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Assessing Local Impacts of the A.D. 1700 Cascadia Earthquake and Tsunami Using Tree Ring Growth

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Assessing Local Impacts of the A.D. 1700 Cascadia Earthquake and Tsunami Using Tree Ring Growth https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2020-427 Preprint. Discussion started: 27 January 2021 c Author(s) 2021. CC BY 4.0 License. 1 Assessing local impacts of the A.D. 1700 Cascadia earthquake and tsunami using tree ring growth 2 histories: A case study in South Beach, Oregon, U.S.A. 3 Robert P. Dziak1, Bryan A. Black2, Yong Wei3, and Susan G. Merle4 4 1NOAA/Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Newport, Oregon, 97365 U.S.A. 5 2Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A. 6 3NOAA/Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington, 98115 U.S.A. 7 4Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies, Oregon State University, Newport, Oregon, 97366 U.S.A. 8 Correspondence to: Robert P. Dziak ([email protected]) 9 Abstract. We present a spatially focused investigation of the disturbance history of an old-growth Douglass fir stand in South 10 Beach, Oregon for possible growth effects due to tsunami inundation caused by the A.D. 1700 Cascadia subduction zone 11 earthquake. A high-resolution model of the 1700 tsunami run-up heights at South Beach, assuming an “L” sized earthquake, 12 is also presented to better estimate the inundation levels several kilometers inland at the old-growth site. This tsunami model 13 indicates the South Beach fir stand would have been subjected to local inundation depths from 0-10 m. Growth chronologies 14 collected from the fir stand shows several trees experienced significant growth reductions before, during and several years 15 after 1700, consistent with the tsunami inundation estimates. The +/- 1-3 year timing of the South Beach disturbances are also 16 consistent with disturbances previously observed at a Washington state coastal forest ~220 km to the north. Additional 17 comparison of the South Beach chronologies with regional chronologies across Oregon indicates the South Beach stand growth 18 was significantly and unusually lower in 1700. Moreover, the 1700 South Beach growth reductions were not the largest over 19 the 110-year tree chronology at this location. with other disturbances likely caused by other climate drivers (e.g. drought or 20 windstorms). Our study represents a first step in using tree growth history to ground-truth tsunami inundation models by 21 providing site specific physical evidence. 22 . 23 1. Introduction 24 Recent catastrophic tsunami inundation events along the Sumatra and Japanese coasts have shown tsunamis can have 25 a devastating effect on coastal forests and overall coastal geomorphology [Kathiresan and Rajendran, 2005; Udo et 26 al., 2012; Lopez Caceres et al., 2018]. In addition to the tsunami, ground motion caused by the megathrust earthquake 27 can cause significant forest disturbance by toppling trees, damaging root systems, severing limbs and crowns, 28 inducing damaging landslides, or altering the hydrology of a stand, among other potential effects [e.g. Shepphard and 29 Jacoby, 1989]. These disturbances appear in the tree-ring record of surviving trees as sudden suppression events 30 (when there is damage), or growth events in the case of reduced competition from adjacent damaged trees. 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2020-427 Preprint. Discussion started: 27 January 2021 c Author(s) 2021. CC BY 4.0 License. 31 32 Here we present a spatially focused investigation of the disturbance history of an old-growth forest in South Beach, 33 Oregon (Figure 1). We also present a new, high resolution model of the 1700 tsunami run-up heights at South Beach 34 to better estimate the inundation levels at the site of the old-growth forest. Our goal is to use tree-growth to ground- 35 truth the tsunami impacts and inundation levels as well as for insights into the degree of shaking caused by the 1700 36 magnitude 9.0 Cascadia Subduction Zone earthquake [Satake et al., 2003; Witter et al.., 2011]. 37 38 Interestingly, direct evidence of seismic shaking (liquefaction, landslides, etc) from the 1700 megathrust earthquake 39 is relatively rare along the Oregon coast. This is thought to be due to the high rainfall and water erosion rates in the 40 Pacific Northwest which removes liquefaction evidence in coastal estuaries, and makes landslides in the coast range 41 difficult to identify [Yeats, 2004; LaHusen et al., 2020]. Models of shaking and ground motion along the Oregon 42 coast during the 1700 Cascadia earthquake indicate it should have been violent and widespread [WDNR, 2012], and 43 it seems plausible that evidence of this shaking might be recorded in the ring widths of trees along the coast. 