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Penn State the Anatomy of a Volcano
Research|Penn State: The Anatomy of a Volcano file:///Users/lfoley/Desktop/volcano_print.html Back to article —By Charles Fergus With remote sensing and an international army of geologists, SEA-CALIPSO takes the measure of an angry mountain. Barry Voight first went to Montserrat, an island in the British West Indies, in March 1996. The veteran volcanologist had been invited by the island’s government and by staff at the Montserrat Volcano Observatory (MVO), who were monitoring a lava dome that had been growing for four months atop the previously dormant Soufriere Hills volcano. The steep, cone-shaped volcano occupied the southern end of the 40-square-mile island, towering 3,000 feet above the capital city of Plymouth, population 7,000. The government officials and MVO scientists wanted Voight’s opinion on the potential danger from a crater-wall collapse on the volcano’s western flank, which directly faced Plymouth. More than twenty-five years earlier, Voight had accurately predicted that a massive avalanche on Mt. St. Helens, in the Cascade Range in Washington, could trigger a destructive lateral blast, which took place on May 18, 1980. Since then, as a member of the U.S. Geological Survey’s Volcano Hazards Response Team, Voight frequently had inspected ready-to-blow volcanoes around the world. At times, he and his fellow volcanologists gave advice leading to evacuations that saved hundreds, if not thousands, of lives. “The Soufriere Hills volcano looked very different in 1996 than it does now,” Voight recalls. “The slopes and even the crater were forested, apart from the new lava dome and some localized spots downwind where sulfur and chlorine gases had killed the vegetation. -
Control on the Emplacement of the Andesite Lava Dome of the Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat by Degassing-Induced Crystallization R
Paper 267 Disc Control on the emplacement of the andesite lava dome of the Soufriere Hills volcano, Montserrat by degassing-induced crystallization R. S. J. Sparks*,{, M. D. Murphy{, A. M. Lejeune{, R. B. Watts{, J. Barclay{ and S. R. Young} {Department of Earth Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK; {School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7JT, UK; }Montserrat Volcano Observatory, Mongo Hill, Montserrat, West Indies ABSTRACT Lava solidification is controlled by two mechanisms:external in the range 1013±1014 Pa s and mechanical strength 4 1 MPa. cooling and gas exsolution, the latter inducing crystallization due Deformation can be heterogeneous with extrusion along shear to increasing liquidus temperature. The andesite lava dome of the zones. Rheological stiffening in the upper conduit also causes Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat, is an extrusion dominated by large overpressures, shallow seismicity, and cyclic patterns of crystallization caused by gas exsolution where cooling is dome extrusion. Gas-rich porphyritic andesites tend to be the unimportant in controlling emplacement. In the magma least mobile kind of lava, because transition from magma into hot chamber the magma has an estimated viscosity of 7 6 106 Pa s. crystalline material was reached during ascent. During ascent, gas exsolution caused the magma to extrude in a highly crystalline state, with only 5±15% residual melt, viscosities Terra Nova, 12, 14±20, 2000 some rheological calculations and inclusions (Barclay et al., 1998) indicate Introduction measurements on the andesite which that the magma at depth contained 4±5 Two main mechanisms influence the show that viscosity increases by several wt% H2O in the rhyolitic (73±74% emplacement and solidification of lava orders of magnitude during decom- SiO2) melt phase. -
Last and First Men
LAST AND FIRST MEN A STORY OF THE NEAR AND FAR FUTURE by W. Olaf Stapledon Project Gutenburg PREFACE THIS is a work of fiction. I have tried to invent a story which may seem a possible, or at least not wholly impossible, account of the future of man; and I have tried to make that story relevant to the change that is taking place today in man's outlook. To romance of the future may seem to be indulgence in ungoverned speculation for the sake of the marvellous. Yet controlled imagination in this sphere can be a very valuable exercise for minds bewildered about the present and its potentialities. Today we should welcome, and even study, every serious attempt to envisage the future of our race; not merely in order to grasp the very diverse and often tragic possibilities that confront us, but also that we may familiarize ourselves with the certainty that many of our most cherished ideals would seem puerile to more developed minds. To romance of the far future, then, is to attempt to see the human race in its cosmic setting, and to mould our hearts to entertain new values. But if such imaginative construction of possible futures is to be at all potent, our imagination must be strictly disciplined. We must endeavour not to go beyond the bounds of possibility set by the particular state of culture within which we live. The merely fantastic has only minor power. Not that we should seek actually to prophesy what will as a matter of fact occur; for in our present state such prophecy is certainly futile, save in the simplest matters. -
