ENCYCLOPEDIA of NATURAL HAZARDS Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NATURAL HAZARDS

Volume Editor Peter Bobrowsky is an Adjunct Professor at the Center for Natural Hazards Research, Department of Earth Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada ([email protected]). With over 30 years of professional experience as an environmental and engineering geologist he has worked in Africa, China, India, North America, Middle East and South America. He has published extensively on a variety of subjects and has served/serves on a number of bodies and organizations: Secretary General of IUGS, President of the Geological Association of Canada, President of the Canadian Quaternary Association, Vice President of the International Consortium on Landslides, editorial board for Landslides Quaternary International and several others. The project to compile and publish this volume was completed during his tenure as SG of IUGS.

Editorial Board Pedro Basabe Bill McGuire UN/ISDR Africa Programme Department of Earth Sciences United Nations Complex, Gigiri University College London PO Box 47074 136 Gower Street (Lewis Building) Nairobi, Kenya London, UK

Tom Beer Jay Melosh Australian Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Organisation (CSIRO) Civil Engineering Building, Room 3237 PB1, Aspendale 550 Stadium Mall Drive Victoria, Australia Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana, USA Norm Catto Department of Geography Farrokh Nadim Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI) Memorial University PO Box 3930 Ullevall Stadion St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada Oslo, Norway Viacheslav K. Gusiakov Paul Slovic Siberian Division, Russian Academy of Sciences Decision Research Pr.Lavrentieva, 6 1201 Oak Street, Suite 200 Novosibirsk, Russia Eugene, Oregon, USA Michael K. Lindell Philipp Schmidt-Thomé Hazard Reduction & Recovery Center Geological Survey of Finland Texas A&M University PO Box 96 College Station, Texas, USA 02151 Espoo, Finland

Aims of the Series The Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series provides comprehensive and authoritative coverage of all the main areas in the Earth Sciences. Each volume comprises a focused and carefully chosen collection of contributions from leading names in the subject, with copious illustrations and reference lists. These books represent one of the world’s leading resources for the Earth Sciences community. Previous volumes are being updated and new works published so that the volumes will continue to be essential reading for all professional earth scientists, geologists, geophysicists, climatolo- gists, and oceanographers as well as for teachers and students. See the back of this volume for a current list of titles in the Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series.Gotohttp://www.springerlink.com/reference-works/ to visit the “Earth Sciences Series” online.

About the Series Editor Professor Charles W. Finkl has edited and/or contributed to more than eight volumes in the Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. For the past 28 years he has been the Executive Director of the Coastal Education & Research Foundation and Editor-in-Chief of the international Journal of Coastal Research. In addition to these duties, he is Professor Emeritus at Florida Atlantic University in Boca Raton, Florida, USA. He is a graduate of the University of Western Australia (Perth) and previously worked for a wholly owned Australian subsidiary of the International Nickel Company of Canada (INCO). During his career, he acquired field experience in Australia; the Caribbean; South America; SW Pacific islands; southern Africa; Western Europe; and the Pacific Northwest, Midwest, and Southeast USA.

Founding Series Editor Professor Rhodes W. Fairbridge (deceased) has edited more than 24 Encyclopedias in the Earth Sciences Series. During his career he has worked as a petroleum geologist in the Middle East, been a WW II intelligence officer in the SW Pacific and led expeditions to the Sahara, Arctic Canada, Arctic Scandinavia, Brazil and New Guinea. He was Emeritus Professor of Geology at Columbia University and was affiliated with the Goddard Institute for Space Studies. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF EARTH SCIENCES SERIES

ENCYCLOPEDIA of NATURAL HAZARDS

edited by

PETER T. BOBROWSKY Simon Fraser University Canada Library of Congress Control Number: 2012944445

ISBN: 978-90-481-8699-0 This publication is available also as: Electronic publication under ISBN 978-1-4020-4399-4 and Print and electronic bundle under ISBN 978-94-007-0263-9

Springer Dordrecht, Heidelberg, New York, London

Printed on acid-free paper

Cover photo: Volcanic Lava, Hawaii. Photo reproduced courtesy of Paul Souders.

Every effort has been made to contact the copyright holders of the figures and tables which have been reproduced from other sources. Anyone who has not been properly credited is requested to contact the publishers, so that due acknowledgement may be made in subsequent editions.

All rights reserved for the contributions Communicating Emergency Information; Dose Rate; Harmonic Tremor; Natural Radioactivity; Pore-Water Pressure; Radon Hazards

© Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013

No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Contents

Contributors xv Asteroid Impact Predictions 29 Brian G. Marsden (Deceased) Preface xxxix Acknowledgments xli Automated Local Evaluation in Real Time (ALERT) 31 AA-LAVA 1 Lev I. Dorman Robert Buchwaldt Avalanches 31 Accelerometer 2 Chris Stethem Zhengwen Zeng and Lin Fa Aviation (Hazards to) 34 Acid Rain 2 Thomas Gerz and Ulrich Schumann Mary J. Thornbush Avulsion 40 Adaptation 3 Joann Mossa Philipp Schmidt-Thomé and Sirkku Juhola Base Surge 41 Airphoto and Satellite Imagery 5 Catherine J. Hickson J. D. Mollard Beach Nourishment (Replenishment) 42 Albedo 9 Charles W. Finkl Alan W. Harris Beaufort Wind Scale 42 Antecedent Conditions 10 Tom Beer Michael James Crozier, Nick Preston and Thomas Glade Biblical Events 45 Jerry T. Mitchell Arsenic in Groundwater 13 Body Wave 47 Arindam Basu Zhengwen Zeng and Lin Fa Asteroid 14 Breakwaters 48 Alan W. Harris Giovanni Cuomo Asteroid Impact 18 Building Code 49 Christian Koeberl Rohit Jigyasu Asteroid Impact Mitigation 28 Building Failure 50 Clark R. Chapman Tiziana Rossetto vi CONTENTS

Buildings, Structures, and Public Safety 51 Cost-Benefit Analysis of Natural Hazard John M. Logan Mitigation 121 Sven Fuchs Calderas 57 James W. Cole Costs (Economic) of Natural Hazards and Disasters 125 Casualties Following Natural Hazards 59 Howard Kunreuther and Erwann Michel-Kerjan Kerrianne Watt and Philip Weinstein Creep 129 Challenges to Agriculture 65 Piotr Migoń Julie A. March Critical Incident Stress Syndrome 130 Civil Protection and Crisis Management 69 Ann M. Mitchell and Kirstyn Kameg Scira Menoni and Antonio Pugliano Critical Infrastructure 132 Classification of Natural Disasters 78 Susanne Krings Thomas Glade and David E. Alexander Cryological Engineering 132 Climate Change 82 Lukas U. Arenson and Sarah M. Springman Jasper Knight Cultural Heritage and Natural Hazards 135 Cloud Seeding 92 Piotr Migoń Steven T. Siems Damage and the Built Environment 141 Coal Fire (Underground) 92 Adriana Galderisi and Andrea Ceudech Glenn B. Stracher Debris Avalanche 145 Coastal Erosion 94 Marco Giardino Wayne Stephenson Debris Flow 149 Coastal Zone Risk Management 97 Oldrich Hungr Norm Catto Deep-seated Gravitational Slope Deformation 151 Cognitive Dissonance 98 Mauro Soldati Jaroslaw Dzialek Desertification 155 Collapsing Soil Hazards 99 Nicholas Lancaster Andrew J. Stumpf Comet 105 Disaster Diplomacy 158 Paul R. Weissman Ilan Kelman Communicating Emergency Information 110 Disaster Relief 159 John H. Sorensen Jane Carter Ingram Community Management of Natural Hazards 112 Disaster Research and Policy, History 160 William T. Hartwell J. C. Gaillard and Ilan Kelman Complexity Theory 117 Disaster Risk Management 164 William H. K. Lee N. Nirupama Concrete Structures 118 Disaster Risk Reduction 170 Murat Saatcioglu Walter J. Ammann

Convergence 118 Disasters 175 Ilan Kelman Ian Stewart

Coping Capacity 119 Dispersive Soil Hazards 186 Virginia R. Burkett Andrew J. Stumpf CONTENTS vii

Doppler Weather Radar 188 Emergency Management 263 Rodger A. Brown Michael K. Lindell

Dose Rate 188 Emergency Mapping 272 Cathy Scheib Frank Fiedrich and Sisi Zlatanova

Drought 189 Emergency Planning 276 Suzanne Hollins and John Dodson Scira Menoni

CASE STUDY Emergency Shelter 280 Dust Bowl 197 Camillo Boano and William Hunter Richard Seager and Benjamin I. Cook Epicenter 284 Dust Devil 201 Valerio Comerci Nilton O. Rennó Epidemiology of Disease in Natural Disasters 285 Dust Storm 202 Gilbert M. Burnham Nilton O. Rennó Erosion 288 Dvorak Classification of Hurricanes 203 Matija Zorn and Blaž Komac Raymond Zehr Erosivity 289 Early Warning Systems 207 Matija Zorn and Blaž Komac Graham S. Leonard, Chris E. Gregg and David M. Johnston Eruption Types (Volcanic Eruptions) 290 Catherine J. Hickson, T. C. Spurgeon and Earthquake 208 R. I. Tilling John F. Cassidy Evacuation 293 Earthquake Damage 223 Graham A. Tobin, Burrell E. Montz and Nicolas Desramaut, Hormoz Modaressi and Linda M. Whiteford Gonéri Le Cozannet Expansive Soils and Clays 297 Earthquake Prediction and Forecasting 225 Ghulappa S. Dasog and Ahmet R. Mermut Alik T. Ismail-Zadeh Expert (Knowledge-Based) Systems for Disaster Earthquake Resistant Design 231 Management 300 Tiziana Rossetto and Philippe Duffour Jean-Marc Tacnet and Corinne Curt