44 45 Very little tree-ring work has been conducted along the Oregon coast; the vast majority of tree-ring research in the 46 Pacific Northwest has entailed climate reconstructions from high-elevation sites in the Cascade Mountains and 47 Olympic Peninsula where competitive effects are low. We sampled a mesic old-growth forest near the Pacific coast 48 where competitive effects are high. Significant disturbances from the 1700 earthquake and tsunami should 49 substantially alter radial growth patterns as some trees are damaged or killed and resources are redistributed to 50 survivors. Alternatively, the tsunami may cause physical damage to trees resulting in growth reductions. The goal of 51 this study is to investigate whether these disturbances are observable in the few remaining old-growth forests along 52 the coast of Oregon. Thus we chose a site where good inundation models exist, and there is significant public concern 53 about tsunami impacts because of the presence of a large population and municipal infrastructure. 54 55 2.0 Evidence for Megathrust Earthquakes and Tsunamis 56 57 On 26 January at 9:00PM in the year 1700 A.D., a large earthquake occurred on the Cascadia Subduction Zone, the 58 boundary between the Pacific and North American plates along the coasts of California, Oregon, Washington, and 59 British Columbia [Satake et al., 2003]. The earthquake created a tsunami with 10-12 m run-up heights that struck the 60 Pacific Northwest and propagated across the Pacific to Japan [Atwater, 1992; Satake, et al, 2003; Goldfinger et al., 61 2003]. The 1700 earthquake is estimated to have most likely been a moment magnitude (Mw) 9.0, with between 13- 62 21 m of coseismic slip on an offshore fault 1100 km long [Satake et al., 2003; Witter et al., 2011]. The 1700 earthquake 63 was preceded by an earthquake in 960 A.D. (740 yr interval) and another in 750 A.D. (210 yr interval), with three 64 additional subduction events before these that comprise a recent cluster of 6 megathrust events over the past 1500 yrs 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2020-427 Preprint. Discussion started: 27 January 2021 c Author(s) 2021. CC BY 4.0 License. 65 [Atwater et al., 2003]. During the 1700 Cascadia earthquake, ground motion and peak ground acceleration (PGA), 66 are modeled to have ranged from ~0.5-1.2 g along the Oregon coast [WDNR, 2012]. Thus ground motion shaking 67 during the 1700 earthquake should have been violent and widespread. 68 69 The exact timing of the earthquake was estimated by calculating the travel time for an unexplained tsunami that struck 70 Japan on 26 January 1700 [Satake et al., 2003; Atwater, 2006]. Radiocarbon dating was used to show the earthquake 71 occurred in 1700, where the radiocarbon dates were derived from the remnants of many trees drowned by coincident 72 subsidence, and surviving trees recorded the earthquake’s date by anomalous changes in ring width or anatomy of 73 their annual rings [Atwater and Yamaguchi, 1991; Jacoby et al., 1997]. As a result of subsidence, some coastal forests 74 dropped below sea level and were flooded. Boles and root masses of these trees still remain and can be found from 75 northern Oregon to southern Washington. Aligning tree-ring growth patterns of the living trees with those of the 76 flooded, dead trees consistently showed that the last year of growth was 1699, indicating the earthquake occurred 77 between October 1699 and April 1700 [Yamaguchi et al., 1997]. This tree-ring and dating evidence for coastal 78 disturbance is indeed compelling, however the evidence was derived from trees along just 100 km of coastal southern 79 Washington-northern Oregon, or ~5% of the coastline expected to be affected by a Cascadia megathrust earthquake. 80 81 Additionally, a coastal-wide inventory of liquefaction features associated with the 1700 earthquake found no features 82 along the Oregon coast, despite numerous exposures of clean sand deposits that must be susceptible to liquefaction, 83 even at low levels of seismic shaking [Obermeier and Dickenson, 2000]. The locations for these field studies in 84 Oregon were also sites where evidence for great Holocene subduction earthquakes (in the form of crustal subsidence) 85 have been identified [Nelson et al., 1995]. The only liquefaction features identified to date (and thus direct evidence 86 of seismic shaking) were found along the Columbia River 35-50 km east of the coast, and these indicate moderate 87 shaking intensity of 0.2-0.35 g [Obermeier and Dickenson, 2000]. 88 89 3.0 Model of A.D. 1700 Tsunami 90 91 As a first step in estimating tree disturbance in South Beach, we produced a model of tsunami inundation level and 92 expected flow speed for the 1700 earthquake based on estimates of size, location, displacement and coastal subsidence 93 [Figures 2a,b,c; Witter et al, 2011]. Thus the modeled run-up height of the 1700 tsunami can be used as a basis to 94 investigate possible impacts along the coast and estuaries of South Beach. 95 Figures 2a,b show the model results of tsunami inundation level and flow speed for South Beach assuming the “L” 96 or large sized earthquake (Mw 9.0) for the A.D.
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