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Resource Management in a Dayak Benuaq Village: Strategies, Dynamics and Prospects

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Tropical Forest Research Resource Management in a Dayak Benuaq Village: Strategies, Dynamics and Prospects A Case Study from East Kalimantan, Indonesia Christian Gönner Eschborn, 2000 TÖB publication number: TÖB FTWF-20e Published by: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH Postfach 5180 D-65726 Eschborn, Germany Responsible: Begleitprogramm Tropenökologie (TÖB) Dr. Claus Baetke email: [email protected] Author: Dipl.-Biol. Christian Gönner Magnolienweg 6 88662 Überlingen, Germany Tel. + 49 (0)7551 5640 email: [email protected] Layout: Elisabeth Mausolf, Michaela Hammer ISBN: 3-933984- Nominal fee: 10,-DM Produced by: TZ Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, D-64380 Rossdorf © 2000 All rights reserved Preface Adopted at the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, at which 178 countries were represented, Agenda 21 includes a section devoted to forests. Together with the UNCED Forests Statement, Agenda 21 forms a basis for international cooperation on the management, conservation and sustainable development of all types of forests. The Rio resolutions also serve as the foundation for a process of national- policy modification designed to stimulate environmentally compatible sustainable development in both industrialized and emerging countries. Ideally, sustainable development builds on three primary guiding principles for all policy-related activities: economic efficiency, social equity and ecological sustainability. With regard to the management of natural resources, this means that their global utilization must not impair future generations' developmental opportunities. With their myriad functions, forests in all climate zones not only provide one of humankind's most vital needs but also help preserve biological diversity around the world. Forest resources and wooded areas must therefore be sustainably managed, preserved and developed. Otherwise, it would neither be possible to ensure the long-term generation of timber, fodder, food, medicine, fuels and other forest-based products, nor sustainably and appropriately to preserve such other important functions of forests as the prevention of erosion, the conservation of biotopes, and the collection and storage of the greenhouse gas CO2. Implemented by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH on behalf of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), the "Tropical Forest Research" project aims to improve the scientific basis of sustainable forest development and, hence, to help implement the Rio resolutions within the context of development cooperation. Application-oriented research serves to improve our understanding of tropical forest ecosystems and their reciprocity with the economic and social dimensions of human development. The project also serves to promote and encourage practice-oriented young German and local researchers as the basis for development and dissemination of ecologically, economically and socially appropriate forestry production systems. Through a series of publications, the "Tropical Forest Research" project makes the studies' results and recommendations for action available in a form that is generally comprehensible both to organizations and institutions active in the field of development cooperation and to a public interested in environmental and development-policy affairs. I. Hoven Dr. C. v. Tuyll Head of Division: Head of Division: Environmental Policy, Protection of Natural Rural Development Resources, Forestry; CSD, GDF German Federal Ministry for Economic Deutsche Gesellschaft für Cooperation and Development (BMZ) Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH Contents Contents ABBREVIATIONS...................................................................................III EXECUTIVE SUMMARY........................................................................IV ZUSAMMENFASSUNG............................................................................V 1 INTRODUCTION...............................................................................1 1.1Study Area...............................................................................3 1.2Ethnicity & Religion.................................................................5 1.3Social Life in Lempunah...........................................................8 1.4Contacts with the Outside World............................................10 1.5Land Tenure and Conflicts......................................................11 2 METHODOLOGY..........................................................................13 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE BENUAQ'S RESOURCE MANAGEMENT.......21 3.1Ladang Cultivation..................................................................22 3.2Simpukng Forest Gardens......................................................29 3.3Rattan Gardens......................................................................32 3.4Rubber Gardens.....................................................................37 3.5"Forest In-Between" Functions...............................................38 4 VILLAGE ECONOMICS.................................................................43 5 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES IN LEMPUNAH..............53 5.1Has Lempunah's resource management ever been sustainable?............................................................................59 5.2Prospects of Lempunah's Resource Management....................63 5.3Potential Applications.............................................................68 I Resource Management in a Dayak Benuag Village ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.......................................................................77 BIBLIOGRAPHY....................................................................................79 ANNEX 1: CONTRIBUTIONS ON PROJECT LEVEL (SFMP)..................91 ANNEX 2: LIST OF EXTRACTED PLANT SPECIES.................................97 ANNEX 3: LIST OF CULTIVATED PLANTS..........................................109 ANNEX 4: LIST OF BIRD SPECIES......................................................115 ANNEX 5: LIST OF MAMMAL SPECIES..............................................121 ANNEX 6: MAPS OF LEMPUNAH.......................................................125 II Executive Summary Abbreviations app. approximately BAPPEDA Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah BMZ Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development cf. cum fide DBH diameter (of trees) in breast height CSF Centre for Social Forestry, Samarinda GIS Geographic Information Systems GPS Global Positioning System GTZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit HTI hutan tanaman industri (industrial tree plantation) Ind. Indonesian NGO Non-Governmental Organisation pers. comm. personal communication plasma inti rakyat (plantation system owned by a PIR company/the government and local people) PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal Rupiah (during the field study 1 US $ ranged between 2,300 Rp and 17,000 Rp) RRA Rapid Rural Appraisal RT rukun tetangga (neighbourhood association) Promotion of Sustainable Forest Management Systems SFMP (Project) Tropenökologisches Begleitprogramm (Tropical Ecology TÖB Support Programme) UNMUL Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda III Resource Management in a Dayak Benuag Village Executive Summary The local resource management of a Dayak Benuaq village in East Kalimantan, Indonesia, has been described in a phenomenological way. Data were collected by applying ethnological, ecological and geographical field methods. The findings were analyzed and interpreted by following the links of the revealed causal web. Daily life in Lempunah is dominated by the agricultural cycle of upland rice farming. A settlement and cultivation history of more than 300 years has created a mosaic forest of 9,200 ha, consisting of current rice fields, fallow forest, mixed forest gardens (Simpukng), rattan gardens and small scale rubber gardens. More than 759 plant and animal taxa are cultivated or extracted, providing both a high degree of subsistence as well as substantial financial income. Market fluctuations and other uncertainties are coped with by resource diversification and a high dynamic flexibility in switching between resources. The analysis of decision making processes shows a more complex pattern than the theory of rational acting would suggest. Despite its adaptable and flexible structure, Lempunah's resource system will most probably face a difficult future due to drastic changes caused by a nearby oil palm plantation, and the starting of coal mining activities. The question as to whether the local resource management is sustainable or not is critically discussed. The results indicate that the people of Lempunah have managed their resources until now in a sustainable way. Recommendations are made at the end regarding the further application of the results, methodology used, and the question of integrating indigenous land use strategies into future development projects. IV Zusammenfassung Zusammenfassung Die lokale Ressourcennutzung eines Dayak Benuaq Dorfes in Ost-Kalimantan, Indonesien, wurde phänomenologisch beschrieben. Die Daten wurden unter Verwendung ethnologischer, ökologischer und geographischer Feldfor- schungsmethoden erhoben. Die Ergebnisse wurden den Verknüpfungen des vorgefundenen Kausalnetzes folgend interpretiert und analysiert. Das tägliche Leben in Lempunah wird vom Agrarzyklus rund um den Regen- feldbau (Reis) geprägt. Eine Siedlungs- und Kulturgeschichte von über 300 Jahren schuf einen 9.200 ha großen Mosaikwald, der aus aktuellen Reisfeldern, Brachewald,
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