DOCSLIB.ORG

ADB Annual Report 2016

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
ADB Annual Report 2016 50 YEARS OF ADB: IMPROVING LIVES FOR A BETTER FUTURE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK 2016 ANNUAL REPORT CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 4 8 16 36 42 2 PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE 4 BOARD OF DIRECTORS 6 FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS CHAPTER 1 8 Improving Lives for a Better Future CHAPTER 2 16 Central and West Asia 20 East Asia 24 Pacific 28 South Asia 32 Southeast Asia CHAPTER 3 36 Developing the Private Sector CHAPTER 4 42 Delivering an Effective Organization SPECIAL APPENDIX 49 Impact of the ADF–OCR Merger and ADB’s Financial Statements ANNUAL REPORT 2016 USB CONTENTS FINANCIAL REPORT OPERATIONAL DATA ORGANIZATIONAL INFORMATION ADB MEMBER FACT SHEETS Population . B 2015 We connected . B 3 million 1966 new households to electricity (2010–2016) GDP per capita A CHANGING , TOGETHER We provided 2015 REGION 8.4 million WE DELIVER households with Since ADB’s founding in 1966, Asia 1966 new and improved has transformed from the world’s Asia has changed a lot in the past water supplies poorest region to a dynamic center 50 years. So has ADB. We have (2010–2016) of global growth and home to more evolved to meet the changing than half the world’s people. demands of the region, to ensure Poverty (less than $1.90 a day) we continue to produce results that improve people’s lives. B 1990 We built and upgraded . B 92,000 2015 kilometers of roads (2010–2016) ASSISTANCE IN PRC’s Shanghai’s Pudong area A BANK FOR booms after the opening of ADVERSITY ADB-supported $267 million HALF THE In the midst of the 1997-1998 Shanghai Yangpu Bridge. From economic shocks to natural Asian financial crisis, ADB WORLD disasters, the region has suered provides $7.8 billion to the three many setbacks. ADB provides hardest-hit economies of ADB has provided more than emergency funds and advice to Indonesia, the Republic of $267 billion in assistance to the Korea, and Thailand. region since its first loan help its members through More than 2 million, mostly poor, to Thailand in 1968. Our projects challenging times. people in India benefit from 2,000 km of ADB-funded rural roads. fuel economic growth and reduce poverty. After Typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan) devastates the Philippines in 2013, ADB provides $900 million for immediate and long-term relief. . B ADB is an international development finance institution. Our goal is to reduce poverty TOTAL OPERATIONS and promote sustainable economic growth in Asia and the Pacific. We provide loans, ’s WHO WE ARE grants, equity investments, and guarantees to our developing member countries. We RECORD RESULTS . B M . B supplement our financial support with development knowledge and policy advice. LOAN AND GRANT TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE COFINANCING APPROVALS 50 YEARS OF ADB: IMPROVING LIVES FOR A BETTER FUTURE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK 2016 ANNUAL REPORT PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE The Asian Development century later, the region’s economic growth and success Bank (ADB) was created in reducing poverty have exceeded even the most 50 years ago through the optimistic forecasts. collective wishes and collaborative efforts of But we cannot be complacent. The fact remains that governments across Asia there are still 330 million people living in absolute poverty and the Pacific, and from across Asia and the Pacific. A lack of infrastructure other countries around continues to limit economic growth, inhibit poverty the world. The Bank’s reduction, and restrict improvements to quality of life. purpose was clear from Implementing the Sustainable Development Goals and the beginning: to foster the climate change actions agreed at the 21st Conference economic growth and of Parties on Climate Change are also priorities for our regional cooperation. region. The private sector needs to be further developed. Because ADB’s founders wanted our organization to be Gender equality needs strengthening at every level. The truly multilateral, they encouraged developed nations in challenges of urbanization, aging, and public health must North America and Europe to become members. Held on be addressed. 19 December 1966 in Manila, ADB’s opening ceremony This 50th edition of the ADB annual report provides celebrated the union of 31 members, with 19 from Asia a fascinating insight into the history of the region and and the Pacific and 12 from other continents. Today, our ADB’s contribution to it. The report gives a strong membership has more than doubled to 67, including 48 account of where ADB now stands as an institution, and members from Asia and the Pacific. I’m pleased with our progress. In the mid-1960s, food was in short supply across The combination of Asian Development Fund (ADF) poverty-stricken Asia and the region lacked access to lending operations and ordinary capital resources (OCR) development finance. ADB’s focus therefore was on took effect on 1 January 2017. OCR equity almost tripled, technical assistance and loans to agriculture. Half a from $17.3 billion to $48.1 billion, as $30.8 billion of ADF 2 ADB AR 2016 loans and other assets were transferred from the ADF. Assets amounting to $2.5 billion remained in the ADF to support its grant operations. The newly enlarged OCR window will offer the poorer borrowing countries concessional lending on the same terms and conditions as before, while the ADF itself will provide only grant assistance going forward. This reform is expected to raise ADB annual loan and grant approvals by a targeted 50%—from $13.5 billion