Icons of Survival: Metahumanism As Planetary Defense." Nerd Ecology: Defending the Earth with Unpopular Culture
Lioi, Anthony. "Icons of Survival: Metahumanism as Planetary Defense." Nerd Ecology: Defending the Earth with Unpopular Culture. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2016. 169–196. Environmental Cultures. Bloomsbury Collections. Web. 25 Sep. 2021. <http:// dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781474219730.ch-007>. Downloaded from Bloomsbury Collections, www.bloomsburycollections.com, 25 September 2021, 20:32 UTC. Copyright © Anthony Lioi 2016. You may share this work for non-commercial purposes only, provided you give attribution to the copyright holder and the publisher, and provide a link to the Creative Commons licence. 6 Icons of Survival: Metahumanism as Planetary Defense In which I argue that superhero comics, the most maligned of nerd genres, theorize the transformation of ethics and politics necessary to the project of planetary defense. The figure of the “metahuman,” the human with superpowers and purpose, embodies the transfigured nerd whose defects—intellect, swarm-behavior, abnormality, flux, and love of machines—become virtues of survival in the twenty-first century. The conflict among capitalism, fascism, and communism, which drove the Cold War and its immediate aftermath, also drove the Golden and Silver Ages of Comics. In the era of planetary emergency, these forces reconfigure themselves as different versions of world-destruction. The metahuman also signifies going “beyond” these economic and political systems into orders that preserve democracy without destroying the biosphere. Therefore, the styles of metahuman figuration represent an appeal to tradition and a technique of transformation. I call these strategies the iconic style and metamorphic style. The iconic style, more typical of DC Comics, makes the hero an icon of virtue, and metahuman powers manifest as visible signs: the “S” of Superman, the tiara and golden lasso of Wonder Woman. -
School of Earth and Space Exploration
In conversation with International Innovation, volcanologists Drs Amanda CLARKE DRS AMANDA & AUGUSTO NERI Clarke and Augusto Neri Explosive describe their successful international collaborative research programme on work exploding volcanoes Flavio Dobran and Dr Giovanni Macedonio, aimed collaborations, such as the special and long- at simulation of volcanic processes. This was lasting cooperations with Professor Barry Voight, then a very innovative approach that recognised Amanda and Dr Christina Widiwijayanti on the the need to complement field observations with modelling and simulation of magma ascent and quantitative representations based on the laws explosive events at Mount St Helens and Soufriere of physics and modern mathematics. Explosive Hills volcanoes. volcanism was a key subject for us due to the fact that in Italy we have very-high-risk explosive What do you consider to be your team’s major volcanoes such as Vesuvius and Campi Flegrei. I contributions up to now? was also fascinated by the challenging and always surprising beauty of these phenomena, and wished AN: I would say that perhaps the most important to contribute to mitigating their hazards. contribution of our INGV research team, which includes Amanda as Research Associate, has been Could you discuss your accomplishments and the demonstration of the genuine value that The INGV research group (from left to right): Augusto your hopes for the far-reaching impact of physical and mathematical models can provide Neri, Mattia de’Michieli Vitturi, Amanda Clarke, Sara your -
GSA Division Awards
2008 ® GSA Division Awards Presented at the of the 120th Annual Meeting Geological Society of America S 4 October 2008 Houston, Texas 2008 MEDALS & AWARDS RIP RAPP this topic, beginning in the early 1980s with and methods of geoarchaeology in books several papers that focused on archaeology and journals is not going to cut it with him. ARCHAEOLOGICAL and Holocene landscape evolution in drainage His passion for field research is apparent in GEOLOGY AWARD systems of western Iowa. Soon after that his teaching, presentations at professional he turned his attention to the Des Moines meetings, and collaboration with colleagues. Presented to E. Arthur Bettis III River valley, then moved farther east and Many of Art’s students claim that his attacked a bigger stream and more daunting enthusiasm is contagious. problem: the relationship between the spatial In sum, Art has been a driving force pattern of landform sediment assemblages in geoarchaeology and undoubtedly will (LSAs) and the archaeological record of continue to have a strong influence on the upper Mississippi River valley. Art’s its direction. He deserves the recognition approach to identifying and mapping LSAs associated with the Rip Rapp Award because in the Mississippi valley revolutionized of his many outstanding contributions to alluvial geoarchaeology. Conceptualizing the interdisciplinary field of archaeological the landscape in this manner has provided geology. The Geological Society of America archeologists with a range of powerful tools and members of the Archaeological Geology for evaluating and interpreting cultural Division should be proud of honoring him in resources preserved in sediments that this way. constitute valley landscapes. -
ENCYCLOPEDIA of NATURAL HAZARDS Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series
