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Cambio Climático Y Fitopatología

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Cambio Climático Y Fitopatología Año 2019 Número 4 Cambio climático y Fitopatología El cambio climático como Historia de los laboratorios Entrevista a la paradigma para estudiar las oficiales de Sanidad Vegetal en Dra. Nuria Durán-Vila relaciones de los parásitos con España sus huéspedes Contenido PRESENTACIÓN por el Presidente de la SEF ------ 5 (Por VICENTE PALLÁS) ARTÍCULOS DE REVISIÓN --------------------------- 7 5 Introducción: El cambio climático como paradigma para estudiar las relaciones de los parásitos con sus huéspedes--------------------------------------------------- 7 (Por JOSÉ M. MORENO) I. Impacto del cambio climático sobre los virus de plantas y sus insectos vectores ----------- 11 (Por ALBERTO FERERES Y MIGUEL A. ARANDA) II. Cambio climático y enfermedades bacterianas de las plantas-------------------------------------------- 18 11 (Por EMILIO MONTESINOS) III. Impacto potencial del cambio climático en enfermedades causadas por hongos y oomicetos------------------------------------------------ 26 (Por JUAN A. NAVAS-CORTÉS y BLANCA B. LANDA) IV. Los nematodos edáficos y la relación planta- suelo en escenarios de cambio climatico --------- 33 18 (Por SARA SÁNCHEZ-MORENO y MIGUEL TALAVERA) HISTORIAS DE FITOPATOLOGÍA ----------------- 42 • Historia de los laboratorios oficiales de sanidad Vegetal en España ------------------------------------- 42 (Por JOSÉ LUIS PALOMO y REMEDIOS SANTIAGO) • El descubrimiento de los viroides como patógenos de frutales de zona templada --------- 49 (Por GERARDO LLÁCER ) 42 ENTREVISTA --------------------------------------------- 53 a la Dra. Nuria Durán-Vila -------------------------------- 53 (Por CARMEN HERNÁNDEZ ) COMENTARIOS DE ARTÍCULOS ----------------- 60 • El cribado de la localización subcelular de efectores candidatos (putativos) del hongo 53 Colletotrichum higginsianum, identifica proteínas fúngicas cuya diana son los peroxisomas de plantas, cuerpos de Golgi y microtúbulos --------- 60 (Por SERENELLA A. SUKNO ) Fitopatología 2 • Viejos planteamientos, recientes estrategias y nuevas herramientas: El papel de la “Ciencia Ciudadana” en los grandes retos de investigación en los campos de la agricultura y la alimentación----------------------------------------- 61 (Por MONTSERRAT ROSELLÓ ) 60 • Nueva estimación de pérdidas debidas a plagas y enfermedades en cinco cultivos clave para la seguridad alimentaria mundial --------------------- 62 (Por SARA GARCÍA-FIGUERA Y JUAN MORAL) • Una forma de vida multicelular para un virus de plantas multipartito ----------------------------------- 63 (Por ISRAEL PAGÁN) 65 65 RECOMENDACIONES DE LIBROS -------------- • Climate Change and Crop Production. CABI Climate Change Series ------------------------------- 65 (Por NIEVES CAPOTE) • Enfermedades de plantas causadas por bacterias. Bubok y SEF. -------------------------------------------- 65 (Por ANA PALACIO-BIELSA, JESÚS MURILLO, MARÍA MILAGROS LÓPEZ y EMILIO MONTESINOS) 67 NOTICIAS DE ACTUALIDAD --------------------- 67 • La ISPP propone un código ético ante emergencias fitosanitarias -------------------------- 67 (Por ANTONIO VICENT) • Una nueva familia de virus como homenaje al profesor Elliot Kitajima-------------------------------- 70 (Por VICENTE PALLÁS) • En la jornada de la luz, se falló el premio COSCE 70 a la