Economic Valuation of Life 240 Exposure to Natural Hazards 305 Mohammed H. I. Dore and Rajiv G. Singh Jörn Birkmann Extensometers 306 Economics of Disasters 242 Erik Eberhardt Pierre-Alain Schieb Extinction 307 Education and Training for Emergency Ross D. E. MacPhee Preparedness 247 Kevin R. Ronan Extreme Value Theory 310 Gianfausto Salvadori Elastic Rebound Theory 249 John Ristau CASE STUDY Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) 250 Eyjafjallajökull Eruptions 2010 311 Norman Kerle Freysteinn Sigmundsson

El Niño/Southern Oscillation 250 Fault 317 Michael Ghil and Ilya Zaliapin William A. Bryant viii CONTENTS

Federal Emergency Management CASE STUDY Agency (FEMA) 321 Galeras Volcano, Colombia 369 Vincent R. Parisi Barry Voight and Marta L. Calvache

Fetch 322 Gas-Hydrates 377 Norm Catto Harsh K. Gupta and Kalachand Sain

Fire and Firestorms 323 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and John Radke Natural Hazards 378 Paolo Tarolli and Marco Cavalli Flash Flood 324 Yang Hong, Pradeep Adhikari and Geographic Information Technology 385 Jonathan J. Gourley Brigitte Leblon

Flood Deposits 325 Geohazards 387 János Kovács Blaž Komac and Matija Zorn

Flood Hazard and Disaster 326 Geological/Geophysical Disasters 387 Yang Hong, Pradeep Adhikari and Richard Guthrie Jonathan J. Gourley Glacier Hazards 400 John J. Clague Flood Protection 336 Fernando Nardi Global Change and Its Implications for Natural Disasters 405 Flood Stage 336 Gonéri Le Cozannet, Hormoz Modaressi and Fernando Nardi Nicolas Desramaut

Floodplain 337 Global Dust 409 Klement Tockner Edward Derbyshire

Floodway 338 Global Network of Civil Society Organizations for Armand LaRocque Disaster Reduction 416 Terry Gibson Fog Hazard Mitigation 338 Steve LaDochy and Michael R. Witiw Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and Natural Hazards 416 Fog Hazards 342 Norman Kerle Paul J. Croft Global Seismograph Network (GSN) 417 Föhn 346 Allison Bent Anita Bokwa

Forest and Range Fires 346 CASE STUDY George Eftychidis Haiti Earthquake 2010: Psychosocial Impacts 419 James M. Shultz, Louis Herns Marcelin, Frequency and Magnitude of Events 359 Zelde Espinel, Sharon B. Madanes, Lionel E. Jackson, Jr. Andrea Allen and Yuval Neria

Frost Hazard 363 Harmonic Tremor 425 Leanne Webb and Richard L. Snyder Melanie Kelman

Fujita Tornado Scale 366 Hazard 425 Thomas W. Schmidlin Farrokh Nadim

Fumarole 367 Hazard and Risk Mapping 426 Travis W. Heggie Brian R. Marker CONTENTS ix

Hazardousness of a Place 435 Impact Firestorms 525 Netra Raj Regmi, John Rick Giardino and Tamara Goldin John D. Vitek Impact Tsunamis 525 Heat Waves 447 Galen Gisler Gerd Tetzlaff Impact Winter 528 High-Rise Buildings in Natural Disaster 451 Owen Brian Toon Murat Saatcioglu Inclinometers 529 Historical Events 452 Erik Eberhardt Suzanne A. G. Leroy and Raisa Gracheva CASE STUDY Hospitals in Disaster 471 Indian Ocean Tsunami, 2004 529 Jeffrey N. Rubin Franck Lavigne, Raphaël Paris, Frédéric Leone, J. C. Gaillard and Julie Morin Human Impacts of Hazards 474 Douglas Paton, David Johnston and Sarb Johal Induced Seismicity 535 Maurice Lamontagne Humanity as an Agent of Natural Disasters 478 Thomas Glade and Andreas Dix Information and Communication Technology 536 Peter S. Anderson Hurricane (Typhoon, Cyclone) 481 Robert Korty Insect Hazards 540 Philip Weinstein CASE STUDY Insurance 542 Hurricane Katrina 494 Jaroslaw Dzialek Joann Mossa Integrated Emergency Management System 544 Hydrocompaction Subsidence 496 Frank Fiedrich Andrew J. Stumpf Intensity Scales 544 Hydrograph, Flood 497 David Giles Fernando Nardi Hydrometeorological Hazards 497 International Strategies for Disaster Reduction Gordon McBean (IDNDR and ISDR) 552 Karl-Otto Zentel and Thomas Glade Hyogo Framework for Action 2005–2015 508 Pedro Basabe Internet, World Wide Web and Natural Hazards 563 Lucy Stanbrough Hypocenter 516 Maurice Lamontagne Isoseismal 565 Valerio Comerci Ice and Icebergs 519 Norm Catto Jökulhlaups 567 Marten Geertsema Ice Storms 520 Ronald E. Stewart Karst Hazards 571 Viacheslav Andreychouk and Andrzej Tyc Impact Airblast 522 Natalia Artemieva CASE STUDY Impact Ejecta 523 Krakatoa (Krakatau) 576 Christian Koeberl Bill McGuire Impact Fireball 524 Lahar 579 Peter Brown Richard B. Waitt x CONTENTS

Land Degradation 580 Magma 639 Matija Zorn and Blaž Komac Catherine J. Hickson, T. C. Spurgeon and R. I. Tilling Land Subsidence 583 Brian R. Marker Magnitude Measures 640 David Giles Land Use, Urbanization, and Natural Hazards 590 Brian Marker Marginality 651 Landsat Satellite 594 Ben Wisner María Asunción Soriano Marine Hazards 652 Landslide 594 Tore Jan Kvalstad John J. Clague Mass Media and Natural Disasters 655 Landslide Dam 602 Wojciech Biernacki Reginald L. Hermanns Mass Movement 657 Landslide Impacts 606 Roy C. Sidle Michael James Crozier, Nick Preston and Thomas Glade Megacities and Natural Hazards 660 Norman Kerle and Annemarie Müller Landslide Inventory 610 Javier Hervás CASE STUDY Landslide Triggered Tsunami, Mega-Fires in Greece (2007) 664 Displacement Wave 611 George Eftychidis Reginald L. Hermanns, Jean-Sébastien L’Heureux and Lars H. Blikra Mercalli, Giuseppe (1850–1914) 671 Landslide Types 615 Valerio Comerci David Cruden Meteorite 672 Land-Use Planning 618 Jay Melosh Stefan Greiving and Philipp Schmidt-Thomé Methane Release from Hydrate 672 Lateral Spreading 623 Graham Westbrook Steven L. Kramer Mining Subsidence Induced Fault Reactivation 673 Lava 623 Laurance Donnelly Robert Buchwaldt Levee 624 Misconceptions About Natural Disasters 678 Joann Mossa Timothy R. H. Davies

Lightning 625 Mitigation 682 Leopoldo C. Cancio Farrokh Nadim

Liquefaction 629 Modified Mercalli (MM) Scale 683 Steven L. Kramer Valerio Comerci Livelihoods and Disasters 633 J. C. Gaillard Monitoring Natural Hazards 686 Michel Jaboyedoff, Pascal Horton, Loess 637 Marc-Henri Derron, Céline Longchamp and János Kovács and György Varga Clément Michoud

Macroseismic Survey 639 Monsoons 696 Roger M. W. Musson Song Yang, Viviane Silva and Wayne Higgins CONTENTS xi

CASE STUDY Pahoehoe Lava 748 Montserrat Eruptions 697 Robert Buchwaldt Katherine Donovan Paleoflood Hydrology 748 Mortality and Injury in Natural Disasters 699 Gerardo Benito Shannon Doocy Paleoseismology 749 CASE STUDY Alan R. Nelson Mt Pinatubo 703 Paraglacial 750 Katherine Donovan Jasper Knight Mud Volcanoes 705 Behruz M. Panahi Perception of Natural Hazards and Disasters 756 Jaroslaw Dzialek Mudflow 706 Christophe Ancey Permafrost 759 Julian B. Murton Myths and Misconceptions in Disasters 706 Alejandro López Carresi Piezometer 764 Sylvi Haldorsen Natural Hazard 711 Anita Bokwa Piping Hazard 764 Michael James Crozier, Nick Preston and Natural Hazards in Developing Countries 718 Thomas Glade Paolo Paron Planning Measures and Political Aspects 765 Natural Radioactivity 726 Brian R. Marker Cathy Scheib Plate Tectonics 769 Neotectonics 730 John Ristau James P. McCalpin Pore-Water Pressure 772 CASE STUDY Mark E. Reid Nevado del Ruiz Volcano, Colombia 1985 732 Barry Voight, Marta L. Calvache, Post Disaster Mass Care Needs 773 Minard L. Hall and Maria Luisa Monsalve Frank Fiedrich, John R. Harrald and Theresa Jefferson North Anatolian Fault 738 Thomas Rockwell Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) 776 Fran H. Norris Nuée Ardente 740 Catherine J. Hickson, T. C. Spurgeon and Primary Wave (P-Wave) 777 R. I. Tilling Allison Bent

Overgrazing 741 Probable Maximum Flood (PMF) 777 Norm Catto Armand LaRocque

Ozone 741 Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP) 778 Tom Beer Gerd Tetzlaff and Janek Zimmer

Ozone Loss 743 Psychological Impacts of Natural Disasters 779 Mary J. Thornbush James M. Shultz, Yuval Neria, Andrea Allen and Zelde Espinel Pacific Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System (PTWS) 747 Pyroclastic Flow 791 Laura S. L. Kong Robert Buchwaldt xii CONTENTS

