of, 141, 148–50, 212, 214. conﬂict with Rizayqat, 262–63 See also drought and drought of 1933, 143 Land Use and Rural Water and drought of 1969–70, 189 Development Department, 191, and drought of 1973, 214 197–98 and drought of 1984–85, 228 Rural Water Supplies and Soil with Fur against Arab Alliance, 268 Conservation Board, 190–91 grazing troubles and agreements, 160 during Sudanese parliamentary regime herding and gathering by, 6–7 of 1965–69, 197–98 lands of, 10, 19 weapons, 35 language of, 12 wells, 141, 168–69 and Libya, 217 Western Air Reinforcement (WAR) and Mahdist rising of 1921, 119–21 route, 147 during May Regime, 225 Western Arab Corps, 160 militias against Chadian forces, Western Darfur Rural Council, 207 242–43 Western Savannah Development Corp, opposition to Mahdists, 64, 72 211 sultan’s relations with, 26 Western states, opposition to Mahdist tribal disputes of, 152 state, 73–74 Zaghlul, Sad, 126 Western Sudan Union, 198 al-Zahra, al-Husayn Ibrahim, 79 White Bone (Karo Fata)famine,85 zaka (herd tax), 106 Wingate, Reginald, 90 Zakariyya Bey, 51 and borders of Darfur, 99, 108 Zalingei, 135–36, 151 and Darfur’s administration, 117 Zayadiyya tribe, 10, 26, 101 desire to avenge Gordon, 90, 91 al-Zayn, al-Qurashi wad, 62 plans to invade Darfur, 109–12 al-Zayn, Ismat, 302

375

INDEX

Zoellick, Robert, 303 slaves in army of, 61 al-Zubayr Rahma Mansur slave trading by, 44 appointment as governor, 46 al-Zubayr, Sulayman, 50, 53–54, 55, and borders of Darfur, 99 56 conquest of Darfur, 37–38, 47, 48 Zuqal, Muhammad Khalid, 59, 63, 65, photograph of, 36 67, 69–70, 74, 79

376