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Resolved Astrometric Binary Stars Brian D. Mason

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Resolved Astrometric Binary Stars Brian D. Mason Resolved Astrometric Binary Stars Brian D. Mason 9/12/2012 U.S. Naval Observatory 1 Background Astrometric contributions of Friedrich Bessel (1784-1846) •Parallax of 61 Cygni (1838) U.S. Naval Observatory Background Astrometric contributions of Friedrich Bessel (1784-1846) •Parallax of 61 Cygni (1838) •Non-linear proper motion of Sirius and Procyon (1844) Image: http://vega.lpl.arizona.edu/sirius/A5.html U.S. Naval Observatory Background Astrometric contributions of Friedrich Bessel (1784-1846) •Parallax of 61 Cygni (1838) •Non-linear proper motion of Sirius and Procyon (1844) Due to stellar types (main- sequence and white dwarf) motion affect significant, but Image: http://vega.lpl.arizona.edu/sirius/A5.html companion hard to detect. • Sirius B first resolved in 1862 by Alvan Graham Clark (right) testing 18.5 ” Clark refractor. U.S. Naval Observatory Background Astrometric contributions of Friedrich Bessel (1784-1846) •Parallax of 61 Cygni (1838) •Non-linear proper motion of Sirius and Procyon (1844) Due to stellar types (main- sequence and white dwarf) motion affect significant, but companion hard to detect. • Sirius B first resolved in 1862 by Alvan Graham Clark (right) testing 18.5 ” Clark refractor. • Procyon B first resolved in 1896 by John Martin Schaeberle with Lick 36 ” Clark refractor. U.S. Naval Observatory CurrentCurrent Orbit: Orbit: Procyon Sirius AB AB • Broken line is line of nodes. • Green plus signs and asterisks: micrometry. • Pink asterisks: photography • Blue circles: HST/WFPC2 • Scales on axis are in arcseconds. • Direction of orbital motion at lower right. • Sirius Period = 50.090y. • Procyon Period = 40.82y. U.S. Naval Observatory Orbits • The 6 th Catalog of Orbits of Visual Binary Stars has 2298 orbits of 2187 systems. • While most are the best graded orbits of resolved pairs, 504 are astrometric orbits. • These orbits have six of the seven usual Ω, ω, Campbell Elements: P, i, T0, and e; rather than the semi-major axis of the resolved orbit (a”), the astrometric orbit has ap, the semi- major axis of the photocentric orbit. M l 1 • If an astrometric pair is subsequently resolved, B B B = ------------- ; β = ---------- = ------------- the photocentric orbit should be similar M + M l + l 1 + 10 0.4 ∆m (mathematically) to the resolved orbit. A B A B ap • The mass ratio, B, depends on the ratio of the B = ------ + β semi-major axes and the luminosity ratio (β). a” U.S. Naval Observatory HIP 42220 = YR 13 • HIP 42220 listed as “suspected non-single” in Hipparcos Catalogue (1997yCat.1239….0E ). • Orbital solution by Heintz & Cantor (1994PASP..106..363H ). • First resolved by Elliott Horch & Collaborators ( 2002AJ….123.3442H), and subsequently only resolved by the Yale- Rochester group with the WIYN telescope. • The new resolved orbit is similar to astrometric orbit and with the π generates a Σ M of 0.559 Í +/- 0.370 Í. • Based on the measured luminosity ratio and the ratio of the semi-major axes of the two orbits (a photo /a ”) a mass ratio of 0.454 is determined. • This results in masses of MA = 0.30 MÍ, MB = 0.25 M Í, which is lower than expected, but the uncertainty is large. U.S. Naval Observatory Other New Orbits: AB Dor & 31 Cyg Σ They generate a M of 0.59 MÍ and 16 +/- 9.5 MÍ. as well as individual masses of MA = 0.50 MÍ, MB = 0.09 M 8 and MA = 7.1 MÍ, MB = 8.9 M 8. U.S. Naval Observatory Combined Solutions Combined solutions of resolved double-lined spectroscopic binaries allow 3 for direct a” π3 = --------- determination of Σ M P2 stellar masses and parallax. This parallax, called the orbital parallax, is a calculated not an observed parameter and has no distance limit. U.S. Naval Observatory Orbital Parallax • Comparison of Orbital Parallax and Hipparcos Parallax (2000A&AS..145..215P) as of 2000 . • Focusing only on those with π < 100 milliarcseconds (mas). • Assuming equal π. • Recent orbit solutions (2000A&A…448..703B, 2008AJ….135..766M, 2010AJ….140.1579M, 2010AJ….139.2308F ). • In preparation solutions . U.S. Naval Observatory The New Solutions: ξ Cep • New measures to improve existing orbits. • Dashed curve is previous orbit. • Broken line is line of nodes. • Filled circles = unpublished CHARA SFP measures • open circles = published speckle interferometry measures • Large shaded circle = Hipparcos resolution limit • Small shaded circle = 4m V band speckle resolution limit U.S. Naval Observatory TheThe New New Solutions: Solutions: HD ξ Cep178911 • ξ Cep: • MA = 1.045(0.032) MÍ, MB = π 0.409(0.066) MÍ, = 38(3) mas. • The Hipparcos parallax, π = 34(1) mas, while having a smaller formal error may be more incorrect due to the unresolved companion not being considered. • HD 178911: • MA = 0.802(0.055) MÍ, MB = π 0.622(0.053) MÍ, = 28(2) mas. • The Hipparcos parallax ( π = 19(2) mas) may have similar uncertainty. • The biggest problem is that these need both radial velocity and resolved orbit solutions of very high quality, and the observation methods are limited to the brightest stars. U.S. Naval Observatory.
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