CASE STUDY Risk 856 Queensland Floods (2010–2011) and “Tweeting” 797 Jörn Birkmann France Cheong and Christopher Cheong Risk Assessment 862 Quick Clay 803 Suzanne Lacasse Marten Geertsema Risk Governance 863 Quick Sand 804 Stefan Greiving and Thomas Glade János Kovács Risk Perception and Communication 870 Radiation Hazards 807 Michael K. Lindell Lev I. Dorman Rock Avalanche (Sturzstrom) 875 Radon Hazards 808 Reginald L. Hermanns James D. Appleton

Recovery and Reconstruction After Disaster 812 Rockfall 875 Michael K. Lindell Fausto Guzzetti

Recurrence Interval 824 Rogue Wave 877 Glenn Biasi Norm Catto

Red Cross and Red Crescent 825 Rotational Seismology 877 Donald J. Shropshire William H. K. Lee

Red Tides 826 Sackung 881 Philip Weinstein Michael J. Bovis

Reflections on Modeling Disaster 827 Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Intensity Scale 882 David A. Etkin Ilan Kelman

Release Rates 835 San Andreas Fault 883 Pat E. Rasmussen William A. Bryant

Religion and Hazards 836 Heather Sangster, Angus M. Duncan and CASE STUDY David K. Chester Santorini, Eruption 884 Yuri Gorokhovich Remote Sensing of Natural Hazards and Disasters 837 Sea Level Change 895 Norman Kerle Peter J. Hawkes

Reservoir, Dams, and Seismicity 847 Secondary Wave (S-Wave) 901 Maurice Lamontagne Allison Bent Resilience 849 Adriana Galderisi and Floriana F. Ferrara Sedimentation of Reservoirs 901 Anton J. Schleiss Richter, Charles Francis (1900–1985) 850 Susan Hough Seiche 905 Giovanni Cuomo Rights and Obligations in International Humanitarian Assistance 851 Seismic Gap 906 George Kent John F. Cassidy

Rip Current 855 Seismograph/Seismometer 907 Wayne Stephenson Allison Bent CONTENTS xiii

Seismology 907 Sunspots 986 Alik T. Ismail-Zadeh David H. Boteler

Shear 908 Supernova 986 Murat Saatcioglu Lev I. Dorman

Shield Volcano 910 Surge 987 Raphaël Paris Giovanni Cuomo

Sinkhole 911 Susceptibility 988 María Asunción Soriano María José Domínguez-Cuesta Slide and Slump 913 Lionel E. Jackson, Jr. CASE STUDY Tangshan, China (1976 Earthquake) 989 Slope Stability 919 Zhengwen Zeng and Chenghu Wang Kaare Høeg Tectonic and Tectono-Seismic Hazards 994 Snowstorm and Blizzard 924 James P. McCalpin Thomas W. Schmidlin Tectonic Tremor 1004 Social–Ecological Systems 926 David Shelly Fabrice G. Renaud Thunderstorms 1006 Sociology of Disaster 926 Colin Price Alison Herring Tidal Bores 1007 Solar Flares 936 Hubert Chanson David H. Boteler Tiltmeters 1009 Solifluction 936 Erik Eberhardt Piotr Migoń Time and Space in Disaster 1009 Space Weather 937 Thomas Glade, Michael James Crozier and David H. Boteler Nick Preston

Storm Surges 940 CASE STUDY Gonéri Le Cozannet, Hormoz Modaressi, Rodrigo Pedreros, Manuel Garcin, Yann Krien Tohoku, Japan (2011 Earthquake and Tsunami) 1015 and Nicolas Desramaut Kenji Satake

Storms 941 Torino Scale 1019 Norm Catto Norm Catto

Stratovolcanoes 941 Tornadoes 1019 Shane J. Cronin Matthew R. Clark and R. P. Knightley

Structural Damage Caused by Earthquakes 947 Triggered Earthquakes 1031 Murat Saatcioglu Harsh K. Gupta

Structural Mitigation 959 Tsunami 1036 Murat Saatcioglu William Power and Graham S. Leonard

Subduction 979 Tsunami Loads on Infrastructure 1046 Alik T. Ismail-Zadeh Dan Palermo, Ioan Nistor and Murat Saatcioglu

Subsidence Induced by Underground Extraction 979 Uncertainty 1055 Devin L. Galloway Philipp Schmidt-Thomé xiv CONTENTS

United Nations Organizations and Natural Volcanoes and Volcanic Eruptions 1077 Disasters 1056 Sue C. Loughlin Badaoui Rouhban Vulnerability 1088 Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) 1062 Susan L. Cutter Armand LaRocque Warning Systems 1091 Unreinforced Masonry Buildings 1062 Graham S. Leonard, David M. Johnston and Fabio Taucer Chris E. Gregg

Urban Environments and Natural Hazards 1063 Waterspout 1096 Pat E. Rasmussen Miquel Gayà

CASE STUDY CASE STUDY Usoi Landslide and Lake Sarez 1065 Wenchuan, China (2008 Earthquake) 1097 Alexander Strom Zhengwen Zeng and Chenghu Wang Wildfire 1102 CASE STUDY Brigitte Leblon and Laura Bourgeau-Chavez Vaiont Landslide, Italy 1069 Monica Ghirotti and Doug Stead World Economy, Impact of Disasters 1107 Ilan Noy CASE STUDY Worldwide Trends in Natural Disasters 1111 Vesuvius 1073 Margreth Keiler Bill McGuire Zoning 1115 Volcanic Ash 1074 Philipp Schmidt-Thomé and Stefan Greiving Thomas Wilson and Carol Stewart Author Index 1117 Volcanic Gas 1076 Travis W. Heggie Subject Index 1119 Contributors

Pradeep Adhikari Christophe Ancey School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Atmospheric Radar Research Center, University of Laboratoire Hydraulique Environnementale ENAC/ Oklahoma ICARE/LHE 120 David L. Boren Blvd station 18 Ecublens Norman, OK 73072 1015 Lausanne USA Switzerland and [email protected] Department of Geography and Environmental Sustainability, University of Oklahoma Norman, OK 73072 USA Peter S. Anderson [email protected] School of Communication Simon Fraser University David E. Alexander 8888 University Drive Global Risk Forum Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6 Promenade 35 Canada 7270 Davos Platz [email protected] Switzerland [email protected] [email protected] Viacheslav Andreychouk Regional Geography and Geotourism Unit Andrea Allen Faculty of Earth’s Sciences School of Adult and Continuing Education University of Silesia Barry University Będzińska 60 11300 NE 2nd Avenue 41-200 Sosnowiec Miami Shores, FL 33161 Poland USA [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Walter J. Ammann James D. Appleton Global Risk Forum GRF Davos British Geological Survey Promenade 35 Keyworth 7270 Davos Platz Nottingham NG12 5GG Switzerland UK [email protected] [email protected] xvi CONTRIBUTORS

Lukas U. Arenson Glenn Biasi BGC Engineering Inc. Nevada Seismological Laboratory Suite 500-1045 Howe Street University of Nevada Reno Vancouver, BC V6Z 2A9 MS-174 Canada Reno, NV 89557 [email protected] USA [email protected] [email protected]

Natalia Artemieva Wojciech Biernacki Planetary Science Institute University School of Physical Education in Cracow 1700 E. Ft. Lowell, suite 106 Al. Jana Pawla II 78 Tucson, AZ 85719 31-571 Krakow USA Poland [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Pedro Basabe United Nations Complex Jörn Birkmann Gigiri Block T, Room T-121 Institute for Environment and Human Security P.O. Box 47074 United Nations University Nairobi Hermann-Ehlers-Str. 10 Kenya 53113 Bonn [email protected] Germany [email protected] [email protected]

Arindam Basu Lars H. Blikra Health Sciences Centre & Health Services Åknes/Tafjord Early-Warning Centre Assessment Collaboration Ødegårdavegen 176 University of Canterbury 6200 Stranda Christchurch Norway New Zealand [email protected] [email protected] Camillo Boano Tom Beer Development Planning Unit CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research University College London Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research 34 Tavistock Square Energy Transformed Flagship London WC1H 9EZ P.B1, Aspendale UK VIC 3195 [email protected] Australia [email protected] [email protected] Anita Bokwa Gerardo Benito Institute of Geography and Spatial Management CSIC-Centro de Ciencias Medioambientales Jagiellonian University Serrano 115 bis 7 Gronostajowa St 28006 Madrid 30-387 Kraków Spain Poland [email protected] [email protected]

Allison Bent David H. Boteler Geological Survey of Canada Geomagnetic Laboratory Natural Resources Canada Earth Science Sector, Natural Resources Canada 7 Observatory Crescent 7 Observatory Crescent Ottawa, ON K1A 0Y3 Ottawa, ON K1A 0Y3 Canada Canada [email protected] [email protected] CONTRIBUTORS xvii

Laura Bourgeau-Chavez Gilbert M. Burnham Forestry and Environmental Management The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health University of New Brunswick Center for Refugee and Disaster Response P.O. Box 4400 615 N Wolfe St., Suite E8132 Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3 Baltimore, MD 21205 Canada USA [email protected] Michael J. Bovis Department of Geography University of British Columbia Marta L. Calvache Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2 INGEOMINAS Canada Bogota [email protected] Colombia

Peter Brown Department of Physics and Astronomy Leopoldo C. Cancio Centre for Planetary Science and Exploration (CPSX) US Army Institute of Surgical Research University of Western Ontario Colonel, Medical Corps, U.S. Army London, ON N6A 3K7 Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234-6315 Canada USA [email protected] [email protected]