ENCYCLOPEDIA of NATURAL HAZARDS Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NATURAL HAZARDS Volume Editor Peter Bobrowsky is an Adjunct Professor at the Center for Natural Hazards Research, Department of Earth Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada ([email protected]). With over 30 years of professional experience as an environmental and engineering geologist he has worked in Africa, China, India, North America, Middle East and South America. He has published extensively on a variety of subjects and has served/serves on a number of bodies and organizations: Secretary General of IUGS, President of the Geological Association of Canada, President of the Canadian Quaternary Association, Vice President of the International Consortium on Landslides, editorial board for Landslides Quaternary International and several others. The project to compile and publish this volume was completed during his tenure as SG of IUGS. Editorial Board Pedro Basabe Bill McGuire UN/ISDR Africa Programme Department of Earth Sciences United Nations Complex, Gigiri University College London PO Box 47074 136 Gower Street (Lewis Building) Nairobi, Kenya London, UK Tom Beer Jay Melosh Australian Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Organisation (CSIRO) Civil Engineering Building, Room 3237 PB1, Aspendale 550 Stadium Mall Drive Victoria, Australia Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana, USA Norm Catto Department of Geography Farrokh Nadim Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI) Memorial University PO Box 3930 Ullevall Stadion St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada Oslo, Norway Viacheslav K. Gusiakov Paul Slovic Siberian Division, Russian Academy of Sciences Decision Research Pr.Lavrentieva, 6 1201 Oak Street, Suite 200 Novosibirsk, Russia Eugene, Oregon, USA Michael K. -
River Flowing from the Sunrise: an Environmental History of the Lower San Juan
Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All USU Press Publications USU Press 2000 River Flowing from the Sunrise: An Environmental History of the Lower San Juan James M. Aton Robert S. McPherson Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/usupress_pubs Recommended Citation Aton, James M. and McPherson, Robert S., "River Flowing from the Sunrise: An Environmental History of the Lower San Juan" (2000). All USU Press Publications. 128. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/usupress_pubs/128 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the USU Press at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All USU Press Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. River Flowing from the Sunrise An Environmental History of the Lower San Juan A. R. Raplee’s camp on the San Juan in 1893 and 1894. (Charles Goodman photo, Manuscripts Division, Marriott Library, University of Utah) River Flowing from the Sunrise An Environmental History of the Lower San Juan James M. Aton Robert S. McPherson Utah State University Press Logan, Utah Copyright © 2000 Utah State University Press all rights reserved Utah State University Press Logan, Utah 84322-7800 Manfactured in the United States of America Printed on acid-free paper 654321 000102030405 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Aton, James M., 1949– River flowing from the sunrise : an environmental history of the lower San Juan / James M. Aton, Robert S. McPherson. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-87421-404-1 (alk. paper) — ISBN 0-87421-403-3 (pbk. -
For the First Time Ever, Visionary Author Scott Snyder Takes on DC's Most
For the first time ever, visionary author Scott Snyder takes on DC’s most legendary team, the Justice League! From award-winning author Scott Snyder comes new Justice League and Teen Ti- tans teams! There’s a threat coming to destroy Earth, but the heroes and ... the villains ... of the DCU won’t let that happen. “It will change the status-quo of “A new direction for DC Comics’ flagship the Justice League.” —Nerdist superteam.” —Polygon ABOUT THE BOOK Four giant beings comprised of the universe’s major energies—Mystery, Wonder, Wisdom and Entropy—who sustain their life force by devouring planets, are on their way to destroy the planet of Colu. The only way to take down this unimaginable threat is for the superhero teams of Earth to forget everything they thought they knew and form new alliances... JUSTICE LEAGUE: NO JUSTICE Scott Snyder Joshua Williamson | Francis Manapul On Sale: 9/25/2018 ISBN: 9781401283346 $16.99/$22.99 CAN Trade Paperback JUSTICE LEAGUE: NO JUSTICE Scott Snyder Joshua Williamson | Francis Manapul On Sale: 9/25/2018 ISBN: 9781401283346 $16.99/$22.99 CAN ABOUT THE BOOK Trade Paperback Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, Aquaman and the Flash are finally reunited. When the cosmos suddenly opens up to terrifying new threats, the Justice League must look to their own mythologies to solve a mystery that dates back to the beginning of time. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Scott Snyder is a #1 New York Times best-selling writer and one of the most critically acclaimed scribes in all of comics. His works include Dark Nights: Metal, All Star Batman, Batman, Batman: Eternal, Superman Unchainced, American Vampire and Swamp Thing. -
A New Year; a New Management Board