in 2014 to $20 billion in 2020 (see Special Appendix). The effects of the combination became evident even before it became effective. In 2016, ADB approved loans and grants to our developing member countries totaling a record $17.47 billion, compared to $15.99 billion in 2015. Disbursements also scaled new heights, rising to $12.26 billion. Our private sector operations amounted to more than $2.5 billion for the second year running. On the back of strong partnerships with various development stakeholders, we also mobilized cofinancing worth $14.06 billion— another record. These results pushed our total operations for 2016 to $31.70 billion, the highest in ADB history. In May 2016, we also completed a strong replenishment of the ADF 12 for the period 2017–2020. The contributions from our donors will enable a doubling of the minimum allocation for small countries, strengthened support for disaster risk management, and enhanced regional health security. The increase in our development financing to Asia and the Pacific reflects our strong commitment to improving the lives of the region’s people. As ADB celebrates 50 years of providing As ADB celebrates development assistance, we will strive even harder to meet the 50 years ... , we will changing needs of our developing member countries. In the next 50 years, we should strengthen work in three broad areas of strive even harder to achievement: providing a combination of finance and knowledge for developing countries, promoting good policies, and expanding meet the changing programs of regional cooperation. needs of our developing member countries. Takehiko Nakao President and Chairman of the Board of Directors MANAGEMENT TEAM Left to right: Vice-Presidents Stephen P. Groff, Wencai Zhang, Bambang Susantono, Diwakar Gupta, Deborah Stokes, Ingrid van Wees; Managing Director General Juan Miranda; The Secretary Woochong Um. 3 BOARD OF DIRECTORS Front, left to right: The Board of Directors provides strategic wider currency choices for recipients of Directors Paul direction to ADB; approves policies, loans, concessional loans. Dominguez, Mathew and grants; and ensures that shareholder Fox, Koichi Hasegawa, guidance is implemented. In 2016, the Board The Board approved changes to ADB’s main Won-Mok Choi, held 43 formal meetings and 49 informal crisis lending instrument, the Countercyclical Maurizio Ghirga, Support Facility. The move refined the facility’s Zhongjing Wang, sessions. It approved $17.64 billion in loans, President and grants, equity investments, guarantees, and access criteria, while strengthening Board Chairman of the technical assistance projects. It endorsed new consultation, enhancing coordination with Board of Directors country partnership strategies for Bangladesh, other multilateral organizations, and clarifying Takehiko Nakao, the People’s Republic of China, Indonesia, the difference between crisis lending and Directors Bhimantara Tajikistan, Timor-Leste, and Viet Nam. It also policy-based lending. The Board supported the Widyajala, David endorsed the Pacific Approach 2016–2020, a revision of the concessional assistance policy, Murchison, Philaslak which consolidated the performance-based Yukkasemwong, strategic framework that serves as the overall Swati Dandekar, country partnership strategy for the 11 smallest allocation policy and the ADF grant framework. Kshatrapati Shivaji. Pacific island countries. To complete the alignment of policies with the ADF-OCR merger, ADB reviewed its Back, left to right: investment strategy and authority, broadening Alternate Directors MAJOR POLICY INITIATIVES its scope to include reputable international Muhammad Sami In 2015, to make more development assistance credit rating agencies and consider socially Saeed, Scott Dawson, available to countries most in need, the responsible investing. Masashi Tanabe, Board of Directors endorsed the proposal to Johannes Schneider, merge the lending operations of the Asian The Board provided guidance in the ongoing Wenxing Pan, Mario Di Development Fund (ADF) with ADB’s review of ADB’s capital adequacy framework Maio, Joar Strand, and proposed reforms to strengthen the staff Philip
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mongolia. Competitiveness Assessment Of
    OCCASION This publication has been made available to the public on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the United Nations Industrial Development Organisation. DISCLAIMER This document has been produced without formal United Nations editing. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or its economic system or degree of development. Designations such as “developed”, “industrialized” and “developing” are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgment about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process. Mention of firm names or commercial products does not constitute an endorsement by UNIDO. FAIR USE POLICY Any part of this publication may be quoted and referenced for educational and research purposes without additional permission from UNIDO. However, those who make use of quoting and referencing this publication are requested to follow the Fair Use Policy of giving due credit to UNIDO. CONTACT Please contact [email protected] for further information concerning UNIDO publications. For more information about UNIDO, please visit us at www.unido.org UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box
    [Show full text]
  • Structural Violence Against Children in South Asia © Unicef Rosa 2018
    STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN IN SOUTH ASIA © UNICEF ROSA 2018 Cover Photo: Bangladesh, Jamalpur: Children and other community members watching an anti-child marriage drama performed by members of an Adolescent Club. © UNICEF/South Asia 2016/Bronstein The material in this report has been commissioned by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) regional office in South Asia. UNICEF accepts no responsibility for errors. The designations in this work do not imply an opinion on the legal status of any country or territory, or of its authorities, or the delimitation of frontiers. Permission to copy, disseminate or otherwise use information from this publication is granted so long as appropriate acknowledgement is given. The suggested citation is: United Nations Children’s Fund, Structural Violence against Children in South Asia, UNICEF, Kathmandu, 2018. STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN IN SOUTH ASIA ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS UNICEF would like to acknowledge Parveen from the University of Sheffield, Drs. Taveeshi Gupta with Fiona Samuels Ramya Subrahmanian of Know Violence in for their work in developing this report. The Childhood, and Enakshi Ganguly Thukral report was prepared under the guidance of of HAQ (Centre for Child Rights India). Kendra Gregson with Sheeba Harma of the From UNICEF, staff members representing United Nations Children's Fund Regional the fields of child protection, gender Office in South Asia. and research, provided important inputs informed by specific South Asia country This report benefited from the contribution contexts, programming and current violence of a distinguished reference group: research. In particular, from UNICEF we Susan Bissell of the Global Partnership would like to thank: Ann Rosemary Arnott, to End Violence against Children, Ingrid Roshni Basu, Ramiz Behbudov, Sarah Fitzgerald of United Nations Population Coleman, Shreyasi Jha, Aniruddha Kulkarni, Fund Asia and the Pacific region, Shireen Mary Catherine Maternowska and Eri Jejeebhoy of the Population Council, Ali Mathers Suzuki.
    [Show full text]
  • The Innovation Imperative for Developing East Asia
    The Innovation Imperative for Developing East Asia The Innovation Imperative for Developing East Asia The Innovation Imperative fter a half century of transformative economic progress that moved hundreds of millions of people out of poverty, countries in developing for Developing East Asia AEast Asia are facing an array of challenges to their future development. Slowed productivity growth, increased fragility of the global trading system, and rapid changes in technology are all threatening export-oriented, labor- intensive manufacturing—the region’s engine of growth. Significant global challenges—such as climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic—are exacerbating economic vulnerability. These developments raise questions about whether the region’s past model of development can continue to deliver rapid growth and poverty reduction. Against this background, The Innovation Imperative in Developing East Asia aims to deepen understanding of the role of innovation in future development. The report examines the state of innovation in the region and analyzes the main constraints that firms and countries face to innovating. It assesses current policies and institutions, and lays out an agenda for action to spur more innovation-led growth. A key finding of the report is that countries’ current innovation policies are not aligned with their capabilities and needs. Policies need to strengthen the capacity of firms to innovate and support technological diffusion rather than just invention. Xavier Cirera Policy makers also need to eliminate policy biases against innovation in services, Andrew D. Mason a sector that is growing in economic importance. Moreover, countries need to strengthen key complementary factors for innovation, including firms’ managerial Francesca de Nicola quality, workers’ skills, and finance for innovation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Four Asian Dragon's Significance in World Economic Development
    Bhatia Nikhil, Gupta Ishan, International Journal of Advance Research, Ideas and Innovations in Technology. ISSN: 2454-132X Impact factor: 4.295 (Volume 4, Issue 1) Available online at www.ijariit.com The Four Asian Dragon's Significance in World Economic Development Nikhil Bhatia Ishan Gupta [email protected] [email protected] Christ University, Bangalore, Karnataka Christ University, Bangalore, Karnataka ABSTRACT This paper analyses the contribution of four Asian Dragons towards International Economic System from 1965-2017 and reveals insight into related trends and patterns. The paper shows how four Asian dragons (Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea, and Hong Kong) have grown since Independence to Industrialisation. Lastly, reasons for their slowing growth. This study is divided into four parts. Firstly, the growth pattern of GDP and Exports in these countries. Secondly, factors leading to this growth. Thirdly, how Industrialisation of four dragons helped world economy during currency fluctuations and recession. Fourthly, reasons for declining growth of these nations. The study discusses the challenges facing four Dragon’s sharply declining growth rate and proposes policy approaches that might help boost the country’s growth in the future. Keywords: Asian Dragon, International Economic System, GDP. 1. INTRODUCTION Four Asian Dragons The countries that come under are Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan, they had gone through rapid industrialisation and had high growth rate i.e. more than 7 percent a year between the 1960s and 1990s. By the 21st century, all the countries had developed into an advanced and high-income nation, industrialised and developed countries specialising in the areas of competitive advantage.
