Conducting the History Lab
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Volume 59, Issue 1
Volume 60, Issue 4 Page 1023 Stanford Law Review THE SURPRISINGLY STRONGER CASE FOR THE LEGALITY OF THE NSA SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM: THE FDR PRECEDENT Neal Katyal & Richard Caplan © 2008 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University, from the Stanford Law Review at 60 STAN. L. REV. 1023 (2008). For information visit http://lawreview.stanford.edu. THE SURPRISINGLY STRONGER CASE FOR THE LEGALITY OF THE NSA SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM: THE FDR PRECEDENT Neal Katyal* and Richard Caplan** INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................1024 I. THE NSA CONTROVERSY .................................................................................1029 A. The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act................................................1029 B. The NSA Program .....................................................................................1032 II. THE PRECURSOR TO THE FDR PRECEDENT: NARDONE I AND II........................1035 A. The 1934 Communications Act .................................................................1035 B. FDR’s Thirst for Intelligence ....................................................................1037 C. Nardone I...................................................................................................1041 D. Nardone II .................................................................................................1045 III. FDR’S DEFIANCE OF CONGRESS AND THE SUPREME COURT..........................1047 A. Attorney General -
Gap, Banana Republic, Old Navy, Piperlime, Athleta, Intermix
GAP INC Brands: Gap, Banana Republic, Old Navy, Piperlime, Athleta, Intermix WORKER EMPOWERMENT: COMMITMENT & PRACTICE: COLLABORATIVE APPROACH: STRATEGY: 12345768910 12345768910 12345768910 12345768910 TOTAL SCORE: 123457689101112131415116 7 18 19 20 21 22 2324252627 28 29 30 31 32 3334353637 38 39 40 COMPANY POSITION ON THE LIVING WAGE: IN MORE DETAIL: “We remain committed to the principle that wages for Has living-wage benchmarks? a standard working week should meet the basic needs No. of factory workers and provide them with discretionary income. We want to do our part to help ensure workers are being treated fairly and that their compensation Worker empowerment: reflects that ... While there is no universally agreed-upon Gap says: “We use a wide range of approaches to ensure calculation for a living wage, we have made it a priority that FOA [freedom of association] rights are respected to ensure that our suppliers comply with legal wage and communicated clearly with both management and and benefits laws, the violation of which is an ongoing workers. These range from supporting open dialogue problem in the apparel industry.” between factory workers and managers to partnering with workers’ rights groups and trade unions when appropriate. We believe that helping ensure FOA in both WHAT WE SAY: principle and practice is important to laying a foundation for increased wages.” Gap’s submission, although containing many fine words and sentiments, shows little proof of real work that will Gap says factory managers are obliged to inform workers improve wages for workers making its clothes. This is of unions operating in the factory, provide their contact disappointing. -
Alternate History – Alternate Memory: Counterfactual Literature in the Context of German Normalization
ALTERNATE HISTORY – ALTERNATE MEMORY: COUNTERFACTUAL LITERATURE IN THE CONTEXT OF GERMAN NORMALIZATION by GUIDO SCHENKEL M.A., Freie Universität Berlin, 2006 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (German Studies) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) April 2012 © Guido Schenkel, 2012 ABSTRACT This dissertation examines a variety of Alternate Histories of the Third Reich from the perspective of memory theory. The term ‘Alternate History’ describes a genre of literature that presents fictional accounts of historical developments which deviate from the known course of hi story. These allohistorical narratives are inherently presentist, meaning that their central question of “What If?” can harness the repertoire of collective memory in order to act as both a reflection of and a commentary on contemporary social and political conditions. Moreover, Alternate Histories can act as a form of counter-memory insofar as the counterfactual mode can be used to highlight marginalized historical events. This study investigates a specific manifestation of this process. Contrasted with American and British examples, the primary focus is the analysis of the discursive functions of German-language counterfactual literature in the context of German normalization. The category of normalization connects a variety of commemorative trends in postwar Germany aimed at overcoming the legacy of National Socialism and re-formulating a positive German national identity. The central hypothesis is that Alternate Histories can perform a unique task in this particular discursive setting. In the context of German normalization, counterfactual stories of the history of the Third Reich are capable of functioning as alternate memories, meaning that they effectively replace the memory of real events with fantasies that are better suited to serve as exculpatory narratives for the German collective. -