A New Year; A New Management Board Engineering Geology Division Management Board (2009-2010) (left to right): Norman S. Levine, Member-at-Large, John Jens, Vice-Chair, J. David Rogers, Chair and Abdul Shakoor, Past Chair. Not pictured is William H. Schulz, Secretary. As part of the Geological Society of America’s annual meeting in Portland, Oregon, the Engineering Geology Division (EGD) held its annual luncheon and awards ceremony. Outgoing Chair Abdul Shakoor presented a brief summary of the Division’s accomplishments during the ENGINEERING GEOLOGY DIVISION OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA The Engineering Geologist 2 past year. He handed over the Berkey gavel to David Rogers, the Incoming Chair, officially starting the work for the new Management Board. An important reminder presented at the luncheon was the recent appointment of Syed Hasan as the Division’s Publications Chair. Anyone interested in EGD sponsorship of a publication or proposing a volume for the Reviews in Engineering Geology series should contact Syed at ([email protected]). Distinguished Practice Award Presented to Dr. Barry Voight Citation for Dr. Barry Voight given by Richard Gray: “Barry Voight is Emeritus Professor of Geology and Geological Engineering at Penn State University, where he has been a member of the faculty since 1964. He attended the University of Notre Dame and received three degrees in Geology, and civil Engineering. After one-year at Cornell, he joined Fred Donath’s rock mechanics-structural geology group at Columbia University, was a President’s Fellow and was the course lecturer in Engineering Geology, and earned a PhD in 1965. -
Magma-Sponge Hypothesis and Stratovolcanoes: Case for A
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 37, L00E05, doi:10.1029/2009GL041732, 2010 Click Here for Full Article Magma‐sponge hypothesis and stratovolcanoes: Case for a compressible reservoir and quasi‐steady deep influx at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat Barry Voight,1 Christina Widiwijayanti,1 Glen Mattioli,2 Derek Elsworth,1 Dannie Hidayat,1 and M. Strutt3 Received 10 November 2009; revised 23 December 2009; accepted 6 January 2010; published 18 February 2010. [1] We use well‐documented time histories of episodic GPS a mechanism has been proposed for a mafic reservoir under surface deformation and efflux of compressible magma to a basaltic shield volcano on Hawaii [Johnson, 1987; resolve apparent magma budget anomalies at Soufrière Johnson et al., 2000], but application to intermediate to Hills volcano (SHV) on Montserrat, WI. We focus on data intermediate‐silicic stratovolcano magmas is rare, partly from 2003 to 2007, for an inflation succeeded by an because quasi‐continuous geodetic network data and well‐ episode of eruption‐plus‐deflation. We examine Mogi‐type documented eruptive volume time‐series records are avail- and vertical prolate ellipsoidal chamber geometries to able for only a few volcanoes. An unexcelled dataset derives accommodate both mineralogical constraints indicating from Soufrière Hills (SHV) volcano on Montserrat, WI, a relatively shallow pre‐eruption storage, and geodetic which has been erupting in pulsatory fashion since 1995, constraints inferring a deeper mean‐pressure source. An with a series of 2 to 3‐year eruptive episodes and inter- exsolved phase involving several gas species greatly spersed pauses lasting 1.5 to 2‐years [Druitt and Kokelaar, increases andesite magma compressibility to depths >10 km 2002; Mattioli and Herd, 2003; Elsworth et al., 2008]. -
Pyroclastic Flow Induced Tsunami Captured by Borehole Strainmeter
Pyroclastic Flow Induced Tsunami Captured by Borehole Strainmeter during Massive Dome Collapse at Soufriere Hills Photo: Voight Photo: Voight (1) Department of Geosciences, University of Arkansas Volcano, Montserrat, West Indies: Observations and Theory (2) Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University (3) Applied Fluids Engineering, Inc. (4) Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution Washington Elizabeth Van Boskirk (1), Barry Voight (2), Phillip Watts (3), Christina Widiwijayanti (2), Glen Mattioli (1), Derek Elsworth (2), Dannie Hidayat (5) Division of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Duke University Pyroclastic flows entering the ocean at the Tar River (2), Alan Linde (4), Peter Malin (5), Jurgen Neuberg (6), Selwyn Sacks (4), Eylon Shalev (5), R. Steven J Sparks (7), Simon R Young (2) (6) School of Earth & Environment Earth Sciences, Leeds University Valley delta (7) University of Bristol, Department of Earth Sciences 0.8 HARR seismic envelope III Analysis Abstract 0.6 I II a b c IV A 0.4 Figure 9. Spectra for Strainmeters at three Caribbean Andesite Lava Island Precision-Seismo-geodetic Observatory Normalized Amplitude 30 15 Figure 10. Spectra of 0.2 Figure 5. Eruption Seismicity and Dilatation. GEOWAVE simulation 25 1 5 10 35 (CALIPSO) borehole sites recorded dilitation offset by 7-12 minutes from the seismic signals leading 38 20 TRNT strainmeter. ) A: Normalized seismic amplitude for HARR output. 3 200 m up to 12/13 July 2003 dome collapse eruption of Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat, West Indies. 6 Unfiltered 12/13 July 10 surface broadband seismometer. All records Spectrum1d of GMT 100 Pyroclastic flows were observed entering the ocean at the Tar River Valley (TRV) delta at 18:00 local B start at 23:00 (UTC) 12 July 2003.