    [Show full text]
  • East Asia Wrestles with Questions of Trust and Democracy 98 106
    GLOBAL ASIA In Focus GLOBAL ASIA Vol. 10, No. 3, FALL 2015 98 106 112 Yun-han Chu, Yu-tzung Chang, Yun-han Chu, Hsin-hsin Pan Mark Weatherall Min-hua Huang & Wen-chin Wu & Jack Wu & Jie Lu Why authoritarian or Why are levels of Perceptions in non-democratic trust in political East Asia of China’s governments enjoy institutions in Asia’s rise and how this In Focus more popularity than democracies on will influence democratic states. the decline? US thinking. Asian Baromet er SurveyEast Asia Wrestles With Questions of Trust and Democracy 96 97 GLOBAL ASIA In Focus Asian Barometer Survey GLOBAL ASIA Vol. 10, No. 3, FALL 2015 1 Tabassum Zakaria, “US Intelligence Sees Asia’s Global Power Rising surveys from 2014 to 2016. By the end of July 2015, seven were Enter the Dragon: by 2030,” Reuters, Dec. 10, 2012: www.reuters.com/article/2012/12/10/ completed: Mongolia, Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia, Singapore, us-usa-intelligence-idUSBRE8B90HY20121210 [retrieved Aug. 13, 2015] Malaysia and Myanmar. The remaining six are Japan, Hong Kong, 2 Yan Xuetong. Ancient Chinese Thought, Modern Chinese Power. South Korea, China, Vietnam and Cambodia. Myanmar is the only Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press (2011). newly added country in wave four. See the previous three waves of How East Asians ABS data at the official website at www.asianbarometer.org/. 3 The Asian Barometer Survey’s fourth wave includes 14 country View a Rising China By Yun-han Chu, Min-hua Huang quickly emerged that called for China to prepare China has managed to become a responsible great power and argued & Jie Lu that its power competition with the US is inevita- to hold up its largely ble.2 However, those voices remained in the aca- positive image in the demic community and did not significantly affect eyes of East Asians.
    [Show full text]
  • How Do East and Southeast Asian Cities Differ from Western Cities? a Systematic Review of the Urban Form Characteristics
    sustainability Article How do East and Southeast Asian Cities Differ from Western Cities? A Systematic Review of the Urban Form Characteristics Tzu-Ling Chen 1,*, Hao-Wei Chiu 2,3 and Yu-Fang Lin 4 1 Department of Urban Development, University of Taipei, Taipei 11153, Taiwan 2 Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; [email protected] 3 Graduate Institute of Urban Planning, National Taipei University, New Taipei 23741, Taiwan 4 Department of Landscape Architecture, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan; v.yfl[email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +886-02-2871-8288 (ext. 3110) Received: 11 February 2020; Accepted: 17 March 2020; Published: 19 March 2020 Abstract: The Fifth Assessment Report released by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC AR5) revealed that the scale of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Asian cities is similar to those from developed economies, which are driven predominantly by economic growth. Due to variations in geographic and climatic contexts, culture and religion, living style and travel behavior, governance and institutions, and a wide range of density and land use mixes, there are significant variations in urban form patterns across Western and Asian cities. This paper uses a systematic review, which is a critical interpretive synthesis methodology, to review keywords of studies related to urban form among East and Southeast Asian cities. From 3725 records identified through database searching, 213 studies were included in qualitative analysis. The results show that, although the population density in built-up areas is higher, annual population density is declining significantly in East and Southeast Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Capital Development Realizing the Promise and Potential
    Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Sri Lanka Human Capital Development Realizing the Promise and Potential Public Disclosure Authorized of Human Capital Harsha Aturupane, Hideki Higashi, Roshini Ebenezer, Deepika Attygalle, Shobhana Sosale, Sangeeta Dey, and Rehana Wijesinghe Public Disclosure Authorized INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN FOCUS INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN FOCUS Sri Lanka Human Capital Development Realizing the Promise and Potential of Human Capital HARSHA ATURUPANE, HIDEKI HIGASHI, ROSHINI EBENEZER, DEEPIKA ATTYGALLE, SHOBHANA SOSALE, SANGEETA DEY, AND REHANA WIJESINGHE © 2021 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved 1 2 3 4 24 23 22 21 Books in this series are published to communicate the results of World Bank research, analysis, and oper- ational experience with the least possible delay. The extent of language editing varies from book to book. This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpre- tations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or currency of the data included in this work and does not assume responsibility for any errors, omissions, or discrepancies in the information, or liability with respect to the use of or failure to use the information, methods, processes, or conclusions set forth. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • (ADO) Supplement
    DECEMBER 2016 ASIAN DEVELOPMENT OUTLOOK SUPPLEMENT HIGHLIGHTS ASIA’S ECONOMIES STEADY The outlook for developing Asia remains DESPITE GLOBAL UNCERTAINTY broadly as forecast in Asian Development Outlook 2016 Update. Despite an extraordinary and temporary growth dip affecting one of the region’s largest Growth outlook economies, this Supplement expects the region as a whole to expand by 5.6% in 2016, Developing Asia’s growth outlook continues to be stable despite a slight only 0.1 percentage points less than earlier downgrade to the 2016 forecast. The region is now expected to grow this year forecast, and by 5.7% in 2017, as forecast. by 5.6%, or 0.1 percentage points off the rate envisaged in Asian Development The People’s Republic of China is on Outlook 2016 Update as slower growth is now expected in India, one of the course to meet growth expectations of region’s largest economies. Growth is expected to edge back up to 5.7% in 2017, 6.6% in 2016 and 6.4% in 2017. East Asia as the pace envisaged in the Update. By subregion, growth forecasts are revised a whole is seen to expand by 5.8% this year slightly down for South Asia in 2016 and the Pacific in 2017 but otherwise and 5.6% in 2017 as growth stabilizes in the unchanged (Table 1). subregion in line with earlier forecasts. The combined growth forecast for the major industrial economies— India’s surprise demonetization of large the United States, the euro area, and Japan—is revised up from Update banknotes will likely dampen growth this projections as third-quarter outcomes in the US and euro area proved to be year, but South Asia remains the region’s stronger than expected.
    [Show full text]
  • Four Asian Tigers (Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea)
    Four Asian Tigers (Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea) Linda Phanová, Petr Havel Agenda • The global population • The global area • The global GDP • The global exports • The global imports • The global FDI • The global debt • The global CO2 production Case studies: • The Development of the Four Asian Tigers • The role of Education • Labour market rigidity Global population (2018) Hong Kong 7 524 100 Singapore 5 703 600 South Korea 51 811 167 Taiwan 23 603 121 The global area (km²) Hong Kong 1 106 Singapore 728 South Korea 100 210 Taiwan 36 197 The global GDP in $ (2020) Hong Kong 340 billion Singapore 340 billion South Korea 1,59 trilion Taiwan 660 billion The global exports in billions of $ (2017) Hong Kong 496,9 Singapore 372,9 South Korea 577,4 Taiwan 344,6 The global imports in billions of $ (2017) Hong Kong 558,6 Singapore 327,4 South Korea 457,5 Taiwan 272,6 The global foreign direct investment inflows in $ Hong Kong 68,4 billion (2019) Singapore 92 billion (2019) South Korea 10,5 billion (2019) Taiwan 8 billion (2019 The global debt in $ (2020) Hong Kong 1 002 million (2019) Singapore 458,13 billion (2020) South Korea 720,73 billion (2019) Taiwan 200 103 million (2019) The global CO2 production in tons (2016) Hong Kong 47 066 386 Singapore 48 381 759 South Korea 604 043 830 Taiwan 276 724 868 Development ● Affection of natural resources and geography for economic growth: ○ natural resource ○ proximity to the sea ○ people living in the coastal area ○ location in the tropics ● Demographic point of view: ○ Growth rate of the working age population ○ Life expectancy at birth Education ● Human capital= factor for measuring productivity of a country ○ more educated and skilled workforce = production of more output ● Primary school in 1965: ○ South Korea, Taiwan: basic level of education ○ Hong Kong: private schools with intervention of government ○ decrease of discrepancies in gender literacy rates Source: Excel, Barro and Lee Dataset Labour market rigidity ● Rises in labor market rigidity are negatively correlated with output and economic growth.
