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Urban Change Dynamics: Izmir Case, 1927-2010

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URBAN CHANGE DYNAMICS: İZMİR CASE, 1927-2010 Saygın Can OĞUZ İzmir Institute of Technology December, 2013 URBAN CHANGE DYNAMICS: İZMİR CASE, 1927-2010 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate School of Engineering and Sciences of İzmir Institute of Technology in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPY in City and Regional Planning by Saygin Can OĞUZ December 2013 İZMİR We approve the thesis of Saygın Can OĞUZ Examining Committee Members: ___________________________________ Prof. Dr. Cemal ARKON Department of Architecture, İzmir University ___________________________________ Prof. Dr. Sezai GÖKSU Department of City and Regional Planning, Dokuz Eylül University ___________________________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Semahat ÖZDEMİR Department of City and Regional Planning, İzmir Institute of Technology ___________________________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. İpek ÖZBEK SÖNMEZ Department of City and Regional Planning, Dokuz Eylül University ___________________________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mert ÇUBUKÇU Department of City and Regional Planning, Dokuz Eylül University 17 December 2013 ___________________________________ Prof. Dr. Cemal ARKON Supervisor, Department of Architecture İzmir University ___________________________________ _______________________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Adile ARSLAN AVAR Prof. Dr. R. Tuğrul SENGER Head of the Department of City and Dean of the Graduate School of Regional Planning Engineering and Sciences ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The completion of a dissertation is not possible without the support, assistance and encouragement of many people, some of which I hope to acknowledge here. I would like to thank Dr. Cemal Arkon, my dissertation advisor, who supported and encouraged me during the whole process. Many thanks to Dr. Semahat Özdemir and Dr. İpek Özbek Sönmez for agreeing to serve as committee advisors, and for their comments on earlier drafts and advice along the way. I am also grateful to Dr. Murat Güvenç at İstanbul Şehir University Center for Urban Studies, who supported me in analysing population shares of districts. I would like to express my thanks to Hamidreza Yazdani and Ezgi Ceren Karataş from İzmir Institute of Technology, Department of City and Regional Planning for their contribution in preparation of GIS outputs. I am also especially grateful to my friends and co-workers in the place I work, İzmir Development Agency, Planning Programming and Coordination Unit. Finally, and most especially, I am grateful to my lovely wife, Pınar Oğuz. The completion of this thesis would not have been possible without her precious support and help. I would like to give my special thanks to her and to my sweet son Deniz Oğuz, whose love fed me in every phase of the study. iii ABSTRACT URBAN CHANGE DYNAMICS: İZMİR CASE, 1927-2010 This study aims to describe urban change dynamics, especially growth and decline processes of settlements, by analysing population change. The geographical unit of analysis is districts and the data used is population statistics. Before studying İzmir, an extensive research is performed for Turkey with its 957 districts. Time series analysis involve the periods 1927-2010 and 2008-2012 as a more recent period. The findings reveal that, apart from total growth picture of Turkey, the processes experienced by districts diversify. The population agglomerates to urban centres, and this process coupled by rural population loss. Heavy rural decline of districts is especially evident in Interior Anatolia and Eastern Black Sea regions. After 1990s, in relation with some national policies, the process seems accelerated. In contrast with general expectations, Eastern and South-Eastern regions do not exhibit resembling dynamics of decline, owing to fertility rates relatively higher and lowering out- migration rates. In İzmir, four main dynamics of urban change are identified. First is rapid and consistent growth of central metropolitan districts. At the same time, industrial districts proximal to city exhibited high rates of growth. Decline is a persistent issue for distant districts with economies based on agriculture. This has critical importance for İzmir, as a city having considerable agricultural resources. On the other hand, coastal districts having the characteristics of more or less holiday destinations revealed sharp growth especially after 1980s. The reasons and consequences of described dynamics are many. These need investigation by further studies with a stronger focus on local facts. iv ÖZET KENTSEL DEĞİŞİM DİNAMİKLERİ: İZMİR ÖRNEĞİ, 1927-2010 Bu çalışmada nüfus değişimi temel alınarak kentsel değişim - büyüme ve küçülme - süreçleri incelenmiştir. İnceleme birimi ilçelerdir. Türkiye geneli için 957 ilçeyi içeren keşifsel araştırma ardından, İzmir örneği 30 ilçesiyle birlikte incelenmiştir. Veri olarak toplam, kent ve kır nüfusları kullanılmıştır. Zaman serisi 1927-2010 dönemini kapsamaktadır. 