Rodger A. Brown Alejandro López Carresi NOAA/National Severe Storms Laboratory Centre of Studies on Disasters and Emergencies 120 David L. Boren Blvd C/Hileras 4 Norman, OK 73072 28013 Madrid USA Spain [email protected] [email protected]

William A. Bryant Senior Engineering Geologist John F. Cassidy California Geological Survey Geological Survey of Canada 801 K Street, MS 12-31 Natural Resources Canada Sacramento, CA 95814 9860 West Saanich Road USA Sidney, BC V8L 4B2 [email protected] Canada [email protected] [email protected]

Robert Buchwaldt Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Norm Catto Planetary Sciences Department of Geography Massachusetts Institute of Technology Memorial University of Newfoundland Building 54-1117 St. John’s, NL A1B 3X9 Cambridge, MA 02139-4307 Canada USA [email protected] [email protected]

Virginia R. Burkett Marco Cavalli United States Geological Survey, Climate and National Research Council – Research Institute for Land use Change Mission Area Geo-Hydrological Protection 540 North Courthouse Street Corso Stati Uniti 4 Many, LA 71449 35127 Padova USA Italy [email protected] [email protected] xviii CONTRIBUTORS

Andrea Ceudech Matthew R. Clark Dipartimento di Pianificazione e Scienza del Territorio 11B Lower North Street University of Naples “Federico II” Exeter EX4 3ET Naples, P.le V. Tecchio, 80 Devon, UK 80125 Naples and Italy TORRO [email protected] P.O. Box 972 Thelwall WA4 9DP Warrington, UK Hubert Chanson [email protected] School of Civil Engineering The University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD 4072 James W. Cole Australia Department of Geological Sciences [email protected] University of Canterbury Private Bag 4800 Christchurch 8140 Clark R. Chapman New Zealand Department of Space Studies [email protected] Southwest Research Institute 1050 Walnut, Suite 300 Boulder, CO 80302 Valerio Comerci USA Geological Survey of Italy [email protected] ISPRA – Institute for Environmental Protection and Research Via Vitaliano Brancati 48 00144 Roma Christopher Cheong Italy School of Business IT and Logistics [email protected] RMIT University Melbourne, VIC 3001 Australia Benjamin I. Cook NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies 2880 Broadway France Cheong New York, NY 10025 School of Business IT and Logistics USA RMIT University [email protected] Melbourne, VIC 3001 [email protected] Australia [email protected] Paul J. Croft School of Environmental &Life Sciences David K. Chester College of Natural, Applied, & Health Sciences Department of Geography Kean University University of Liverpool 1000 Morris Avenue Liverpool L69 3BX Union, NJ 07083 UK USA [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

John J. Clague Centre for Natural Hazard Research Shane J. Cronin Department of Earth Sciences Institute of Natural Resources Simon Fraser University Massey University 8888 University Drive Private Bag 11 222 Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6 Palmerston North 4442 Canada New Zealand [email protected] [email protected] CONTRIBUTORS xix

Michael James Crozier Edward Derbyshire Institute of Geography, School of Geography 3, 104 Evesham Road Environment and Earth Sciences Cheltenham, Gloucestershire GL52 2AL Victoria University of Wellington UK PO Box 600 Wellington 6140 and New Zealand Centre for Quaternary Research [email protected] Royal Holloway, University of London Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX UK David Cruden ed4 [email protected] Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Alberta 3-064 Markin/CNRL Natural Marc-Henri Derron Edmonton, AB T6G 2W2 Institute of Geomatics and Analysis of Risk Canada AMPHIPOLE – 338, Faculté des géosciences et de [email protected] l’environnement University of Lausanne 1015 Lausanne Giovanni Cuomo Switzerland Hydraulics Applied Research & Engineering Consulting [email protected] (HAREC) s.r.l Via Gregorio VII, 80 00165 Rome Nicolas Desramaut Italy French Geological Survey, Natural Risks and [email protected] CO2 Safety Storage Division Landslide Risk Unit BRGM – French Geological Survey Corinne Curt 3 avenue Claude Guillemin, BP 36009 Irstea 45060 Orléans, Cedex 2 UR OHAX, Hydraulic Engineering and Hydrology France Research Unit [email protected] 3275 route de Cézanne CS 40061 13182 Aix-en-Provence, Cedex 5 France Andreas Dix [email protected] Bamberg Institut for Geography, Historical Geography Department of Geography Otto-Friedrich-University Bamberg Susan L. Cutter Am Kranen 12 Department of Geography, Hazards & Vulnerability 96045 Bamberg Research Institute Germany University of South Carolina [email protected] Columbia, SC 29208 USA [email protected] John Dodson Institute for Environmental Research Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation Ghulappa S. Dasog New Illawarra Road University of Agricultural Sciences Lucas Heights, NSW 2234 580005 Dharwad Australia India [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Timothy R. H. Davies María José Domínguez-Cuesta Department of Geological Sciences Departamento de Geología University of Canterbury Universidad de Oviedo Private Bag 4800 C/Arias de Velasco s/n Christchurch 8140 33005 Oviedo New Zealand Spain [email protected] [email protected] xx CONTRIBUTORS

Laurance Donnelly Philippe Duffour Engineering & Exploration Geologist, Forensic Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Geologist & Police Search Adviser Engineering Wardell Armstrong LLP University College London 2 The Avenue Gower Street Greater Manchester WN7 1ES London WC1E 6BT UK UK [email protected] [email protected]

Angus M. Duncan Institute for Research in Applied Natural Sciences Katherine Donovan University of Bedfordshire Department of Earth Sciences Park Square University of Oxford Luton LU1 3JU South Parks Road UK Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3AN [email protected] UK [email protected] Jaroslaw Dzialek Institute of Geography and Spatial Management Jagiellonian University 7 Gronostajowa St Shannon Doocy 30-387 Krakow Department of International Health, Center for Poland Refugee and Disaster Response [email protected] Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health 615 N Wolfe Street, Suite E8132 Baltimore, MD 21205 Erik Eberhardt USA Geological Engineering [email protected] Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences University of British Columbia 6339 Stores Rd Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada Mohammed H. I. Dore [email protected] Department of Economics Brock University 4th Floor, Plaza Building George Eftychidis St Catharines, ON L2S 3A1 Algosystems S.A. Canada 206, Leoforos Syggrou [email protected] Kallithea 17672 Greece and Pangaiasys Ltd. 28, Marathonos Avenue Lev I. Dorman Pikermi 19009 Israel Cosmic Ray and Space Weather Center and Emilio Greece Segre’ Observatory, affiliated to Tel Aviv [email protected] University, TECHNION, and Israel Space Agency P.O. Box 2217 Qazrin 12900 Zelde Espinel Israel Center for Disaster & Extreme Event Preparedness and (DEEP Center) Cosmic Ray Department of N.V. Pushkov IZMIRAN University of Miami Miller School of Medicine IZMIRAN of Russian Academy of Sciences Clinical Research Building Suite 1512 142190 Troitsk, Moscow Region 1120 NW 14 St. Russia Miami, FL 33136 [email protected] USA [email protected] [email protected] CONTRIBUTORS xxi

David A. Etkin J. C. Gaillard York University School of Environment 4700 Keele Street The University of Auckland Toronto, ON M3J 1P3 Private Bag 92019 Canada Auckland 1142 [email protected] New Zealand [email protected]

Lin Fa Adriana Galderisi Department of Geology and Geological Engineering Dipartimento di Pianificazione e Scienza del Territorio University of North Dakota University of Naples “Federico II” Grand Forks, ND 58202 P.le V. Tecchio, 80 USA 80125 Naples and Italy Department of Electronics and Information Engineering [email protected] Xi’an Institute of Post and Telecommunications Xi’an, Shaanxi 710121 Devin L. Galloway China Water Mission Area Modoc Hall, Ste. 3005, CSUS [email protected] US Geological Survey 3020 State University Dr. E. Sacramento, CA 95819-2632 USA Floriana F. Ferrara [email protected] Environmental Engineering Consultant Via Morghen, 72 80129 Naples Manuel Garcin Italy Natural Risks and CO2 Storage Security Division/Coastal [email protected] Risk Unit BRGM-French Geological Survey – Natural Risks and CO2 Storage Division 3 avenue Claude Guillemin Frank Fiedrich 45060 Orléans Public Safety and Emergency Management France Faculty D “Safety Engineering” [email protected] Wuppertal University Gaussstr. 20 42119 Wuppertal Miquel Gayà Germany Delegación Territorial en Illes Balears [email protected] Agencia Estatal de Meteorología Muelle de Ponent, s/n P.O. Box 07015 Palma Charles W. Finkl Spain Professor Emeritus [email protected] Department of Geosciences Florida Atlantic University Marten Geertsema Boca Raton 33431 FL British Columbia Forest Service USA 1011 4th ave [email protected] Prince George V2L 3H9 BC Canada [email protected] Sven Fuchs Institute of Mountain Risk Engineering Thomas Gerz University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. DLR Peter Jordan Strasse 82 Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre 1190 Vienna 82234 Oberpfaffenhofen Austria Germany [email protected] [email protected] xxii CONTRIBUTORS

Michael Ghil Galen Gisler Geosciences Department and Laboratoire de Physics of Geological Process Météorologie Dynamique (CNRS and IPSL) University of Oslo Ecole Normale Supérieure Sem Sælandsvei 24 24, rue Lhomond 0316 Oslo 75231 Paris Norway France [email protected] and Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics University of California Thomas Glade Los Angeles, CA Geomorphic Systems and Risk Research USA Department of Geography and Regional Science [email protected] University of Vienna Universitaetsstr. 7 1010 Vienna Monica Ghirotti Austria Department of Earth and Geo-Environmental Sciences [email protected] Alma Mater-University of Bologna Via Zamboni, 67 40127 Bologna Italy Tamara Goldin [email protected] Department of Lithospheric Research Center for Earth Sciences, University of Vienna Althanstrasse 14 John Rick Giardino 1090 Vienna Department of Geology and Geophysics Austria Texas A&M University [email protected] College Station, Texas 77843 [email protected] USA [email protected]