C.I. Clement, 'Enmity Over Amity: US Belligerence
Enmity over Amity: US Belligerence toward Latin American Elected Governments Presented at the International Studies Association 2008 Annual Conference Do not cite or reproduce without the author’s permission. Christopher I. Clement Pomona College Department of Politics [email protected] Several works focusing on the use of covert operations by one democracy against another have challenged some of the central claims of democratic peace theory (DPT). Most notably, Forsythe (1992) shed light on the United States use of covert actions against elected governments in the Third World and suggested they might present some complications for DPT. James and Mitchell (1995) also found that powerful established democracies are likely to use covert actions when disputes arise with weaker democracies attempting to overcome their structural dependencies. If DPT were to include covert actions, its claims regarding the pacific relations among democracies would be less convincing. As Barkawi (2001:107) notes, the zone of peace among democracies “may not extend to core-periphery relations” and “would be considerably reduced, largely applicable only to a Western context where many other variables may account for the lack of war.” Forsythe (1992:393) offered two tentative explanations that transcend the Cold War. Borrowing from Michael Hunt (1988), he suggested a cultural predisposition of US leaders that consisted of “disdain for non-European politicians, fear of social revolution, and resentment that US leadership was rejected,” might have encouraged covert action. Forsythe also acknowledged that the targeted democracies may not have been considered “mature liberal states.” Thus a powerful, well-established democracy may use covert actions if it believes another democracy is “weak and poorly established” and incapable of resolving disputes at home and abroad peacefully. -
The Ideal America(N): Dwight Eisenhower's Elusive Search
The Ideal America(n): Dwight Eisenhower’s Elusive Search by Lisa Couacaud BA (Hons.) Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Deakin University March 2018 Acknowledgements It is merely to state the facts as they are when I write that without the financial support of the Australian Postgraduate Award scholarship these acknowledgements would have gone unwritten, for this thesis would simply not exist. I remain indebted to Deakin University for seeing the value in this work of American history. I am grateful also for the research and conference grants Deakin makes available to their postgraduate students. The funds provided enabled me to travel to Abilene, Kansas, and conduct invaluable archival research in the Eisenhower Presidential Library. I admit to feeling like a “proper” historian only after I had sifted through scores of original documents from Eisenhower’s presidential years. I was fortunate also to visit the Library of Congress in Washington, DC, and the Columbia University Oral History Archives in New York. Today, a little more than three years after embarking upon this project, my commitment to this thesis and my belief that this work is worthy of the investment Deakin has made, persists. This has been an exciting, terrifying, challenging, anxiety-ridden and nerve-wracking process. Yet, had I the opportunity to reset the clock, I would make always the same decision. It has been nothing short of a luxury to be able to devote myself to the task of unravelling Dwight Eisenhower’s idealist imaginings of the United States for these past three years. -
La United Fruit Company En Cuba: Organización Del Trabajo Y Resistencia Obrera*1
Clío América • Universidad del Magdalena • Clío América • Universidad del Magdalena • Clío América • Universidad delMagdalena • Clío América • Universidad del Magdalena • Clío América • Universidad del del Magdalena • Clío América La United Fruit Company en Cuba: Organización del trabajo y resistencia obrera*1 The United Fruit Company in Cuba: Work organization and labor resistance. Oscar Zanetti Lecuona Resumen: En Cuba la United Fruit actuó como una empresa azucarera, situación hasta cierto punto excepcional dentro de la especialización bananera que trazó el perfil de esa empresa a escala continental. El estudio que aquí se propone sobre las prácticas Palabras Clave: Cuba, de la Compañía en Cuba, en particular respecto a su manejo de la United Fruit Company, fuerza de trabajo y las relaciones laborales, contribuye a esclarecer trabajadores, condiciones algunas constantes de la conducta empresarial de la United en de trabajo, relaciones sus diferentes ámbitos de operación. laborales. Abstract: In Cuba, the United Fruit Company was a sugar company, a situation to some extent exceptional in the banana profile of this company. The analysis of the practices of the United Fruit in Cuba, in particular with regard to its handling of the labor force Keywords: Cuba, United and of labor relations, will contribute to a better knowledge of Fruit Company, workers, the entrepreneurial behavior of this company in its different labor conditions, labor areas of operations. relations. Las actividades de la United Fruit en Cuba representaron hasta cierto punto una anomalía dentro de las líneas operativas de esa empresa, puesto que en la mayor isla antillana fue el azúcar, y no el banano, el centro de su interés. -
