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Non-Timber Forest Products and Trade in Eastern Borneo

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Non-Timber Forest Products and Trade in Eastern Borneo BOIS ET FORÊTS DES TROPIQUES, 2002, N° 271 (1) 37 PRODUITS FORESTIERS NON LIGNEUX / LE POINT SUR… Non-timber forest products and trade in eastern Borneo This article lists and describes a broad range of non-timber forest Bernard Sellato products of both plant and animal origin, which were or are collected from CNRS-IRSEA1, c/o Maison Asie-Pacifique the Borneo rain forest and traded, their uses, and whether they are Université de Provence designated for local or international markets. The history of trade in these 3, place Victor-Hugo products is also reviewed on the basis of the sketchy available data. 13003 Marseille It focuses specifically on Bulungan Regency, the northern part of the France Indonesian province of East Kalimantan. 1 IRSEA (Institut de Recherche sur le Sud-Est Asiatique), Unité Mixte de River boat with three powerful outboard motors trading Recherche 6571 of Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and to Long Pujungan. The goods and empty boat must be Université de Provence. The author wishes to thank the Center for portaged over the rapids. International Forestry Research (CIFOR) in Bogor, Indonesia, which funded Pirogue fluviale équipée de trois puissants moteurs hors- the research on which this paper is based. Field work in Bulungan was con- bord, en route vers Long Pujungan. Les marchandises ducted in 1998 and a report, “Forest, resources, and people in Bulungan. doivent être transportées à pied au-delà des rapides Elements for a history of settlement, trade, and social dynamics in Borneo, et la pirogue vide halée en amont. 1880-2000,” is being prepared for publication. Photo B. Sellato, 1991. 38 BOIS ET FORÊTS DES TROPIQUES, 2002, N° 271 (1) FOCUS / NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS RÉSUMÉ ABSTRACT RESUMEN PRODUITS FORESTIERS NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS PRODUCTOS FORESTALES NON LIGNEUX ET COMMERCE AND TRADE IN EASTERN BORNEO NO LEÑOSOS Y COMERCIO À BORNÉO ORIENTAL EN BORNEO ORIENTAL Un vaste inventaire des produits com- A broad range of non-timber forest Se presenta un amplio inventario de mercialisés d’origine végétale ou ani- products of plant and animal origin los productos comercializados, de male, extraits de la forêt équatoriale collected from the Borneo rain forest origen vegetal o animal, extraídos del humide de Bornéo, est présenté. and subsequently traded are present- bosque ecuatorial húmedo de Ceux-ci incluent les résines, le latex, ed. These products include resins, Borneo. Se incluyen resinas, látex, les rotins et les nids d’hirondelles. latex, rattans and birdsnests. The rotén y nidos de golondrina. El artícu- L’article aborde leurs usages locaux, article discusses their local and lo describe sus utilizaciones locales, régionaux, ou pour le marché d’expor- regional uses and whether they are or regionales o con destino a la exporta- tation. Pour la partie septentrionale have been targeted for local or inter- ción. Se intenta reconstituir la histo- de la province indonésienne de national markets. The author also ria de dichos productos en la parte Kalimantan Est, il tente de reconsti- presents — for the northern part of septentrional de la provincia indone- tuer l’histoire du commerce de ces the Indonesian province of East sia del Kalimantan oriental, basándo- produits, en se fondant sur diverses Kalimantan — a history of trade in se en diferentes fuentes: escritas sources, écrites (archives néerlan- these products based on various writ- (archivos holandeses, estadísticas daises, statistiques officielles indoné- ten (Dutch colonial archives, official oficiales indonesias, trabajos de eru- siennes, travaux d’érudits locaux) et Indonesian statistics, local scholarly ditos locales) y orales (entrevistas orales (entretiens avec des Punan texts) and oral (interviews with con Punan nómadas, Dayak que prac- nomades, Dayak essarteurs, Malais nomadic Punan people, Dayak swid- tican el desbroce, malayos de puer- des ports côtiers, commerçants chi- den farmers, Malays in the coastal tos costeros, comerciantes chinos y nois et arabes, maillons de la chaîne ports, Chinese and Arab traders, mid- árabes que son los eslabones de la conduisant les produits de l’intérieur dlemen disseminating inland prod- cadena que conducen los productos vers les marchés internationaux). ucts on international markets) del interior hacia los mercados inter- Cette reconstruction historique sug- sources. This historical reconstruc- nacionales). Esta reconstitución his- gère que, si le commerce international tion suggests that — despite the fact tórica sugiere que, aunque el comer- de certains produits remonte au tout that some of these products have cio internacional de ciertos productos début de notre