Marco Giardino Yuri Gorokhovich Department of Earth Sciences Department of Environmental, Geographic and University of Torino Geological Sciences Via Valperga Caluso, 35 Lehman College, City University of New York 10125 Torino 250 Bedford Park Blvd. West Italy Bronx, NY 10468 [email protected] USA [email protected]

Terry Gibson Global Network of Civil Society Organisations for Disaster Reduction (GNDR) Jonathan J. Gourley 100 Church Road NOAA National Severe Storms Laboratory Teddington, Middlesex TW11 8QE 120 David L. Boren Blvd UK Norman, OK 73072 [email protected] USA [email protected]

David Giles Centre for Applied Geosciences, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences Raisa Gracheva University of Portsmouth Institute of Geography of RAS Burnaby Building, Burnaby Road Staromonetny per. 29 Portsmouth PO1 3QL 119017 Moscow UK Russia [email protected] [email protected] CONTRIBUTORS xxiii

Chris E. Gregg Minard L. Hall Department of Geosciences Escuela Politecnica East Tennessee State University Quito Yoakley Hall, Rm 204 Ecuador P.O. Box 70357 Johnson City, TN 37614 USA John R. Harrald [email protected] The Center for Community Security and Resilience Virginia Tech 900 N. Glebe Road Stefan Greiving Arlington, VA 22203 Faculty of Spatial Planning, IRPUD Institute of Spatial USA Planning [email protected] TU Dortmund University August-Schmidt-Str. 10 44227 Dortmund Alan W. Harris Germany Institute of Planetary Research [email protected] German Aerospace Center (DLR) Rutherfordstr. 2 12489 Berlin Harsh K. Gupta Germany National Disaster Management Authority [email protected] Government of India, NDMA Bhawan A–1, Safdarjung Enclave New Delhi 110029 William T. Hartwell India Division of Earth and Ecosystem Sciences and Desert Research Institute, Nevada System of Higher National Geophysical Research Institute Education Uppal Road 755 E. Flamingo Rd Hyderabad 500 606 Las Vegas, NV 89119 India USA [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Peter J. Hawkes Richard Guthrie Hydrodynamics and Metocean Group Director of Geohazards and Geomorphology HR Wallingford Limited MDH Engineered Solutions, SNC Lavalin Group Howbery Park 909 5th Ave SW Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BA Calgary, AB T2P 3G5 England Canada [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Travis W. Heggie Recreation & Tourism Studies Program Fausto Guzzetti University of North Dakota CNR – IRPI 225 Centennial Drive, Mail Stop 7116 via della Madonna Alta 126 Grand Forks, ND 58202-7116 06128 Perugia USA Italy [email protected] [email protected] Reginald L. Hermanns Sylvi Haldorsen Head of Landslides Department Department of Plants and Environmental Science Geological Survey of Norway, International Centre Norwegian University of Life Sciences for Geohazards P.O. Box 5003 Leiv Eirikssons vei 39 1432 Aas 7491 Trondheim Norway Norway [email protected] [email protected] xxiv CONTRIBUTORS

Alison Herring Yang Hong Department of Sociology School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science University of North Texas Center for Natural Hazards and Disaster Research, 1155 Union Circle #311157 National Weather Center, University of Oklahoma Denton, TX 76203 120 David L. Boren Blvd USA Norman, OK 73072 [email protected] USA [email protected]

Javier Hervás Pascal Horton Institute for Environment and Sustainability Institute of Geomatics and Analysis of Risk Joint Research Centre, European Commission AMPHIPOLE – 338, Faculté des géosciences et de 21027 Ispra (Va) l’environnement Italy University of Lausanne [email protected] 1015 Lausanne Switzerland [email protected]

Catherine J. Hickson Susan Hough Magma Energy Corp. Southern California Earthquake Center 410-625 Howe Street 525 South Wilson Avenue Vancouver, BC V6C 2T6 Pasadena, CA 91106 Canada USA and [email protected] Alterra Power Corp. 600 - 888 Dunsmuir Street Oldrich Hungr Vancouver, BC V6C 3K4 Earth and Ocean Sciences Canada University of British Columbia [email protected] 6339 Stores Rd [email protected] Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada [email protected] Wayne Higgins Climate Prediction Center, NCEP/NWS/NOAA William Hunter 5200 Auth Rd. Room 800 Development Planning Unit Camp Springs, MD 20746 University College London USA 34 Tavistock Square [email protected] London WC1H 9EZ UK [email protected]

Kaare Høeg Jane Carter Ingram Norwegian Geotechnical Institute Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Postboks 3930 Ullevål Stadion Biology 0806 Oslo Wildlife Conservation Society Norway 2300 Southern Boulevard [email protected] Bronx, NY 10460-1099 USA [email protected] Suzanne Hollins Institute for Environmental Research Alik T. Ismail-Zadeh Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation Institut für Angewandte Geowissenschaften New Illawarra Road Karlsruher Institut für Technologie Lucas Heights, NSW 2234 Bldg. 50.40, Adenauerring 20b Australia 76131 Karlsruhe [email protected] Germany CONTRIBUTORS xxv and Sarb Johal Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris Joint Centre for Disaster Research 1, rue Jussieu GNS Science/Massey University 75238 Paris P.O. Box 30 368 France Wellington 5040 and New Zealand Institute of Earthquake Prediction Theory and Mathematical Geophysics Russian Academy of Sciences David M. Johnston Profsoyuznaya 84/32 Joint Centre for Disaster Research 117997 Moscow GNS Science, Massey University Russia 1 Fairway Drive [email protected] Lower Hutt 5010 [email protected] New Zealand [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Sirkku Juhola Centre for Urban and Regional Studies (YTK) Michel Jaboyedoff Aalto University Institute of Geomatics and Analysis of Risk P.O. Box 12200 AMPHIPOLE – 338, Faculté des géosciences et de 00076 Aalto l’environnement Finland University of Lausanne [email protected] 1015 Lausanne Switzerland Kirstyn Kameg [email protected] School of Nursing and Health Sciences Robert Morris University 6001 University Boulevard Moon Township, PA 12108 Lionel E. Jackson, Jr. USA Pacific Division [email protected] Geological Survey of Canada 15th floor, 605 Robson Street Vancouver, BC V6B 5J3 Margreth Keiler Canada Division of Earth & Ocean Sciences [email protected] Duke University 203 Old Chemistry Building Durham, NC 27708 USA Theresa Jefferson [email protected] Information Systems and Operations Management Department Loyola University Maryland Ilan Kelman 4501 North Charles Street Center for International Climate and Environmental Baltimore, MD 21210 Research – Oslo (CICERO) USA P.O. Box 1129 [email protected] Blindern, 0318 Oslo Norway [email protected] Rohit Jigyasu Research Center for Disaster Mitigation of Urban Melanie Kelman Cultural Heritage Geological Survey of Canada Ritsumeikan University Natural Resources Canada, Geological Survey of Canada Kita-Cho 58 625 Robson Street, 16th floor 603-8341 Komatsubara, Kita-ku, Kyoto Vancouver, BC V6B 5J3 Japan Canada [email protected] [email protected] xxvi CONTRIBUTORS

George Kent Laura S. L. Kong Department of Political Science UNESCO/IOC-NOAA International Tsunami University of Hawai’i Information Center 2424 Maile Way, Saunders 610 737 Bishop St., Ste. 2200 Honolulu, HI 96822 Honolulu, HI 96813 USA USA [email protected] [email protected]

Norman Kerle Department of Earth System Analysis (ESA) Robert Korty Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Department of Atmospheric Sciences Observation (ITC), University of Twente Texas A&M University Hengelosestraat 99 1204 Eller O and M Bldg., 3150 TAMU P.O. Box 6 College Station, TX 77843-3150 7500 AA Enschede USA The Netherlands [email protected] [email protected]

Jasper Knight János Kovács School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Department of Geology Studies University of Pécs University of the Witwatersrand Ifjúság u. 6 Private Bag 3 7624 Pécs Johannesburg WITS 2050 Hungary South Africa [email protected] [email protected]

R. Paul Knightley Steven L. Kramer TORRO Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering P.O. Box 972 University of Washington Thelwall WA4 9DP 132E More Hall Warrington, UK Seattle, WA 98195-2700 [email protected] USA [email protected] Christian Koeberl Department of Lithospheric Research Center for Earth Sciences, University of Vienna Yann Krien Althanstrasse 14 Natural Risks and CO2 Storage Security Division/Coastal 1090 Vienna Risk Unit Austria BRGM-French Geological Survey – Natural Risks and and CO2 Storage Division Natural History Museum 3 avenue Claude Guillemin Burgring 7 45060 Orléans 1010 Vienna France Austria [email protected] [email protected]

Blaž Komac Susanne Krings Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Institute for Environment and Human Security Sciences and Arts (UNU-EHS) Anton Melik Geographical Institute United Nations University Novi trg 2 UN Campus, Hermann Ehlers Straße 10 1000 Ljubljana 53113 Bonn Slovenia Germany [email protected] [email protected] CONTRIBUTORS xxvii

Howard Kunreuther Armand LaRocque Risk Management and Decision Processes Center Forestry Remote Sensing Laboratory The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management 3730 Walnut Street, Jon Huntsman Hall, Suite 500 University of New Brunswick Philadelphia, PA 19104-6340 28 Dineen Drive USA Fredericton, NB E3B 6C2 [email protected] Canada [email protected] [email protected]

