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Human Capital Development Realizing the Promise and Potential Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Sri Lanka Human Capital Development Realizing the Promise and Potential Public Disclosure Authorized of Human Capital Harsha Aturupane, Hideki Higashi, Roshini Ebenezer, Deepika Attygalle, Shobhana Sosale, Sangeeta Dey, and Rehana Wijesinghe Public Disclosure Authorized INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN FOCUS INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN FOCUS Sri Lanka Human Capital Development Realizing the Promise and Potential of Human Capital HARSHA ATURUPANE, HIDEKI HIGASHI, ROSHINI EBENEZER, DEEPIKA ATTYGALLE, SHOBHANA SOSALE, SANGEETA DEY, AND REHANA WIJESINGHE © 2021 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved 1 2 3 4 24 23 22 21 Books in this series are published to communicate the results of World Bank research, analysis, and oper- ational experience with the least possible delay. 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The World Bank therefore does not warrant that the use of any third-party-owned individual component or part contained in the work will not infringe on the rights of those third parties. The risk of claims resulting from such infringement rests solely with you. If you wish to re-use a compo- nent of the work, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that re-use and to obtain permission from the copyright owner. Examples of components can include, but are not limited to, tables, figures, or images. All queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; e-mail: [email protected]. ISBN: 978-1-4648-1718-2 DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1718-2 Cover photo: © Johnny Greig / iStockphoto. Used with permission; further permission required for reuse. Cover design: Debra Naylor / Naylor Design Inc. Contents Acknowledgments vii About the Authors ix Abbreviations xiii CHAPTER 1 The Potential of Human Capital 1 Human capital for economic and social development 1 The context for economic development in Sri Lanka 4 Human Capital Project and Human Capital Index 5 Human Capital Index: Sri Lanka in the global context 5 Regional pattern of human capital in Sri Lanka 8 Gender differences in human capital development 14 Trends in human capital development 15 Health and education spending and human capital development 16 Conclusions 17 Notes 19 References 19 CHAPTER 2 Regional Variations in Human Capital Outcomes in Sri Lanka 21 Introduction 21 Provincial variations in human capital outcomes: Education 21 Provincial variations in human capital outcomes: Health and nutrition 29 Conclusions 33 References 35 CHAPTER 3 Key Challenges in Human Capital Development: Child and Adult Survival and Stunting 37 Introduction 37 The challenge of stunting and undernutrition in Sri Lanka 38 Under-five mortality in Sri Lanka 49 Adult mortality in Sri Lanka 51 Aging and its implications for health care and development in Sri Lanka 57 Conclusions and recommendations for Sri Lanka’s health care sector 67 Notes 69 References 69 iii iv | SRI LANKA HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 4 Key Challenges in Human Capital Development: Improving Learning Outcomes 73 Introduction 73 Investing in socioemotional skills for success 73 Investing in the early years 77 Improving teacher quality 86 Enhancing learning outcomes through technology-based initiatives 95 Using international and national assessments for educational development 100 Improving gender equity in learning outcomes 106 Note 107 References 107 CHAPTER 5 Human Capital Development: Transforming Higher Education 113 Introduction 113 Higher education and provincial development 115 Mission differentiation of universities 116 The development of private higher education institutions 124 Internationalization and the development of higher education 126 Technology and higher education 127 References 128 CHAPTER 6 A Public Consensus on and Stakeholder Commitment to Human Capital Development 131 APPENDIX A Methods for Estimating Human Capital Index at the Provincial Level 133 APPENDIX B Main Issues, Strategic Directions, and Policy Initiatives 139 Boxes 1.1 Education and the extraordinary growth in East Asia and Pacific 2 2.1 Sources of scores on learning outcomes 24 3.1 Meeting the health care needs of an aging population: An example from Thailand 65 3.2 Meeting the health financing needs: An example from Japan 67 4.1 The Big Five factors 74 4.2 Tools for assessing socioemotional skills in schools: An example from Canada 77 4.3 Tools for assessing socioemotional skills in schools: An example from Belgium 77 4.4 Integrating early childhood day care and early childhood education in Japan 84 4.5 Early childhood care and education in the Republic of Korea 86 4.6 Singapore’s partnership model of teacher education 90 4.7 School-based professional development in China 91 4.8 How Khan Academy is partnering with schools to improve education 97 4.9 Malaysian Smart School Initiative 98 4.10 Impacts of CAL on learning: Examples from China and India 99 4.11 International assessment and educational reform: An example from Poland 105 5.1 National Teaching Fellowship Scheme awards: United Kingdom 121 5.2 Involvement of external stakeholders in program development and improvement at Mittelhessen University of Applied Sciences, Glessen, Germany 123 5.3 Private higher education enrollment in the Republic of Korea 125 5.4 An international hub for students: Malaysia 127 A.1 Process for adjusting mortality rates in national life table 134 Contents | v Figures 1.1 What matters for economic growth is learning 3 1.2 Health and economic status are correlated 4 1.3 Human Capital Index, by selected economies, 2016/17 6 1.4 Human Capital Index, by region and country income group 6 1.5 Child survival rates to age five, by region and country income group 7 1.6 Expected years of schooling, by region and country income group 7 1.7 Adult survival rates ages 15 to 60, by region and country income group 7 1.8 Harmonized test scores, by region and country income group 8 1.9 Share of children under five not stunted, by region and country income group 8 1.10 Human Capital Index and GDP per capita, by province: Sri Lanka, 2016/17 11 1.11 Human Capital Index performance and per capita income, by province: Sri Lanka, 2016/17 12 1.12 Human Capital Index, by gender and province: Sri Lanka, 2012/13 and 2016/17 16 1.13 Per capita health spending and Human Capital Index, by province: Sri Lanka, 2018 17 1.14 Per student education spending and Human Capital Index, by province: Sri Lanka, 2018 17 3.1 World Health Organization’s conceptual framework on childhood stunting 40 3.2 Variations in stunting rates of children under five, by district: Sri Lanka, 2016 41 3.3 Trends in nutritional status of children under five: Sri Lanka 42 3.4 Trends, projections, and targets for stunting of children under five:
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