ère, c’est seulement à been traded on world markets for se remonta al inicio de nuestra era, partir du XVIIe siècle qu’une exploita- almost two millenia — their system- sólo a partir del siglo XVII se instauró tion systématique et destructive s’est atic and unsustainable exploitation una explotación sistemática y des- instaurée. Celle-ci a créé un front d’ex- only began in the 17th century. Since tructiva. Ésta creó un frente extractivo traction en mouvement progressif des then, the products have been extract- en movimiento progresivo desde las régions côtières via les fleuves vers ed along a front that has gradually regiones costeras hacia el interior de l’intérieur de l’île. L’exploitation a cul- progressed from the coastal regions la isla siguiendo los ríos. La explota- miné dans les années 1990, et elle a via the rivers towards interior parts of ción culminó en los años 90 acarrean- entraîné un épuisement quasi immé- the island. This exploitation ended in do un agotamiento casi inmediato de diat des ressources concernées. Les the 1990s, with almost complete los recursos afectados. Las comuni- communautés forestières locales depletion of these resources. The dades forestales locales (Dayak y (Dayak et Punan) ne sont ni des sages local forest communities (Dayak and Punan) no son ni sabios conservado- conservateurs, ni des primitifs des- Punan) are neither wise conservation- res, ni primitivos destructores del tructeurs de la forêt, mais de simples ists nor primitive destroyers of the bosque, sino que son simples actores acteurs économiques. Leurs straté- forest, but simply economic stake- económicos. Sus estrategias sensa- gies sensées et pragmatiques leur holders. Their sensible, pragmatic tas y pragmáticas les permiten sobre- permettent de survivre dans et de la strategies have enabled their long- vivir en y del bosque, localmente y a forêt, localement et à long terme, au term survival in local forests under largo plazo, sorteando los incidentes travers des péripéties affectant les any circumstances with respect to que afectan a los mercados globales. marchés globaux. world market demand. Palabras clave: producto forestal no Mots-clés : produit forestier non Keywords: non-timber forest product, leñoso, comercio, medio ambiente, ligneux, commerce, environnement, trade, environmental history, extrac- frente extractivo, sobreexplotación, front d’extraction, surexploitation, tion front, unsustainable exploitation, estrategia económica, Borneo. stratégie économique, Bornéo. economic strategy, Borneo. BOIS ET FORÊTS DES TROPIQUES, 2002, N° 271 (1) 39 PRODUITS FORESTIERS NON LIGNEUX / LE POINT SUR… Background century. However, it was not until the the larger group is known as Kenyah), early 20th century, with the enhance- most of which are swidden rice far- Kalimantan, the Indonesian part ment of inland control, that the mers and a small fraction are forest of Borneo, consists of four provinces region’s economic networks opened hunting-gathering nomads (Punan); that cover about a half-million km2. In up significantly, especially with and large numbers of Banjar Malays Dutch colonial times, South-East regard to non-timber forest product from South Kalimantan and migrants Borneo included today’s South, trade. Indeed, the eradication of war- from Java and Celebes, as well as a Center and East Kalimantan provinces. fare and headhunting led to increa- small minority of Chinese very active The provinces are divided into regen- sed safety, more trading trips by upri- in trade (particularly in non-timber cies, which are further divided into ver people, and ultimately a much forest products). districts. Until recently, local traffic in larger volume of trade in lower-river Bulungan (Map) was restricted to harbors — which was the Dutch colo- 2 The banjir kap technique consists of felling trees coasting trade between Tanjung Selor nial administration’s goal. by rivers in upstream areas, marking the logs, (the regency’s capital), the offshore Although logging in coastal and waiting for the next big river flood to wash them downstream. There the logs gathered in port of Tarakan, and various minor regions goes back a long way, it was natural pools are retrieved by self-styled timber estuary ports, and to inland river only with the timber boom of the companies with payment going to the lumber- trade. These ports are connected to 1960s that it started in inland regions, jacks. In 1970, new national regulations, altering other ports further south, including first as wildcat logging (Banjir Kap) by the Basic Forestry Laws (Law N°. 5) of 1967, were the provincial capital, Samarinda, local people, then under the new issued — PP 21 (“On the right to exploit the for- which is in turn linked to the major state-regulated system of forest est and the right to collect products from the for- East-Javanese harbor of Surabaya. concessions2. Today, logging
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