Tore Jan Kvalstad Franck Lavigne Department of Offshore Geotechnics Laboratoire de Géographie Physique Norwegian Geotechnical Institute UMR 8591 CNRS, Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne University Sognsveien 72, 3930 Ullevaal Stadion 1 Place A. Briand 0806 Oslo 92190 Meudon Norway France [email protected] [email protected]

Suzanne Lacasse Gonéri Le Cozannet Norwegian Geotechnical Institute Natural Risks and CO2 Storage Security Department/ Ullevaal Stadion Risks Division/Coastal Risks unit P.O. Box 3960 BRGM-French Geological Survey – Natural Risks and 0806 Oslo CO2 Storage Division Norway 3 avenue Claude Guillemin [email protected] 45060 Orléans France [email protected] Steve LaDochy Department of Geosciences & Environment California State University, Los Angeles 5151 State University Dr. Brigitte Leblon Los Angeles, CA 90032 Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management USA University of New Brunswick [email protected] P.O. Box 4400 [email protected] Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3 Canada [email protected]

Maurice Lamontagne Geological Survey of Canada Natural Resources Canada William H. K. Lee 615 Booth St Room 216 U.S. Geological Survey Ottawa, ON K1A 0E9 MS 977, 345 Middlefield Road Canada Menlo Park, CA 94025 [email protected] USA [email protected]

Nicholas Lancaster Division of Earth and Ecosystem Sciences Graham S. Leonard Desert Research Institute GNS Science 2215Raggio Parkway Massey University Reno, NV 89512-1095 1 Fairway Drive USA Lower Hutt 5010 [email protected] New Zealand [email protected] [email protected] xxviii CONTRIBUTORS

Frédéric Leone Ross D. E. MacPhee Department of Geography Division of Vertebrate Zoology University of Montpellier and GESTER Laboratory American Museum of Natural History Route de Mende Central Park West @ 79th St 34199 Montpellier New York, NY 10024 France USA [email protected] [email protected]

Suzanne A. G. Leroy Institute for the Environment Sharon B. Madanes Brunel University Department of Psychiatry Kingston Lane Columbia University Uxbridge (London) UB8 3PH New York, NY UK USA [email protected]

Louis Herns Marcelin Jean-Sébastien L’Heureux Department of Anthropology Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI) Interuniversity Institute for Research and Development P.O. Box 1230 (INURED), Port-au-Prince, Haiti, and Pirsenteret University of Miami 7462 Trondheim 5202 University Drive (Merrick Building, Room 102) Norway Coral Gables, FL 33146 [email protected] USA [email protected] Michael K. Lindell Hazard Reduction and Recovery Center Texas A&M University Julie A. March 3137 TAMU Agriculture & Food Security Advisor, Office of US College Station, TX 77843-3137 Foreign Disaster Assistance USA United States Agency for International [email protected] Development (USAID) 1300 Pennsylvania Ave, NW, RRB 8.7.92 Washington, DC 20523, 8602 John M. Logan USA University of Oregon [email protected] P.O. Box 1776 Bandon, OR 97411 USA [email protected] Brian R. Marker Independent consultant 40 Kingsdown Avenue Céline Longchamp London W13 9PT Institute of Geomatics and Analysis of Risk UK AMPHIPOLE – 338, Faculté des géosciences et de [email protected] l’environnement University of Lausanne 1015 Lausanne Brian G. Marsden (Deceased) Switzerland [email protected]

Sue C. Loughlin Gordon McBean British Geological Survey Institute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction West Mains Road The University of Western Ontario Edinburgh EH9 3LA London, ON N6A 5B2 UK Canada [email protected] [email protected]. CONTRIBUTORS xxix

James P. McCalpin Clément Michoud GEO-HAZ Consulting Inc. Institute of Geomatics and Analysis of Risk 600 E. Galena Ave AMPHIPOLE – 338, Faculté des géosciences et de Crestone, CO 81131 l’environnement USA University of Lausanne [email protected] 1015 Lausanne Switzerland [email protected] Bill McGuire Department of Earth Sciences Piotr Migoń Aon Benfield UCL Hazard Research Centre Department of Geography and Regional Development University College London University of Wrocław 136 Gower Street, Lewis Building pl. Uniwersytecki 1 London WC1E 6BT 50-137 Wrocław UK Poland [email protected] [email protected]

Ann M. Mitchell Jay Melosh School of Nursing and School of Medicine Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences University of Pittsburgh Civil Engineering Building, Room 3237, 550 Stadium 3500 Victoria Street, 415 Victoria Building Mall Drive Pittsburgh, PA 15261 Purdue University USA West Lafayette, IN 47907 [email protected] USA [email protected] Jerry T. Mitchell Hazards and Vulnerability Research Institute University of South Carolina Scira Menoni Columbia, SC 29208 Dipartimento di Architettura e Pianificazione USA DIAP-Politecnico di Milano [email protected] Via Bonardi 3 20133 Milan Italy Hormoz Modaressi [email protected] Development Planning and Natural Risks [email protected] French Geological Survey, Natural Risks and CO2 Safety Storage Division BRGM – French Geological Survey – RNSC/D 3 avenue Claude Guillemin, BP 36009 Ahmet R. Mermut 45060 Orléans, Cedex 2 Department of Soil Science France Harran University [email protected] 63200 Şanlıurfa Turkey [email protected] J. D. Mollard [email protected] J.D. Mollard and Associates Ltd. 810 Avord Tower, 2002 Victoria Ave. Regina, SK S4P 0R7 Canada Erwann Michel-Kerjan [email protected] Risk Management and Decision Processes Center The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania 3730 Walnut Street, Jon Huntsman Hall, Suite 500 Maria Luisa Monsalve Philadelphia, PA 19104-6340 INGEOMINAS USA Bogota [email protected] Colombia xxx CONTRIBUTORS

Burrell E. Montz Fernando Nardi Department of Geography GEMINI Department East Carolina University University of Tuscia A-228 Brewster Via Camillo De Lellis snc Greenville, NC 27858 01100 Viterbo (VT) USA Italy [email protected] and Hydraulics Applied Research & Engineering Julie Morin Consulting S.r.l. Planet Risk Association, Montgeron, France and Corso Trieste 142 GeoSciences Reunion 00198 Rome UMR 7154 CNRS – IPGP Italy La Reunion University [email protected] Saint Denis [email protected] France [email protected] Alan R. Nelson Geologic Hazards Science Center – Golden Joann Mossa U.S. Geological Survey Department of Geography MS 966 University of Florida P.O. Box 25046 P.O. Box 117315 Golden, CO 80225 Gainesville, FL 32611-7315 USA USA [email protected] [email protected] Yuval Neria Annemarie Müller Department of Psychiatry Department Urban and Environmental Sociology Columbia University, The New York State Psychiatric (SUSOZ) Institute Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ) 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit #69 Permoserstr. 15 New York, NY 10032 04318 Leipzig USA Germany [email protected] [email protected] N. Nirupama Julian B. Murton Disaster and Emergency Management Program Permafrost Laboratory, Department of Geography York University University of Sussex 4700 Keele Street Brighton BN1 9QJ Toronto, ON M3J 1P3 UK Canada [email protected] [email protected]

Roger M. W. Musson Ioan Nistor British Geological Survey Department of Civil Engineering Murchison House, West Mains Road University of Ottawa Edinburgh EH9 3LA 161 Louis Pasteur Street UK Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5 [email protected] Canada [email protected] Farrokh Nadim International Centre for Geohazards Fran H. Norris Norwegian Geotechnical Institute Department of Psychiatry, Department of Veterans Affairs Ullevall Stadion Dartmouth Medical School, National Center for PTSD P.O. Box 3930 116 North Main Street 0806 Oslo White River Junction, VT 05009 Norway USA [email protected] [email protected] CONTRIBUTORS xxxi

Ilan Noy St. Giles Department of Economics Oxford OX1 3LZ University of Hawaii, Manoa UK 2424 Maile Way, Saunders Hall 542 [email protected] Honolulu, HI 96822 [email protected] USA and School of Economics and Finance Douglas Paton Victoria Business School School of Psychology Wellington 6140 University of Tasmania New Zealand Launceston, TAS 7250 [email protected] Australia [email protected]

Dan Palermo Department of Civil Engineering Rodrigo Pedreros University of Ottawa Natural Risks and CO2 Storage Security 161 Louis Pasteur Street Division/Coastal Risk Unit Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5 BRGM-French Geological Survey – Natural Risks and Canada CO2 Storage Division [email protected] 3 avenue Claude Guillemin 45060 Orléans France Behruz M. Panahi [email protected] Geology Institute Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences 29-a, H.Javid Avenue William Power 370143 Baku Earthquakes, Volcanoes and Tectonics Azerbaijan GNS Science [email protected] 1 Fairway Drive P.O. Box 30-368 Lower Hutt 5040 Raphaël Paris New Zealand Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, UMR 6524 [email protected] CNRS - Université Blaise Pascal Clermont University 5 rue Kessler Nick Preston 63038 Clermont-Ferrand Institute of Geography, School of Geography France Environment and Earth Sciences [email protected] Victoria University of Wellington PO Box 600, Wellington 6140 New Zealand Vincent R. Parisi [email protected] 740 Florence Drive Park Ridge, IL 60068 USA Colin Price [email protected] Department of Geophysics and Planetary Sciences Tel Aviv University Levanon Road Paolo Paron Ramat Aviv 69978 Department of Water Science & Engineering Israel UNESCO–IHE [email protected] Westvest 7 2611 AX Delft The Netherlands Antonio Pugliano and Lombardia Firemen Regional Headquarters St Cross College Milan University of Oxford Italy xxxii CONTRIBUTORS

