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Spatial Analysis and Visualization of Geographic Access to Food in the Capital Area of Bulungan Regency, North Kalimantan Province

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Spatial Analysis and Visualization of Geographic Access to Food in the Capital Area of Bulungan Regency, North Kalimantan Province ISSN: 0852-0682, EISSN: 2460-3945 )RUXP*HRJUD¿9RO 'HFHPEHU '2,IRUJHRYL $XWKRU V &&%<1&1'$WWULEXWLRQ/LFHQVH Spatial Analysis and Visualization of Geographic Access to Food in the Capital Area of Bulungan Regency, North Kalimantan Province Bowo Susilo 1,*5LND+DULQL2 1 Department of Geographic Information Science, Faculty of Geography, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 2 Department of Environmental Geography, Faculty of Geography, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta *) Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]) Received: 5 November 2018 / Accepted: 25 November 2018 / Published: 25 November 2018 Abstract. Recently, food security becomes a priority for many governments particularly in developing countries. Food security has four dimensions, i.e. availability, accessibility, stability, and utilization. This study examined food accessibility in term of geographic access, i.e. the contribution of the geographic environment to food choices and consumption. The study located in Tanjung Selor Subdistrict, the capital region of Bulungan Regency as well as North Kalimantan Province. Geographic access to food was analysed based on spatial distribution of food stores, settlement, and availability of transportation network. Spatial analysis, i.e. coverage, density, and network analysis, as well as the spatial visualisation were performed using tools available in GIS software. This study revealed some circumstance related to geographical access to food in the study area. Geographical access to food for non-motorized people is limited. Non- motorized people have to walk more than 1 km to the nearest food store. Access to food for motorised people is somewhat different. Their geographical access, in general, were categorised as easy to moderate. This situation indicates that the availability of public transport or vehicle ownership is necessary to improve access to food. Keywords: Food Security, Geographic Access, Spatial Analysis, Visualization Abstrak. Ketahanan pangan saat ini menjadi prioritas sejumlah pemerintah terutama di negara berkembang. Ketahanan pangan memiliki empat dimensi atau aspek yaitu ketersediaan, aksesibilitas, stabilitas dan pemanfaatan. Penelitian ini mengkaji aksesibilitas terhadap pangan, GDODPNRQWHNVDNVHVLELOLWDVJHRJUDÀV3HQHOLWLDQEHUORNDVLGL.HFDPDWDQ7DQMXQJ6HORU\DQJ merupakan wilayah ibukota Kabupaten Bulungan dan sekaligus wilayah ibukota Provinsi .DOLPDQWDQ 8WDUD $NVHVLELOLWDV JHRJUDÀV GLDQDOLVLV EHUGDVDUNDQ GLVWULEXVL NHUXDQJDQ GDUL tempat penjualan bahan pangan dan lokasi permukiman serta ketersediaan jaringan transportasi. Analisis keruangan yang meliputi cakupan, kepadatan dan analisis jaringan dilakukan dengan bantuan perangkat lunak SIG. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan beberapa hal terkait dengan akses JHRJUDÀV WHUKDGDS SDQJDQ GL GDHUDK SHQHOLWLDQ 3HQGXGXN \DQJ WLGDN PHPLOLNL NHQGDUDDQ bermotor mempunyai akses yang terbatas. Mereka harus menempuh jarak lebih dari 1 km ke pasar atau toko penjual bahan pangan yang terdekat. Penduduk yang memiliki kendaraan bermotor, secara umum mempunyai akses yang mudah hingga sedang. Kondisi ini menunjukkan bahwa ketersediaan transportasi umum atau kepemilikan kendaraan bermotor sangat diperlukan untuk PHQLQJNDWNDQDNVHVJHRJUDÀVWHUKDGDSSDQJDQEDJLSHQGXGXNGLGDHUDKSHQHOLWLDQ. Kata kunci: $QDOLVLV6SDVLDO9LVXDOLVDVL$NVHV*HRJUDÀV.HWDKDQDQ3DQJDQ 1. Introduction in developing countries. Therefore, many Recently, food security becomes a studies related to food security have been priority for many governments particularly conducted by many researchers (e.g. Spatial Analysis and...(Susilo, Harini) 147 Widiyanto, 2018; Harini et al., 2018; Cen, 2017; Dorset Municipality, Tasmania, Australia. Le et al. )RRGVHFXULW\KDVEHHQGHÀQHG Cen (2017) compared gravity-based and unit- DV SHRSOH KDYLQJ ´DFFHVV WR VXIÀFLHQW VDIH based approach in food access research in and nutritious food which meets their dietary Franklyn County, Ohio, USA. These previous needs and food preferences for an active and studies implicitly indicate that assessment of KHDOWK\ OLIHµ )$2 ,Q DGGLWLRQ WR WKLV geographical access to food is indispensable GHÀQLWLRQ )$2 VWDWHG WKDW IRRG VHFXULW\ KDV especially for a particular region with particular four dimensions, i.e. availability, accessibility, consideration. stability, and utilisation. All dimension Tanjungselor is a subdistrict within are equally essential. However, access is Bulungan Regency North Kalimantan considered more interesting for some reason. Province. North Kalimantan is the youngest Access to food has relations to a broad aspect of province in Indonesia