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National Action Programme to Combat Desertification in Republic of Uzbekistan

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United Nations Environment Programme Cabinet of Ministers (UNEP) Main Administration of Hydrometeorology (GLAVGIDROMET) NATIONAL ACTION PROGRAMME TO COMBAT DESERTIFICATION IN REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN ТASHKENT 1999 г. The coordination committee on development of National program of actions V.E.Chub Chief of Head quarters on hydrometeorology at Cabinet of Ministers of republic of Uzbekistan National coordinator of project P.K.Abdullaev Chairman of State Committee on science and engineering A Sh.Khabibullaev Chairman of State Committee on protection of nature A.A.Khanazarov Chairman of State Committee on forest B.B.Bekturdiev First vice-president of Soviet of Ministers of Republic of Karakalpakstan A.A.Djalalov The first deputy of minister of agricultural and water management O.O.Olimjonov The deputy minister of macroeconomics and statistics T.F.Aripov Vice-president of Academy of Sciences O.A.Ashurmetov Director of Institute of Botany of Academy of Sciences B.A.Tashmukhamedov Chief of section of biological sciences of Academy of Sciences A.M.Ovchinnikov Deputy of chief of Glavgidromet, National coordinator of Uns' Convention on struggle with desertification The international consultant N.F.Glazovsky Deputy of director of Geographical Institute of Academy of sciences of Russia L.I.Krumkachev Main adviser of UNEP, Nayroby, Kenya The list of experts, participating in development Akbarov Kh.A. Nazarov I.K. Tadjiev U. Akjigitova N.I. Nigmatov F. Tashmukhamedov B.A. Atabekov H.S. Nurbaev D.D. Tiryanikova R.V. Baraev A.A. Pak G.E. Turaev M. Natirov I.B. Parshin Yu. Umarov U. Borovikova L.H. Piontkovska L.G. Usmanov V.O. Vlasova L. Popov V.A. Fayziev Ch. Gaipov B. Ravshanov K. Khamidov U. Gorelkin N.E. Razzakov R.M. Khamraev N.R. Gusakova S.D. Rafikov A.A. Khanazarov A.A. Denisov Yu.M. Rakhimbaev F.M. Khodjaev P. Zubkova G.F. Reyzvih O.N. Saruk O. Isaev A.A. Savello V.L. Shamsiev F.K. Kovshenkova E.M. Salimov Yu. Yusupov A. Muradov B.К. Safronov L.V. Yusupov B.M. Myagkov S.V. Smolnikov S.Yu. THE CONTENTS LIST THE INTRODUCTION 3 1. THE NATURAL CONDITIONS of REPUBLIC of UZBEKISTAN 5 1.1. Geographical rule (situation) 5 1.2. Relief and geomorphology 6 1.3. Climate of Uzbekistan 10 1.4. Surface waters 15 1.5. Soils 16 1.6. Vegetation 19 1.7. Animal world 23 1.8. Natural - climatic distribution 24 2. THE SOCIAL ECONOMICAL CONDITIONS AND RESOURCES of UZBEKISTAN 26 2.1. Human potential 26 2.1.1. Population - the demographic parameters, social structure, employment, level of life 27 2.2. Agro-climatic resources 28 2.3. Water resources 29 2.4. Ground resources 31 2.5. Biological resources 33 2.5.1. Forest resources 34 2.6. Mineral-raw resources 36 2.7. Hydroenergetic resources 37 2.7.1. Opportunity of development of hydroenergetic resources and the problem of combination of interests of irrigation and power 39 2.8. Main directions of economy development 39 3. PROCESSES OF DESERTING IN UZBEKISTAN 41 3.1. Factors of deserting 41 3.1.1. Natural factors of deserting 41 3.1.2. Human factors of deserting 42 3.1.3. Interaction of the natural and antropogenic factors at deserting 44 3.2. Degradation of vegetation cover on pastures 48 3.3. The water resources, transformation of water-salt regime of irrigation lands 49 3.4. Mobile sands - centers of disinflation 49 3.5. Soil erosion 51 3.6. Non-irrigation zones - condition of use 52 3.7. Transformation of forest territory - threat to deserting 53 3.8. Irrigation agriculture and secondary salinity 53 3.9. Chemical pollution of soil and groundwater 57 3.10. Deserting connected with dead of Aral Sea. 61 3.11. Technogennic pollution of soil, as technogennic factor of deserting 62 3.12. Atmospheric salt-dusty transfer 64 3.13. Indicators of deserting 66 3.14. Economic and social consequences of deserting for Republic of Uzbekistan 71 3.15. Migration of population connected with deserting and drought 4. STRATEGY AND PLAN of ACTIONS ON STRUGGLE WITH DESERTING 73 4.1. Measures on struggle with deserting 73 4.1.1. Anti-erosion measures 4.1.2. Determination of water-safe and bank-protection zones 4.1.3. Measures on water-supply 4.2. Observing system and control on conditions of environment 4.2.1. Modern methods of monitoring and scientific researches of deserting and drought problems 4.2.2. Development of state control for environment and using of water-land resources 4.3. Scientific researches and project works on deserting problems 4.4. Role of interregional and international cooperation in struggle with deserting and drought 4.5. Role of governmental agencies and state institutes 75 4.6. Local bodies of management 76 4.7. Non-governmental organization 77 4.8. Legislation in area of struggle with deserting and protection of nature 78 THE CONCLUSION. 