2008-2012 dönemi de güncel dönem olarak ele alınmıştır. Ortaya çıkan bulgulara göre, Türkiye’de toplam büyüme altında ilçeler ölçeğinde farklı süreçler sergilenmektedir. Nüfus daha çok kentsel merkezlere yığılmakta, bu kentsel büyüme sürecinde kırsal çözülme yaşanmaktadır. Kırsalda çözülme süreci, Türkiye geneli görüntüsüne göre ilçeler özelinde çok daha ağır biçimde deneyimlenmektedir. Bu dinamik özellikle İç Anadolu ve Doğu Karadeniz bölgelerinde çarpıcıdır. Tarihsel olarak ise 1990 sonrasında çözülme hızlanmaktadır. Bu durumun ülke düzeyindeki ekonomi, tarım ve kırsal politikalarla ilgili olduğu değerlendirilmektedir. Olası tahminlerin aksine, Doğu ve Güneydoğu Anadolu bölgeleri benzer küçülme dinamiklerini sergilememektedir. Burada hala ülke ortalamalarının üzerinde seyreden doğum oranları ile nispeten yavaşlayan göçün etkili olduğu değerlendirilmektedir. İzmir örneğinde dört temel kentsel değişim dinamiği tespit edilmiştir. Kent nüfusunu barındıran anakent ilçeler hızlı büyüme göstermişlerdir. Merkez çevresindeki Aliağa, Torbalı, Kemalpaşa gibi sanayi barındıran ilçeler, inceleme dönemi boyunca yüksek büyüme sergilemişlerdir. Şehre nispeten uzak, kırsal nitelikte ve ekonomisi tarım ağırlığına sahip ilçeler için küçülme kronik hal almıştır. Hem geçmiş dönem hem de güncel dönem analizlerde beliren bu dinamik, değerli havzalara ve tarımsal potansiyele sahip İzmir için olumsuzluk arz etmektedir. Diğer yandan, tatil beldesi niteliğine sahip kıyı ilçeleri, özellikle 1980 sonrasında çok hızlı büyüme performansları göstermiştir. Tanımlanan dinamiklerin sebepleri ve sonuçlarının yerleşme özelinde yapılacak araştırmalarla aydınlatılması önem taşımaktadır. v I dedicate this dissertation to my dear mother Sevim Oğuz. Her strength and courage during all her life inspired me to never give up. My mother passed away in March 2013, while I was working on this dissertation. Even when in her difficult times, she encouraged me not to ignore and continue my studies. My dear mother, your friendship, tenderness and love will always be missed. I will always keep you in my heart. This dissertation honours you. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... ix LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................... xiii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................... xv CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2. AIM, SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY ................................................... 7 2.1. Aim and Scope of the Study ................................................................... 7 2.2. Data and Methodology .......................................................................... 11 CHAPTER 3. LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................ 15 3.1. Forms of Urban Change ........................................................................ 15 3.2. Defining and Distinguishing Urban and Rural ..................................... 20 3.3. Efforts on Classifying Settlements ........................................................ 23 3.4. World Trends on Urbanization ............................................................. 26 3.4.1 Urbanization in OECD ................................................................... 31 3.4.2. Urbanization in Europe ................................................................. 36 3.4.3. Theories of Urbanization in the Third World ............................... 38 3.5. Different Indicators of Urban Change .................................................. 40 3.6. Population as an Indicator of Urban Change ........................................ 42 CHAPTER 4. GENERAL TRENDS IN TURKEY ........................................................ 47 4.1. Population and Demography ................................................................. 47 4.2. Demography in the Future .................................................................... 49 4.3. Urbanization Trends .............................................................................. 51 4.4. Urban-Rural Distinction ........................................................................ 53 4.5. Population Statistics .............................................................................. 55 vii CHAPTER 5. POPULATION CHANGE IN TURKEY ................................................ 56 5.1. Population Change in the National Level
