Memorial, the Republic of Indonesia Has Reviewed the Importance of These Different Dates to the Case and the Way in Which They Interact

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE CASE CONCERNING SOVEREIGNTY OVER PULAU LIGITAN AND PULAU SIPADAN (INDONESIA/MALAYSIA) MEMORIAL SUBMITTEDBY THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA Volume 1 2 NOVEMBER 1999 .1 . TABLE OF CONTENTS Paae CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 1 Section 1. The Background to the Case ......................................................1 Section 2 . Overview of Indonesia's Case and Structure of the Memorial .................................................................................2 CHAPTER II GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA ................5 Section 1. Introduction ...............................................................................5 Section 2 . The General Setting ...................................................................5 Section 3 . Pulau Ligitan .............................................................................6 Section 4 . Pulau Sipadan ............................................................................7 CHAPTER III A SUMMARY OF STATE RELATIONS IN THE AREA (1824-1969) ...................................................................................... 9 Section 1. Introduction ............................................................................... 9 Section 2 . Relations between the Local Sultanates and Extra- Regional Powers ........................................................................ 9 A . The Sultanates on the Island of Borneo ................................9 B . Settlements by the Western Powers in Borneo ................... 10 Section 3 . An Overview of the Origins of the British North Borneo Company ................................................................................ 16 A . The Establishment of the Company and Its Application for a Royal Charter .......................................... 16 B . Dutch and Spanish Reactions and British Reassurances ................................................................... 18 C . The Administrative Divisions of the British North Bomeo Company ............................................................... -24 Section 4 . Dutch-British Relations from 1882 to the Signature of the 1891 Convention ............................................................... 26 Section5 . Further Relations Between the Relevant Powers Concerning Their Possessions in and around Borneo from 1891 to 1930 ...................................................................28 A . Anglo-American Discussions Regarding Certain Islands off the Coast of North Borneo ................................28 B . Dutch Activities in the Area: The HNLMS Lynx ...............31 Section 6 . Events Leading up to and Following the Independence of Indonesia and Malaysia ..........................................................-32 A . Indonesia .............................................................................32 B . Malaysia ..............................................................................33 C . Indonesia-Malaysia 1969 Discussions ................................35 CHAPTER IV THE PRE-1891 SITUATION ......................................................37 Section 1. Introduction .............................................................................37 Section 2 . The Legal Notion of Territory as Historically Perceived by Local Rulers and Its Consequences as to the Cessions of Territories ...........................................................................-38 A . The Legal Notion of Territory in the Region before the Colonial Period ............................................................. 39 B . The Uncertain Extent of the Cessions by the Local Rulers to the Colonial Powers ............................................44 Section 3 . Colonial Acquisition by The Netherlands ...............................52 A . Relations between The Netherlands and Local Rulers .......52 B . The Acquisition of the Territory of Boeloengan by The Netherlands and Its Geographical Extent .................... 55 CHAPTER V THE CONVENTION OF 20 JUNE 1891 BETWEEN GREAT BRITAIN AND THE NETHERLANDS ..................... 61 Section 1. The Background to. and Negotiation and Terms of. the Convention of 20 June 1891 .................................................... 61 A . Background to the Convention of 20 June 1891 ................. 61 B . The Negotiations for the Convention of 20 June 189 1 .......74 C . Survey by HMS Egeria. HMS Rattler and HNLMS Banda. June 1891 ...............................................................-79 Section 2 . The Terms of the Convention of 20 June 1891 .......................82 Section 3 . Ratification of the Treaty .........................................................86 Section 4 . Conclusions ............................................................................. 98 CHAPTER VI RESPECT OF THE 1891 LINE IN PRACTICE .....................101 Section 1. Activities of The Netherlands and Indonesia with Respect to the Islands ............................................................ 101 A . Dutch Activities ............................................................... 101 B . Indonesian Activities ........................................................103 (i) Naval Patrols to the Islands ..................................... 103 (ii) Traditional Fishing Activities.................................. 104 Section 2 . The Oil Concession Activities of the Parties .........................104 A . The Indonesian JAPEX Concession ................................. 104 B . Malaysia's Offshore Oil Concessions in the Area ............. 106 C . Conclusion ...................................................................... 108 Section 3 . Map Evidence ....................................................................... 109 A . Introduction ...................................................................... 109 B . Maps Relied Upon by the Parties in the Context of the 189 1 Convention .............................................................. 113 (i) Dutch and British Cartographie Evidence Prior to the 1891 Convention ........................................... 113 (ii) The Map Attached to the 1891 Dutch Explanatory Memorandum .................................. 115 C . Maps Reflecting the Offshore Extension of the Boundary During the Early Colonial Period .....................118 D . General Repute: Third Party Maps Showing the Offshore Extension of the Boundary Line ........................ 119 E . Maps as Admissions Against Interest ............................... 120 (i) British Maps Showing Ligitan and Sipadan Islands as Part of the Dutch Possessions ................. 121 (ii) Malaysian Maps Showing the Area Where Ligitan and Sipadan Are Located As Falling Outside of Malaysia's Possessions ..........................122 F ..Conclusions ...................................................................... 126 CHAPTER VI1 RELATIONS BETWEEN GREAT BRITAIN. SPAIN AND THE UNITED STATES ..............................................129 Introduction .................................................................................129 Section 1. The Position of Great Britain ........................................129 A . The Dent and Overbeck Concessions ...............................129 B . The Formation and Administrative Boundaries of the British North Borneo Company ........................................131 C . Conclusions As to the Position of Great Britain ............... 134 Section 2 . The Position of Spain ............................................................ 135 Section 3 . The Position of the United States ........................................139 A . The United States' Acquisition of the Philippine Islands in 1898 and 1900 .................................................. 139 B . Anglo-American Discussions regarding Certain Islands off the Coast of North Borneo .............................. 142 C . The Convention of 2 January 1930 between Great Britain and the United States ............................................ 146 Section 4 . General Conclusions ............................................................. -148 CHAPTERVIII THE EMERGENCE OF THE DISPUTE AND ITS AFTERMATH ........................................................................... 151 Section 1. The 1969 Negotiations ........................................................ 152 A . The Development of the Negotiations ..............................152 B . Content and Scope of the 1969 Agreement ...................... 156 Section 2 . The Subsequent Conduct of the Parties .................................160 A . Malaysia's Recognition of Indonesian Title after 1969 .... 161 (i) The Limits of the Oil Concessions ..........................161 (ii) The 1972 Malaysian Map ........................................162 (iii) Maintenance of Buoys on Both Sides of the 4" 10' North Line .....................................................163 B . The Legal Significance of Malaysia's Recognition ...........164 C . Indonesia's Reactions vis-à-vis Malaysia's Actions ..........168 (i) The 1979 Malaysian Map ........................................168 (ii) Malaysia's Illegal Occupation of Ligitan and Sipadan since 1980 ..................................................171 (iii) Indonesia's Protests and Their Legal Significance ............................................................175 CHAPTERIX SUMMARY OF INDONESIA'S CASE AND CONCLUSIONS .........................................................................183

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