Active Measures: the Secret History of Disinformation & Political
Active Measures: The Secret History of Disinformation & Political Warfare | Thomas Rid Philosophers have only interpreted the world. The point, May 25th, 2020 however, is to change it. — Karl Marx INTRODUCTION Thomas Rid is Professor of Strategic Studies at Johns Hopkins University’s School of Advanced International Studies. Rid’s latest book, Active Measures, a startling history of disinformation, was published in late April 2020 with Farrar, Straus and Giroux (also in Russian, Japanese, Polish). His most recent book, Rise of the Machines (2016), tells the sweeping story of how cybernetics, a late- 1940s theory of machines, came to incite anarchy and war (also in Chinese, Russian, German, Japanese, Turkish). His 2015 article “Attributing Cyber Attacks” was designed to explain, guide, and improve the identification of network breaches (Journal of Strategic Studies 2015). In 2013 he published the widely-read book Cyber War Will Not Take Place. Rid’s Ph.D. thesis, “War and Media Operations: The US Military and the Press from Vietnam to Iraq,” was the first academic analysis of the role of embedded media in the 2003 Iraq War, providing a concise history of US military public affairs management since Vietnam. Rid testified on information security in front of the U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence as well as in the German Bundestag and the UK Parliament. From 2011 to 2016, Rid was a professor in the Department of War Studies at King’s College London. Between 2003 and 2010, he worked at major think tanks in Berlin, Paris, Jerusalem, and Washington, DC. Rid holds a PhD from Humboldt University in Berlin. -
Killing Hope U.S
Killing Hope U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II – Part I William Blum Zed Books London Killing Hope was first published outside of North America by Zed Books Ltd, 7 Cynthia Street, London NI 9JF, UK in 2003. Second impression, 2004 Printed by Gopsons Papers Limited, Noida, India w w w.zedbooks .demon .co .uk Published in South Africa by Spearhead, a division of New Africa Books, PO Box 23408, Claremont 7735 This is a wholly revised, extended and updated edition of a book originally published under the title The CIA: A Forgotten History (Zed Books, 1986) Copyright © William Blum 2003 The right of William Blum to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Cover design by Andrew Corbett ISBN 1 84277 368 2 hb ISBN 1 84277 369 0 pb Spearhead ISBN 0 86486 560 0 pb 2 Contents PART I Introduction 6 1. China 1945 to 1960s: Was Mao Tse-tung just paranoid? 20 2. Italy 1947-1948: Free elections, Hollywood style 27 3. Greece 1947 to early 1950s: From cradle of democracy to client state 33 4. The Philippines 1940s and 1950s: America's oldest colony 38 5. Korea 1945-1953: Was it all that it appeared to be? 44 6. Albania 1949-1953: The proper English spy 54 7. Eastern Europe 1948-1956: Operation Splinter Factor 56 8. Germany 1950s: Everything from juvenile delinquency to terrorism 60 9. Iran 1953: Making it safe for the King of Kings 63 10. -
PIER Summer Institutes 2014 Lesson Plan for Classroom Teachers Based on the SEED Common Core of Teaching (CCT) Rubric for Effective Teaching
PIER Summer Institutes 2014 Lesson Plan for Classroom Teachers Based on the SEED Common Core of Teaching (CCT) Rubric for Effective Teaching Title of Lesson: How Far is Too Far? Ellen H. Cohen, Metairie Park Country Day School, Spanish Language and Culture, Grades 11 and 12, 85 minute lesson Introduction: This lesson plan investigates the lengths that a government may go in protecting its interests in another country. Guatemala between the years 1900-1954 will be the example used. Geographic Connections: D1.1.9-12 Explain how a question reflects an enduring issue in the field. D1.4.9-12 Explain how supporting questions contribute to an inquiry and how, through engaging source work, new compelling and supporting questions emerge. Vocabulary: Imperialism, monopoly, revolution, coup d’état, insurrection Content Standards: CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RH.11-12.3 Evaluate various explanations for actions or events and determine which explanation best accords with textual evidence, acknowledging where the text leaves matters uncertain. CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RH.11-12.7 Integrate and evaluate multiple sources of information presented in diverse formats and media (e.g., visually, quantitatively, as well as in words) in order to address a question or solve a problem. Essential Question: How far is too far? Literacy through the Content Area: This lesson can be modified easily for use in an intermediate to advanced Spanish-language classroom. Translation of teacher materials and use of primary sources in Spanish will teach literacy, in Spanish, in the content area. Placement of Lesson within Broader Curriculum/Context: This lesson can be taught independently, but it will work best within the broader curriculum of Maya Studies. -