John Radke Nilton O. Rennó Department of Landscape Architecture and College of Engineering Environmental Planning, Department of City and University of Michigan Regional Planning 1531 Space Research Building, 2455 Hayward Ave University of California, Center for Catastrophic Risk Ann Arbor, MI 48109 Management USA 202 Wurster Hall #2000 [email protected] Berkeley, CA 94720-2000 USA [email protected] John Ristau GNS Science 1 Fairway Drive Paris Raphaël Avalon, Lower Hutt 5040 Maison des Sciences de l’Homme New Zealand CNRS – GEOLAB UMR 6042 CNRS – UBP [email protected] Clermont University 4 rue Ledru 63057 Clermont-Ferrand France Thomas Rockwell [email protected] Department of Geological Sciences San Diego State University 5500 Campanile Drive San Diego, California, CA 92182 Pat E. Rasmussen USA Earth Sciences Department [email protected] Health Canada, University of Ottawa 50 Columbine Driveway, Tunney’s Pasture 0803C Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9 Canada Kevin R. Ronan [email protected] Department of Health and Human Services CQUniversity Australia Bruce Highway Netra Raj Regmi North Rockhampton, QLD 4702 Division of Earth and Ecosystem Sciences Australia Desert Research Institute [email protected] 2215 Raggio Parkway Reno, NV 89512 USA Tiziana Rossetto [email protected] Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering Earthquake and People Interaction Centre (EPICentre) Mark E. Reid University College London U.S. Geological Survey Gower Street 345 Middlefield Road, MS 910 London WC1E 6BT Menlo Park, CA 94025 UK USA [email protected] [email protected]

Badaoui Rouhban Fabrice G. Renaud Section for Disaster Reduction Institute for Environment and Human Security UNESCO United Nations University, UN Campus 1, rue Miollis Hermann-Ehlers-Strasse 10 P.O. Box 15 53113 Bonn 75732 Paris Germany France [email protected] [email protected] CONTRIBUTORS xxxiii

Jeffrey N. Rubin Pierre-Alain Schieb Tualatin Valley Fire & Rescue OECD SGE/AU IFP 11945 SW 70th Ave. 2, rue André Pascal Tigard, OR 97223 75775 Paris, Cedex 16 USA France [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Anton J. Schleiss Murat Saatcioglu Laboratory of Hydraulic Constructions (LCH) Department of Civil Engineering Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) University of Ottawa Station 18 161 Louis Pasteur Street 1015 Lausanne Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5 Switzerland Canada [email protected] [email protected] Thomas W. Schmidlin Kalachand Sain Department of Geography National Geophysical Research Institute Kent State University Uppal Road P.O. Box 5190 Hyderabad 500 606 Kent, OH 44242-0001 India USA [email protected] [email protected]

Philipp Schmidt-Thomé Gianfausto Salvadori Geological Survey of Finland (GTK) Dipartimento di Matematica Land use and environment Università del Salento P.O. Box 96 Provinciale Lecce-Arnesano Espoo 02151 P.O. Box 193 Finland 73100 Lecce [email protected] Italy [email protected] Ulrich Schumann Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. DLR Heather Sangster Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre Department of Geography 82234 Oberpfaffenhofen University of Liverpool Germany Liverpool L69 3BX [email protected] UK [email protected] Richard Seager Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia Kenji Satake University, Palisades Geophysical Institute Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo 61 Rt 9W 1-1-1 Yayoi Palisades, NY 10964 Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032 USA Japan [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Cathy Scheib David Shelly British Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Kingsley Dunham Centre, Keyworth MS 977, 345 Middlefield Rd Nottingham NG12 5GG Menlo Park, California, CA 94025 UK USA [email protected] [email protected] xxxiv CONTRIBUTORS

Donald J. Shropshire Rajiv G. Singh Community Development Department of Economics Municipality of Chatham-Kent Brock University 312 Wellington Street W 4th Floor, Plaza Building Chatham, ON N7M 1K1 St Catharines, ON L2S 3A1 Canada Canada [email protected] [email protected]

Richard L. Snyder James M. Shultz Extension Biometeorologist, Department of Land Center for Disaster & Extreme Event Preparedness Air and Water Resources (DEEP Center) University of California University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Clinical 243 Hoagland Hall, One Shields Avenue Research Building Suite 1512 Davis, CA 95616-8627 1120 NW 14 St. USA Miami, FL 33136 [email protected] USA [email protected] [email protected] Mauro Soldati Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia Roy C. Sidle Largo S. Eufemia 19 Department of Geology 41121 Modena Appalachian State University Italy P.O. Box 32067 [email protected] Boone, NC 28608 USA and John H. Sorensen US EPA, ORD–NERL, Ecosystems Research Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Athens, GA 1 Bethel Valley Road USA Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6422 [email protected] USA [email protected]

Steven T. Siems María Asunción Soriano School of Mathematical Sciences Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra Monash University Facultad de Ciencias Monash, VIC 3800 Universidad de Zaragoza Australia 50009 Zaragoza [email protected] Spain [email protected]

Freysteinn Sigmundsson Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland Sarah M. Springman Building of Natural Sciences, Askja Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich Room 322, Sturlugata 7 Institut für Geotechnik/Institute for Geotechnical 101 Reykjavík Engineering Reykjavík, Iceland Wolfgang Pauli Strasse 15, Hönggerberg, HIL C13.1 [email protected] 8093 Zurich Switzerland [email protected] Viviane Silva Climate Prediction Center, NCEP/NWS/NOAA T. C. Spurgeon 5200 Auth Rd. Room 800 Alterra Power Corp. Camp Springs, MD 20746 600 - 888 Dunsmuir Street USA Vancouver, BC V6C 3K4 [email protected] Canada CONTRIBUTORS xxxv

Lucy Stanbrough Ronald E. Stewart Department of Earth Sciences, Aon Benfield UCL Hazard Department of Environment and Geography 213 Isbister Centre Building University College London University of Manitoba Gower Street 183 Dafoe Road London WC1 6BT Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2 UK Canada [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Glenn B. Stracher Division of Science and Mathematics, East Georgia Doug Stead College FRBC Chair in Resource Geoscience and Geotechnics University System of Georgia Department of Earth Sciences 131 College Circle Simon Fraser University Swainsboro, GA 30401 8888 University Drive USA Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6 [email protected] Canada [email protected] Alexander Strom Geodynamic Research Center – Branch of JSC “Hydroproject Institute” Wayne Stephenson Volokolamsk Highway, 2 Department of Geography 119225 Moscow University of Otago Russia P.O. Box 56 [email protected] Dunedin 9016 [email protected] New Zealand [email protected] Andrew J. Stumpf Illinois State Geological Survey, Institute of Natural Resource Sustainability Prairie Research Institute University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Chris Stethem 615 East Peabody Drive Chris Stethem & Associates Ltd. Champaign, IL 61820 409 8th Avenue USA Canmore, AB T1W 2E6 [email protected] Canada [email protected] Jean-Marc Tacnet Irstea UR ETGR, Unité Erosion Torrentielle Neige et Carol Stewart Avalanches (Snow Avalanche Engineering and Torrent Joint Centre for Disaster Research Control Research Unit) GNS Science/Massey University 2, rue de la papèterie BP 76 Lower Hutt 5010 38402 Saint Martin d’Hères, Cedex P.O. Box 756 France New Zealand [email protected] [email protected] Paolo Tarolli Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture Ian Stewart and Forestry School of Geography, Earth, & Environmental Sciences University of Padova University of Plymouth viale dell’Università 16 Plymouth PL4 8AA 35020 Legnaro, Padova UK Italy [email protected] [email protected] xxxvi CONTRIBUTORS

Fabio Taucer Owen Brian Toon ELSA Unit, Institute for the Security and Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Safety of the Citizen Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics European Commission – Joint Research Centre University of Colorado Via E. Fermi, 2749 Campus Box 392 21027 Ispra (VA) Boulder, CO 80309-0392 Italy USA [email protected] [email protected]

Andrzej Tyc Gerd Tetzlaff Department of Geomorphology Institut für Meteorologie, Universität Leipzig Faculty of Earth’s Sciences Stephanstr 3 University of Silesia 04103 Leipzig Będzińska 60 Germany 41-200 Sosnowiec [email protected] Poland [email protected]

Mary J. Thornbush György Varga School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Department of Geology University of Birmingham University of Pécs Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT Ifjúság u. 6 UK 7624 Pécs [email protected] Hungary [email protected]

R. I. Tilling Volcano Science Center John D. Vitek U.S. Geological Survey Department of Geology and Geophysics Menlo Park, CA 94025 Texas A&M University USA College Station, Texas 77843 and USA Alterra Power Corp. [email protected] Vancouver, BC [email protected] Canada Barry Voight Department of Geosciences Graham A. Tobin Penn State University Office of the Provost; Department of Geography 334A Deike Building University of South Florida University Park, PA 16802 4202 East Fowler Avenue, ADM 226 USA Tampa, FL 33620 and USA U.S. Geological Survey [email protected] Cascades Volcano Observatory [email protected] Vancouver, WA [email protected] USA [email protected]

Klement Tockner Richard B. Waitt Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Cascades Volcano Observatory Fisheries, IGB U.S. Geological Survey Mueggelseedamm 310 1300 SE Cardinal Court, Ste. 100 12587 Berlin Vancouver, WA 98683 Germany USA [email protected] [email protected] CONTRIBUTORS xxxvii