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    COMMUNAL RELATIONS IN ĐZM ĐR/SMYRNA, 1826-1864: AS SEEN THROUGH THE PRISM OF GREEK-TURKISH RELATIONS by N. Feryal Tansu ğ A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations University of Toronto Copyright by N. Feryal Tansu ğ 2008 ABSTRACT COMMUNAL RELATIONS IN ĐZM ĐR/SMYRNA, 1826-1864: AS SEEN THROUGH THE PRISM OF GREEK-TURKISH RELATIONS by Feryal Tansu ğ Doctor of Philosophy Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations University of Toronto 2008 This dissertation examines the level of social and cultural interaction between the Greek and Turkish communities of Đzmir and the impact of the centralizing Ottoman reforms on the society of Đzmir during the age of the Ottoman modernization. It focuses on the years between 1826 and 1864 that marked a turning point in the administrative history of the Ottoman Empire. Analyzing this subject requires understanding the social-cultural and economic dynamics of Đzmir that played a crucial role in the formation of the social fabric of the city. Ottoman-Turkish archival material and to some extent Greek newspapers of the time are used as primary sources. The sources discussed in this dissertation demonstrate that the central authority attempted to re- integrate Đzmir into its administrative and political structure in accordance with the centralizing or repressive Tanzimat reforms. However, Tanzimat reforms did not disturb the social cohesion of Đzmir, which the city produced over the centuries with its local character and some peculiar dynamics. The evidence also indicates that the Empire did not aim to mold social relations in Đzmir, instead benefited from city’s already existing social-cultural and economic situation, which was well suited to its modernization program.
  • New Records of Eurasian Blind Snake, Xerotyphlops Vermicularis (Merrem, 1820) from the Black Sea Region of Turkey and Its Updated Distribution

    New Records of Eurasian Blind Snake, Xerotyphlops Vermicularis (Merrem, 1820) from the Black Sea Region of Turkey and Its Updated Distribution

    BIHAREAN BIOLOGIST 10 (2): 98-103 ©Biharean Biologist, Oradea, Romania, 2016 Article No.: e161301 http://biozoojournals.ro/bihbiol/index.html New records of Eurasian Blind Snake, Xerotyphlops vermicularis (Merrem, 1820) from the Black Sea region of Turkey and its updated distribution Murat AFSAR1,*, Kerim ÇIÇEK2, Yahya TAYHAN3 and Cemal Varol TOK4 1. Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey. 2. Zoology Section, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100, Izmir, Turkey. 3. Hakkari University, Health Vocational College, Hakkari, Turkey. 4. Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17100, Çanakkale, Turkey. *Corresponding author, M. Afsar, E-mail: [email protected] Received: 07. November 2015 / Accepted: 28. December 2015 / Available online: 30. October 2016 / Printed: December 2016 Abstract. In this study, we report two new localities of Xerotyphlops vermicularis from western and central Black Sea Region. With these records, the distribution of the species is extended about 90km to the north. The specimens were examined morphologically and compared with the relevant literature. In addition, on the basis of the new and literature records, the potential distribution of the species was modelled with ecological niche modelling. The main factors affecting the distribution of the species are the annual mean temperature (bio1, 55.3%), precipitation of driest month (bio14, 18.5%), and annual precipitation (bio12, 10.1%) and account for 84% of the distribution model. Key words: Xerotyphlops vermicularis, Typhlopidae, distribution, new record, ecological niche modeling, Black Sea Region, Anatolia. Introduction Material and Methods Family Typhlopidae is mostly distributed in the Neotropic, Overall Some twelve specimens of X.vermicularis were caught from Sinop (10 specimens) and Samsun (2 specimens) in the Western and Australasian, Indo-Malayan and Afrotropic ecoregions Central Black Sea regions of northern Anatolia during the herpeto- (Kornilios et al.