Alasdair Gray's 1982 Janine

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Alasdair Gray's 1982 Janine ALASDAIR GRAY’S 1982 JANINE (1984): A POSTMODERNIST SCOTTISH NOVEL SÍBIA PATRÍCIA DA COSTA GONÇALVES SOUSA FUNCHAL 2003 SÍBIA PATRÍCIA DA COSTA GONÇALVES SOUSA ALASDAIR GRAY’S 1982 JANINE (1984): A POSTMODERNIST SCOTTISH NOVEL Dissertação de Mestrado em Cultura e Literatura Anglo-Americanas apresentada à Universidade da Madeira ORIENTADORA: Professora Doutora Dominique Costa FUNCHAL 2003 AGRADECIMENTOS Em primeiro lugar, gostaria de dirigir os meus agradecimentos à Universidade da Madeira em geral por me ter proporcionado a frequência no Curso de Licenciatura em Línguas e Literaturas Modernas, variante Francês e Inglês (1993-1998), e posteriormente no primeiro Curso de Mestrado em Cultura e Literatura Anglo-Americanas. Estou igualmente agradecida ao Departamento de Estudos Anglísticos e Germanísticos da Universidade da Madeira por ter organizado e tornado realidade este Curso de Mestrado, em especial à Directora do Mestrado, Professora Doutora Maria Zina Gonçalves de Abreu, cujo espírito de iniciativa e dinamismo tornou possível a realização deste Curso de Mestrado, e cuja cooperação foi valiosa para a concretização deste trabalho de investigação. Os meus agradecimentos vão também para o corpo docente que leccionou os Seminários da parte lectiva do Curso de Mestrado, por ter facultado orientações importantes e incentivado o desenvolvimento de um espírito crítico e de investigador. Gostaria de expressar os meus sinceros agradecimentos, em particular, à minha orientadora da Dissertação de Mestrado, a Professora Doutora Dominique Costa, que despertou e fomentou o meu interesse pela literatura de Língua Inglesa pós-modernista em geral, e pelo trabalho de Alasdair Gray em particular, quando ministrou o Seminário de Literatura Inglesa “Postmodernist British Fiction: A Narratological Approach” no Curso de Mestrado. Queria ainda registar a sua incansável disponibilidade, apoio, colaboração e espírito crítico, imprescindíveis durante todo o processo de investigação e redacção da dissertação. Gostaria de agradecer, em especial, ao meu marido e a toda a minha família que tanto me apoiaram, me deram alento e coragem para prosseguir até à conclusão deste trabalho. i RESUMO Logo após a publicação do seu primeiro romance, Lanark: A Life in Four Books (1981), Alasdair Gray foi reconhecido não só como um dos fundadores da nova ficção escocesa dos anos oitenta, mas também como uma figura preponderante da cena literária britânica. O seu segundo romance, 1982 Janine (1984) veio consolidar a posição importante que Gray ganhara como criador de uma ficção inovadora, experimental e pós- modernista. Como o seu título indica, “Alasdair Gray’s 1982 Janine (1984): A Postmodernist Scottish Novel”, esta dissertação propõe uma análise de 1982 Janine como um romance simultaneamente pós-modernista e escocês. Este estudo tem como objectivo analisar o referido romance sob uma perspectiva temática e formal, ou seja, proceder a uma descrição dos principais temas focados na obra, por um lado, e analisar a técnica da narrativa e os procedimentos experimentais, por outro. 1982 Janine apresenta o monólogo interior de Jock McLeish, um indivíduo que vive uma crise pessoal, que se sente insatisfeito e infeliz a todos os níveis (pessoal, profissional e social) e que, por isso, refugia-se quer no álcool quer em fantasias sexuais e devaneios políticos. A acção desenrola-se durante uma única noite no quarto de um hotel escocês, onde o protagonista está acompanhado exclusivamente das suas memórias do passado, das suas fantasias e dos seus medos e/ou esperanças em relação ao futuro. O experimentalismo, sempre presente em 1982 Janine, atinge o seu auge no Capítulo 11, quando Jock tenta suicidar-se ingerindo comprimidos com álcool, revelando-se esta uma tentativa falhada. A partir deste momento, o protagonista decide reviver e compreender o seu passado e depois começar uma nova etapa na sua vida, o que confere um final optimista ao romance. Para além disso, há um constante paralelo entre o pessoal e o nacional na medida em que a vida do protagonista reflecte a situação actual da Escócia, o que permite a Gray oferecer uma sátira política e social. Esta dissertação encontra-se estruturada em três capítulos. No Capítulo I, “Alasdair Gray: A Postmodernist Scottish Writer”, Gray é apresentado como um escritor cujo talento se baseia no facto de incluir na sua ficção estratégias pós-modernistas por um lado, e ii material escocês por outro. Numa primeira parte, é proposta uma breve apresentação da cena literária escocesa desde o século XIV até ao século XX para compreender melhor a escolha de lugares e temas feita por Gray, e avaliar até que ponto o autor herdou aspectos vindos de uma longa tradição literária. A segunda parte oferece as principais obras que introduziram e desenvolveram o romance experimental na literatura britânica, tendo como objectivo verificar a sua influência em Alasdair Gray. Por último, a terceira parte oferece um resumo do extenso trabalho que Gray tem desenvolvido até hoje, visto que este dedica- se à escrita de textos pertencentes aos diferentes géneros, para além de