105 The literature 106 Appendix "The ground - not only the huge property, but also factor, from which the future country depends". I.A.KARIMOV President of Republic of UZBEKISTAN THE INTRODUCTION By international community is recognized, that deserting represents large economic, social and ecological problem for many countries of world. One from many being are problems of degradation of land with increasing of anthropogenic loading on ecological system. In this connection, the Intergovernmental committee on negotiating (ICN) of United Nations was develops the Convention on struggle with deserting and softening of drought influence, in which emphasize: "Deserting" means the degradation of lands in arid, semi-arid and dry subhumidic regions as a result of action of various factors, including the change of climate and human activity. "Drought" means the natural phenomenon, arising, when quantity of precipitation far below of normal fixed levels, that causes the gross infringement of hydrological balance, adversely responds on efficiency of land resources. The state - participation pledge oneself to struggle with reasons of formation of desert and beginnings of drought, and turn back the tendency to formation of new desert regions. The formation deserts it is not wide having deserts it is degradation of soils in side of arid and semiarid lands, based on human activity and climatic changes. The government of Republic of Uzbekistan, despite on difficult economic situation, accepts the vigorous measures on ecological improve and provide of social-economic development of country. The Republic of Uzbekistan in December 7, 1994, signed and August 31, 1995 the Oliy Madjlis (Parliament) of Republic of Uzbekistan ratified the UN’s Convention on struggle with desertification and drought, recognizing the necessary of struggle intensifying with desertification and taking the effective measure on prevent of ecosystem degradation and rational using of natural potential in cooperation with world community. As a first step on realization of Convention, at financial support and technical assistance of UN’s Program on environment (UNEP), was developed the National program of actions on struggle with desertification in Republic of Uzbekistan. In development of National Program of Actions on struggles with deserting in Republic of Uzbekistan participated the great scientists, specialists from different Ministries and scientific organization of Republic of Uzbekistan. The National Program of Actions on struggles with deserting contains the deep analysis of reasons deserting and priority way on struggle with deserting and degradation of lands by antropogen loading. The program offered the scientific-well grounded measures on prevent further of degradation of lands, improve of conditions of pasture and haymakings, decreasing of social-economic consequences of deserting, softening of influence of drought with deficit of water resources. UN’s Convention on struggle with desertification in countries, which subject to serious drought or desertification, especially in Africa. In 1977 the UN’s Conference on struggle with desertification took a plan on struggle with desertification. However, the problem of land degradation in arid, semi-arid and subhumid regions not only didn’t was soluted, but also in definite extent has become aggravated. Therefore, the question about struggle way with phenomenon stay in center of attention of UN’s Conference on environment and development, which was in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro. The Conference applied to UN with suggestion to establish a special committee for development of Convention on struggle with desertification, which was taken in Paris, June, 17 1994, and in October was open for signing, and December, 26 1996 has come into force, after 90 days afterwards its ratification 50th state. On today to it added 139 states. The purpose of this Convention is struggle with desertification and softing of drought impact in countries, which subject to drought and desertification, through effective measures on all level in combination with agreements about international collaboration and partnerships in border of complex method, corresponding to agenda on XXI century and directed on achievement of sustainable development in these regions. For achievement this purpose is necessary a long-term complex program, directing on increase of land productivity, reconstruction, preservation, sustainable and rational use of land and water resources for increasing of life level of population. The Convention required from Government of countries, which signed its: ♦ To give a first consideration to struggle with desertification and softing of consequence of drought and choice of adequate resources in corresponded with its own adverbs and possibilities; ♦ To develop a strategies and establish a priorities on struggle with desertification; ♦ To creation a favourable conditions through aggravation of corresponding laws, in those case, when its absent, by means of promulgation of new laws and forming of long-term politics and program of action. Besides, from governments of developed countries require to provide a assignment of financial resources and other forms of support for help to developing countries – Sides of Convention, effectively developing a own plans and strategy on struggle with desertification, and to promote to access of other countries, especially developing, to achievement technologies, knowledges and now-how.
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