located in the livelihood hence researchers examined access northern part of Kalimantan (Borneo) Island from different perspectives. immediately adjacent to Malaysia. Tanjung 3K\VLFDODQGQRQSK\VLFDOIDFWRUVLQÁXHQFH Selor is interesting place in relation to study access to food. Geographical environment of food security particularly the accessibility or landscape situation, availability of food aspects. From a socio-political perspective, store, and the availability of transportation it is a central place because of its position as infrastructure are some examples of physical a capital region of a regency and a province. factors related to food accessibility. Individual From the geographical landscape point of or household income, culture, and knowledge YLHZ WKLV UHJLRQ LV VSHFLÀF VLQFH LWV VLWXDWHG are some examples of non-physical factors. in a delta area known as Delta Kayan. While Some researchers focused on physical factors land transportation infrastructure is being (e.g. Le et al., 2015) and the others have focused actively undertaken, water transportation is on non-physical factors (e.g. Leroy et al., 2015) still the primary modes of transportation in or both (e.g. Krizan et al., 2015; Yeager and this area. In addition, water transportation is Gatrell, 2014; Choi and Suzuki, 2013; Eckert and currently the main alternative for connecting Shetty, 2011). This study focused on physical this place to another centre of economic factors, i.e. geographic environment related to activities in North Kalimantan, i.e. Tarakan food access, therefore, termed as geographic Island. Since the geographical landscape of this access. area is a considerable impediment, a study of Spatial analysis plays an important role geographical access is quite relevant. In relation as a methodological basis in conducting to the study of food security, identifying areas geographical research. Fotheringham and where food access is geographically limited 5RJHUVRQ GHÀQHG VSDWLDO DQDO\VLV DV could help local government to formulate a general term to describe a technique that appropriate policy. The main objective of this uses the locational information in order to study is to examine food accessibility, in term understand better the processes generating of geographic access, of the people who live the observed phenomena. In the study of food in the capital area of Bulungan Regency. In security, it has been utilised to examine the addition, this study attempt to demonstrate accessibility aspect, particularly geographical the utilization of GIS in conducting a spatially accessibility. Susilo (2016) used spatial explicit analysis for accessibility assessment. analysis and spatial statistic to access spatial Assessment of geographic access through a variability of agricultural land conversion. Le spatially explicit analysis and visualisation et al. (2015) employed three types of spatial may provide valuable information for the local analysis, i.e. coverage, density, and proximity, government. to evaluate geographical access to food in ISSN: 0852-0682, EISSN: 2460-3945 )RUXP*HRJUD¿9RO 'HFHPEHU 148 Spatial Analysis and...(Susilo, Harini) )LJXUH6WXG\DUHD7DQMXQJ6HORU6XEGLVWULFW%XOXQJDQ5HJHQF\1RUWK.DOLPDQWDQ3URYLQFH )LJXUH,OOXVWUDWLRQRIFRRUGLQDWHSORWWLQJIRUPDSSLQJWKHVSDWLDOGLVWULEXWLRQRIIRRGVWRUHV 2. Research Method and demand. Availability of food stores in a Analysis of geographic access to food certain area serves as food supplies while the in this study was conceptually based on population in that area and its surrounding the spatial interaction between food supply neighbourhood serve as food demands. Spatial )RUXP*HRJUD¿9RO 'HFHPEHU ,661(,661 Spatial Analysis and...(Susilo, Harini) 149 separation, in term of distance along road of users (Jestico et al., 2016; Johnson et al., networks, between supply and demand is used 2017). Crowdsourced maps or crowdsourced as a measure of geographic access to food. This geographic data (CGD) is also commonly method is a particular form of spatial analysis referred to as VGI which stand for volunteered which commonly known as network analysis. geographic information (Goodchild, 2007; Johnson et al., 2017). Open street map and 2.1. Study Area google map are examples of CGD. Using a The study was conducted in Tanjung combination of open street map and google Selor Subdistrict, Bulungan Regency, North map, food stores in the research area were Kalimantan Province. Tanjung Selor Subdistrict LGHQWLÀHG DQG LWV FRRUGLQDWH ORFDWLRQV ZHUH is considered as a central place since the capital obtained. Further, these coordinates i.e. latitude of Bulungan Regency as well as the capital of and longitude of each food store were used as a North Kalimantan Province are there. Tanjung basis for plotting them on a base map. Figure 2 Selor Subdistrict consists of nine villages illustrates how coordinate of food stores were namely Apung, Bumi Rahayu, Gunung Sari, plotted in order to map its spatial distribution. Gunung
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