ser um verdadeiro artista. O Capítulo II, intitulado “Postmodernist Features in 1982 Janine”, pretende oferecer uma lista das características pós-modernistas presentes no romance, no que diz respeito ao aspecto formal e temático. Por um lado, a presença de um protagonista preso num sistema e a sua busca de liberdade, a existência de um tempo incoerente e fragmentado, a ordem não-cronológica da narrativa, a mistura da fantasia e da “realidade”, assim como o uso de material específico, escocês, são definitivamente temas comuns no romance pós-modernista. Por outro lado, o recurso a estratégias de auto-reflexão sobre o processo de escrita, o experimentalismo tipográfico, a presença de intertextualidade e a inclusão de um epílogo são algumas das técnicas pós-modernistas mais recorrentes. Como o título “A Narratological Analysis of 1982 Janine” sugere, o Capítulo III oferece uma análise narratológica do romance afim de compreender melhor a técnica narrativa na ficção pós-modernista. Este estudo encontra-se baseado no modelo narratológico proposto por Gérard Genette em Narrative Discourse: An Essay in Method (1980), um instrumento analítico que possibilita uma análise mais objectiva e científica. Sendo assim, segue-se a divisão do discurso narrativo em três partes proposto por Genette - Time, Mode, Voice - aquando da análise do romance. Finalmente, procede-se a uma descrição das relações intertextuais que 1982 Janine estabelece com outros textos. iii ABSTRACT Alasdair Gray is now an established figure in the Scottish literary scene and has numerous claims to be considered an important voice writing in English. First Lanark: A Life in Four Books (1981) and then 1982 Janine (1984) contributed to the recognition of Gray as one of the founding fathers of the new Scottish writing and as a figure of importance in international contemporary fiction due to his innovative, experimental and postmodernist novels. As the title of this dissertation - “Alasdair Gray’s 1982 Janine (1984): A Postmodernist Scottish Novel” - suggests, it aims at analysing the author’s second novel, 1982 Janine (1984), in a thematic and formal perspective, in order to justify the choice of the terms - Postmodernist and Scottish - to classify this novel. 1982 Janine projects a world through Jock McLeish’s mind and is a powerful stream-of-consciousness narrative. Jock is an alcoholic who lives a personal crisis and, therefore, tries to escape from his depressing reality through sexual fantasies and political diatribes. During a single night in a Scottish hotel room, he drinks and dreams, and spends the whole night alone with his fantasies and fears, his memories and hopes. In Chapter 11, the most daring experimental section of the novel, Jock attempts to commit suicide by taking an overdose of tablets with alcohol but fails. Following this, he decides to review his life and make for a new beginning; the novel thus closing with an optimistic note. Also, the narrative is based on a constant interweaving of sex fantasy with political satire, that is, it is through his protagonist that Gray manages to convey the state of Scotland as well as the concerns and aspirations of the Scottish people and then, proceed to a political and social critique. This dissertation appears structured in three chapters. In Chapter I - “Alasdair Gray: A Postmodernist Scottish Writer” - I present Gray as a powerful postmodernist writer who also sees himself as a Scottish author, and more particularly as a Glaswegian, who concentrates on Scottish subject matter in his literary work. In a first section, I offer a brief survey of the Scottish literary scene from the fourteenth to the twentieth century, in order to understand Gray’s choice of setting and themes and to check his influence or iv indebtedness to previous Scottish authors. As 1982 Janine is also a good example of self- conscious experimental writing, in a second section, I present various seminal fictional works that introduced and developed experimentalism in British fiction, in order to evaluate the influence of modernist developments in form and technique on recent experimental writing. The third section consists of an introduction to Gray’s work for he is not only a novelist, but also an artist, a playwright, a poet, an activist and a scholar. Chapter II - “Postmodernist Features in 1982 Janine” - aims at listing and examining the postmodernist devices that the novel includes, in what content and form are concerned. On the one hand, the use of a developed type of the modernist stream of consciousness, the presence of a protagonist who feels entrapped in a specific system, the quest for freedom, the incoherence and fragmentation of time, the nonchronological order of the narrative, the blending of fantasy and “reality”, as well as the importance of the Scottish material are definitely current aspects within postmodernist literature that can be found in Gray’s novel. On the other hand, the handling of literary self-conscious devices, such as typographical experimentation, presence of metafiction and intertextuality, and inclusion of an Epilogue, are likewise among recurrent postmodernist features.
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