Chenghu Wang Linda M. Whiteford Department of Geology and Geological Engineering Office of the Provost; Department of Anthropology University of North Dakota University of South Florida 81 Cornell Street MS 8358 4202 East Fowler Avenue, ADM 226 Grand Forks, ND 58202–8358 Tampa, FL 33620 USA USA and [email protected] Institute of Crustal Dynamics [email protected] China Earthquake Administration Beijing 100085 China [email protected] Thomas Wilson Department of Geological Sciences University of Canterbury Kerrianne Watt Private Bag 4800 School of Public Health Christchurch 8140 Tropical Medicine & Rehabilitation Sciences; James New Zealand Cook University [email protected] Townsville, QLD 4811 Australia [email protected] Ben Wisner Oberlin College 373 Edgemeer Place Leanne Webb Oberlin, OH 44074 University of Melbourne, Institute of Land and USA Food Resources, CSIRO Division of Marine and and Atmospheric Research Aon Benfield UCL Hazard Research Centre PMB 1 University College London Aspendale, Vic 3195 UK Australia [email protected] [email protected]

Philip Weinstein Michael R. Witiw Professor of Ecosystem Health Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Worldwide University of South Australia Everett Campus GPO Box 2471 Everett, WA 98203 Adelaide, SA 5001 USA Australia [email protected] [email protected]

Song Yang Paul R. Weissman Climate Prediction Center, NCEP/NWS/NOAA Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of 5200 Auth Rd. Room 800 Technology Camp Springs, MD 20746 Mail stop 183-301, 4800 Oak Grove Drive USA Pasadena, CA 91109 [email protected] USA [email protected]

Ilya Zaliapin Graham Westbrook Department of Mathematics and Statistics School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences University of Nevada Reno University of Birmingham Ansari Business Bldg Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT Reno, NV 89557 UK USA [email protected] [email protected] xxxviii CONTRIBUTORS

Raymond Zehr Janek Zimmer NOAA/NESDIS Regional and Mesoscale Meteorology Helmholtz Center Potsdam Branch GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences CIRA/CSU Haus C4 Fort Collins, CO 80521 14473 Potsdam USA Germany [email protected] [email protected]

Sisi Zlatanova GIS Technology / Research Institute for the Built Zhengwen Zeng Environment Department of Geology and Geological Engineering Delft University of Technology University of North Dakota Jaffalaan 9 81 Cornell Street MS 8358 2628 BX Delft Grand Forks, ND 58202-8358 The Netherlands USA [email protected] [email protected] Matija Zorn Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Karl-Otto Zentel Sciences and Arts Deutsches Komitee Katastrophenvorsorge Anton Melik Geographical Institute Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 38 Novi trg 2 53113 Bonn 1000 Ljubljana Germany Slovenia [email protected] [email protected] Preface

Few subjects have caught the attention of the entire world At the start of a new decade, in the first few months as much as those dealing with natural hazards. The first of 2010 alone, a magnitude 7 earthquake near Port- decade of this new millennium provides a litany of tragic au-Prince, Haiti, killed an estimated 230,000 people, examples of various hazards that turned into disasters exposed the inadequacies of their infrastructure and emer- affecting millions of individuals around the globe. The gency response capacity, and virtually crippled an entire human losses (some 225,000 people) associated with the nation. In contrast, a month later, a significantly larger 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, the economic magnitude 8.8 earthquake off the coast of Chile provided costs (approximately 200 billion USD) of the 2011 a sober lesson that those areas with a long history of expo- Tohoku Japan earthquake, tsunami, and reactor event, and sure to natural hazards are indeed much more capable to the collective social impacts of human tragedies experi- cope with the consequences of unexpected events. Shortly enced during Hurricane Katrina in 2005 all provide repeti- thereafter, the eruptive events from Eyjafjallajökull vol- tive reminders that we humans are temporary guests cano in Iceland virtually paralyzed air traffic in the United occupying a very active, angry, and ancient planet. Any Kingdom and Western Europe for days. Travelers from examples here to stress the point that natural events on around the world were impacted and inconvenienced. Earth may, and often do, lead to disasters and catastrophes The economic repercussions were significant and all when humans place themselves into situations of high risk. nations quickly realized how unprepared they are to natu- Few subjects share the true interdisciplinary depen- ral hazards occurring outside of their borders. dency that characterizes the field of natural hazards. From This treatise provides a compendium of critical, geology and geophysics to engineering and emergency timely, and very detailed information and essential facts response to social psychology and economics, the study regarding the basic attributes of natural hazards and con- of natural hazards draws input from an impressive suite comitant disasters. For instance, swelling soils cost some of unique and previously independent specializations. $2.3 billion in damage annually in the United States alone, Natural hazards provide a common platform to reduce dis- some 3 billion people were affected and about 7 million ciplinary barriers or boundaries and facilitate a beneficial people died from flooding in the twentieth century, there synergy in the provision of timely and useful information are over 45,000 dams around the world and 80% of the and action on the critical subject matter. useful storage capacity for hydropower in Asia will be lost As social norms change regarding the concept of by 2035, wildfires release an estimated 3,431 million tons acceptable risk and human migration leads to an explosion of CO2 into the atmosphere annually, lightning strikes cost in the number of megacities, costal overcrowding and the insurance industry more than $5 billion annually, an unmanaged habitation in precarious environments such individual’s social perception of the environment has rad- as mountainous slopes, the vulnerability of people and ically changed in recent decades with the advent of near- their susceptibility to natural hazards increase dramati- real-time media reporting (CNN effect), in 1800 only 3% cally. Coupled with the concerns of changing climates, of the global population was urbanized as compared to escalating recovery costs, and a growing divergence over 50% by 2008, and resilience is frequently the most between more developed and less developed countries, common outcome among survivors exposed to natural the subject of natural hazards remains on the forefront of disasters. This volume clarifies and defines many funda- issues that affect all people, nations, and environments mental concepts and terms, for instance, P waves vs. all the time. S waves, comets vs. asteroids, debris flow vs. debris xl PREFACE avalanche, dispersive soil vs. expansive soil, or shield Clear illustrations and numerous color images enhance volcano vs. stratovolcano. Under a single cover, a diverse the primary aim to communicate and educate. The inclu- suite of topics ranging from solar flares, droughts, and sion of a series of “classic case study” events interspersed blizzards to tiltmeters, seismographs, and GIS to throughout this volume provides tangible examples cryological engineering and structural mitigation to post- linking concepts, issues, outcomes, and solutions. These traumatic stress disorder, coping capacity and religion, case studies illustrate different but notable recent, historic, and hazards are addressed. and prehistoric events that have shaped the world as we The Encyclopedia of Natural Hazards effectively cap- now know it. They provide excellent focal points linking tures and integrates contributions from an international the remaining terms to the primary field of study. This portfolio of almost 300 specialists whose range of exper- Encyclopedia of Natural Hazards will remain a standard tise addresses over 330 topics pertinent to the field of reference of choice for many years. natural hazards. Disciplinary barriers are overcome in this comprehensive treatment of the subject matter. January 2013 Peter Bobrowsky Acknowledgments

The editorial team is extremely grateful to the ca. 300 con- Colin Mackay, Brian Marker, Bruce Masse, James tributing authors who often willingly, but sometimes McCalpin, Scira Menoni, John Miles, Joann Mossa, Ilian reluctantly, agreed to participate in this important Noy, Douglas Paton, Toon Pronk, Rajmund Przybylak, endeavor. The success, utility, and widespread adoption Fabrice Renaud, Tiziana Rosetto, Jeff Rubin, Zita of this encyclopedia owes considerable gratitude to all of Sebesvari, Vladimir Sokolov, Mauro Soldati, Anders these authors for sharing their knowledge and expertise Solheim, Ian Spooner, Sasha Strom, Bert Struik, Andy toward a common cause of educating a broader population Stumpf, Peter Suhadolc, Brian Tang, Jakob Tendel, on the topic of natural hazards. All of the contributions Vincent Parisi, Gonghui Wang, Brent Ward, Dennis were first read by the editor in chief; similarly, all of the Wenger, Tom Wilson, and Karl Otto Zendel. Following contributions were also read by at least one of the ten edi- revisions of the contributions, the entries were read by torial board members. Each contribution was critically the editorial board. The editorial board very much appreci- reviewed by at least one external specialist. We are also ates the guidance, perseverance, and patience of the man- grateful to the following individuals who each reviewed aging staff at Springer Publishing, in particular Petra van multiple papers to ensure the scientific integrity of the sub- Steenbergen, Sylvia Blago, and Simone Giesler. They missions was of the highest caliber: Orhan Altan, Mohsen were instrumental in the delivery of this volume. Peter Ashtiany, Tom Baldock, Martin Batterson, Allison Bent, Bobrowsky expresses his personal and sincere thanks to Bruce Broster, Robert Buchwaldt, Tom Casadevall, his wife Theresa for her unselfish support, appreciation, Hubert Chason, Paul Croft, Heather Crow, Johannes Dahl, and understanding as to why so many precious evenings Miranda Dandoulaki, Tim Davies, A. Deganutti, Fabio and weekends were sacrificed trying to influence and Dell’Acqua, Angus Duncan, Frank Fiedrich, Charles get along with 300 personalities during the past few Finkl, Duane Froese, Sven Fuchs, J.C. Gaillard, Matthias years. Additional thanks go to the smaller members of Garschagen, David Gauthier, Marten Geertsema, Thomas the family, Michiko and Toba, for providing regular and Gerz, Yuri Gorokhovich, Raisa Gracheva, Rick Guthrie, amusing distractions during the entire process. Collec- Fausto Guzetti, Reginald Hermanns, Lynn Highland, tively we all hope that the information in this book serves David Huntley, Kovacs Janos, Rohit Jigyasu, Kate Jones, its intended purpose to better inform, educate, and pre- Margareth Keiler, Julia Kloss, Jasper Knight, Robert pare all of those people who are directly or indirectly Korty, Migala Krzystof, Steve LaDochy, Maurice affected by natural hazards. Our aim is to help reduce Lamontagne, Craig Landry, Julie Lantos, Jean Francois the risk and losses associated with “things that go bump Lenat, Suzanne Leroy, Jean-Sebastian L’Heureux, in the night.”