    [Show full text]
  • 'The Role and Importance of Sri Lanka in the Geopolitical Strategies Of
    ‘The Role and Importance of Sri Lanka in the Geopolitical Strategies of China and India’ Bachelor Thesis Political Geography Name: Stan Goudsmit Studentnumber: 10755446 Supervisor: Dr. N.P.C. Beerepoot Second reader: Dr. J.M. Bavinck Study: Sociale Geografie & Planologie Words: 16935 Date: 19-06-2017 Table of contents Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................. 2 Chapter 2: Theoretical Framework ........................................................................................... 4 2.1 Introducing the Balance of Power Theory and Power Transition Theory ...................... 4 2.1.1. A brief general overview of both theories ......................................................................................... 4 2.1.2 Similarities ........................................................................................................................................................ 5 2.1.3 Differences ........................................................................................................................................................ 6 2.2 The extended alliances theories ................................................................................................. 10 2.3 The different Powers ...................................................................................................................... 11 2.3.3 Great Powers ...............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 28 Th December 2016 [PDF
    Wednesday, December 28, 2016 ith the objective of creating objective of directly sending this Wa generation of healthy Sri message to the people, was very Lankans, an edifi cation programme productive and it is expected to was held by the Industrial Technol- hold such edifi cation programmes ogy Institute (ITI) for Public Health island-wide. The State Minister Inspectors. In this programme of Science, Technology and they were edifi ed on the impor- Research Lakshman Seneviratne, tance of identifying molecular the Director General of ITI G.A.S. residue levels of agrochemicals Premakumara and several offi cials and heavy metals hi-tech participated in this occasion. equipment such as LCMS / MS and ICT / MS and the methodologies of running such tests. This programme, initi- ated by the ITI with the e witnessed through graphs Maithripala Sirisena according to a conducting research at that institution. proposal of Prof. Vajira Dissanayake As results of those research projects, Wthat the number of scientifi c he Kaohsiung of Mayurapada Central publications being published annually has been planned for four years. This we have transferred the technology TInternational College, Narammala, won a has gradually increased from 1996 is to cost one billion Rupees. resulting from some research projects Invention & Design Gold Medal for the system- to 2014. Furthermore, those graphs This will be a laboratory operated with for money. Few more are getting Expo (KIDE) atic plaster laying machine showed where we are in the Asian contributions from both State and ready to be transferred. 2016 was held in invented by him and N.M.
    [Show full text]
  • Crop Prospects and Food Situation, No. 4 December 2016
    No. 4 n December 2016 Crop Prospects and Food Situation HIGHLIGHTS CONTENTS n Global cereal production in 2016 received a further boost, owing to generally Countries Requiring External favourable growing conditions for the crops harvested later in the season. Assistance for Food 2 n COUNTRIES IN NEED OF EXTERNAL ASSISTANCE: FAO estimates that Global Production Overview 6 39 countries, including 28 in Africa, are in need of external assistance for food, six more than the corresponding period in 2015. Continued conflicts and LIFDC Food Situation Overview 9 weather‑related shocks are the main causes of intensified food insecurity in 2016. n AFRICA: Dry‑weather‑reduced outputs in North and Southern Africa more than Regional Reviews outweighed production gains in East and West Africa, resulting in an overall Africa 11 reduced aggregate cereal production in 2016. The low harvests in Southern Africa Asia 21 severely stressed food security conditions, while conflicts, notably in Nigeria and in Latin America and the Caribbean 27 South Sudan, continued to severely erode productive capacities and acutely intensified North America, Europe and Oceania 30 food insecurity in the affected areas. Statistical Appendix 33 n ASIA: A sharp recovery in India’s output is mostly behind the strong 2016 production rebound in the Far East, while beneficial weather also boosted the production of the Asian CIS subregion. Several Near Eastern countries continued to be severely affected by the negative impact of conflicts on agriculture, livelihoods and food security, which adversely impacted the outcomes of the 2016 cereal harvest despite generally beneficial weather. n LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN: Drought‑reduced crops in Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil and Paraguay caused a sharp cut in the 2016 aggregate South American cereal output, while production recoveries are expected in most Central American countries, following last year’s drought‑reduced harvests.
    [Show full text]