Latin America Relations After the Inevitable US Military Intervention In
ARTÍCULO DE INVESTIGACIÓN U.S. – Latin America relations after the inevitable U.S. Military intervention in Guatemala in 1954 Relaciones Estados Unidos - América Latina después de la inevitable intervención militar norteamericana de 1954 en Guatemala Fecha de recepción: Agosto de 2014 Fecha de aceptación: Septiembre de 2014 Gianmarco Vassalli MA in International Cooperation for Development of Universidad de San Buenaventura, Cartagena in agreement with the University of Pavia and BA International Relations with Business Dirección postal: Calle Portobello, San Diego C38 10-15, Apt. B13, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia Correo electrónico: [email protected] Revista INTERNACIONAL de COOPERACIÓN y DESARROLLO VOL. 1, NÚM. 2. ISSN (online): 2382-5014 JULIO – DICIEMBRE, 2014 195 U.S. – LATIN AMERICA RELATIONS AFTER THE INEVITABLE U.S. MILITARY INTERVENTION IN GUATEMALA IN 1954 Abstract The 1954 U.S. intervention in Guatemala is a controversial key matter that still finds different and opposing interpretations in academia. In this article the impact of the U.S. coup in Guatemala on U.S.- Central America socio-political relations will be evaluated, through the critical analysis of different perspectives and attributes on the subject. This work identifies, with reference to academic theories, key motives and interests behind the intervention, in relation to the significance of Guatemalan democratic president Jacopo Arbenz’ s reforms in the wider social context of Central America. The possible wide-scale impact of these reforms with the creation of viable alternative model to American liberal capitalism and consequently of a perceivable potential threat to U.S. intrinsic interests in its hemisphere, will be reflectively explored throughout with the intent of proposing a solution over the 1954 U.S. -
Intelligence Analysis and Decision-Making Behind the Overthrow of Guatemalan Democracy
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2017 In Darker Shadows: Intelligence Analysis and Decision-Making behind the Overthrow of Guatemalan Democracy William R. Weber Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Weber, William R., "In Darker Shadows: Intelligence Analysis and Decision-Making behind the Overthrow of Guatemalan Democracy" (2017). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 6928. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/6928 This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. In Darker Shadows: Intelligence Analysis and Decision-making Behind the Overthrow of Guatemalan Democracy William R. Weber Thesis submitted to the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History James F. Siekmeier, Ph.D., Chair Michelle M. Stephens, Ph.D. David M. Hauser, Ph.D. Department of History Morgantown, West Virginia 2017 Keywords: CIA; Guatemala; Analyst; Intelligence Community; Cold War; Eisenhower; Árbenz; Covert Action, Decision-making Copyright 2017 William R. -
Carlos Castillo Armas, the United States and the 1954 Counterrevolution in Guatemala
CARLOS CASTILLO ARMAS, THE UNITED STATES AND THE 1954 COUNTERREVOLUTION IN GUATEMALA Andres Alberto Tapia B.A., University of California, Davis, 2009 THESIS Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in HISTORY at CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO FALL 2011 CARLOS CASTILLO ARMAS, THE UNITED STATES AND THE 1954 COUNTERREVOLUTION IN GUATEMALA A Thesis by Andres Alberto Tapia Approved by: __________________________________, Committee Chair Joseph Palermo __________________________________, Second Reader Patrick Ettinger ____________________________ Date ii Student: Andres Alberto Tapia I certify that this student has met the requirements for format contained in the University format manual, and that this thesis is suitable for shelving in the Library and credit is to be awarded for the thesis. __________________________, Graduate Coordinator ___________________ Mona Siegel Date Department of History iii Abstract of CARLOS CASTILLO ARMAS, THE UNITED STATES AND THE 1954 COUNTERREVOLUTION IN GUATEMALA by Andres Alberto Tapia Statement of Problem The 1954 overthrow of President Jacobo Arbenz Gúzman orchestrated by the United States has been approached by various points of view by different historians. While many aspects of the overthrow such as the involvement of the Central Intelligence Agency, the influence of the United Fruit Company, and the Guatemalan government’s relation to communism have all been covered, one crucial player in the overthrow, Colonel Carlos Castillo Armas, has not gained the same critical attention. Castillo Armas acted as the counterrevolutionary the CIA chose to lead the overthrow of Arbenz therefore understanding how he received the role and how he performed his task is important to understanding this historical moment.