difusión de la ciencia a la Dra. Carmen Simón---------------------------------------------------- 70 (Por CAROLINA ESCOBAR) • Año Internacional de la Sanidad Vegetal (AISV 2020) ----------------------------------------------71 (Por JOSÉ MARÍA COBOS) TESIS DOCTORALES ---------------------------------73 73 RESEÑAS SOBRE CONGRESOS, REUNIONES y PROYECTOS CIENTÍFICOS --- 77 Fitopatología 3 Contenido • 1st PhD meeting in Plant Science (actividad satélite en FV2019)----------------------------------------------- 77 (Por NOEL BLANCO-TOURIÑÁN y DANIELA BARRO-TRASTOY) • XVIII Congreso de la Sociedad Internacional de Interacción Molecular Planta-Microorganismo 78 (MPMI) ---------------------------------------------------- 78 (Por SOLEDAD SACRISTÁN) • Simposio satélite en “Percepción extra e intracelular de virus de plantas”. XVIII Congreso MPMI ------------------------------------------------------ 80 (Por MIGUEL A. ARANDA ) • Reunión anual del International Pest Risk Research Group (IPRRG 2019) ------------------------ 81 80 (Por ELENA LÁZARO y ANTONIO VICENT) • Proyecto europeo: “VIROPLANT” -------------------- 83 (Por Mª ÁNGELES AYLLÓN) NUEVOS PATÓGENOS EN ESPAÑA 2019 ------ 85 (Por JUAN A. NAVAS-CORTÉS) FITOPATOLOGÍA Y SOCIEDAD --------------------- 88 • ¿Estamos preparados para hacer de la patología 81 vegetal una disciplina abierta y reproducible? --- 88 (Por EMERSON M. DEL PONTE, ADAM H. SPARKS y ELISA GONZÁLEZ-DOMÍNGUEZ ) • La Sanidad Vegetal desde una nueva perspectiva----------------------------------------------- 92 (Por ELENA RODRÍGUEZ-VALÍN, ROCÍO LANSAC y BALDISSERA GIOVANI) 85 CRÉDITOS ------------------------------------------------ 94 94 Fitopatología 4 Presentación preciados socios y amigos de la SEF, Vicente Pallás A nadie se le escapa que la Humanidad está viviendo una época crítica en la que, como sociedad, debe Atomar una serie de decisiones que van a condicionar el bienestar de las generaciones venideras. El cambio climático va a influir de una manera drástica, y lo está haciendo ya, en los procesos energéticos, en los recursos agroalimentarios y, en última instancia, en nuestra forma de vida y nuestras relaciones con el ecosistema. En este nuevo número de la revista, que hemos titulado “El cambio climático y la Fitopatología” hemos querido abordar el cambio climático como paradigma para estudiar las relaciones de los parásitos con sus huéspedes, tal y como magistralmente nos expone el Dr. J. M. Moreno en su INTRODUCCIÓN. Las cuatro magníficas REVISIONES que nos presentan nuestros socios están dedicadas a comprender un poco mejor cómo este nuevo escenario puede afectar a las interacciones de los nematodos edáficos (Dres. S. Sanchez- Moreno y M. Talavera), los virus y sus insectos vectores (Dres. A. Fereres y M. A. Aranda), las bacterias fitopatógenas (Dr. E. Montesinos) y los hongos y oomicetos (Dres. J. A. Navas- Introducción del Dr. J. M. Moreno Cortes y B. B. Landa) con sus huéspedes correspondientes. En la sección de HISTORIAS DE LA FITOPATOLOGÍA podréis encontrar un interesantísimo artículo sobre la Historia de los Labora- torios de Patología Vegetal en España por los Dres. J. L. Palomo y R. Santiago, una historia que se remonta nada menos que a 1888; y una visión personal de la imprescindible aportación del Dr. G. Llácer al descubrimiento de los Secciones de R EVISIÓN Fitopatología 5 viroides como patógenos de frutales de zona templada. En el apartado de FITOPATOLOGÍA Y SOCIEDAD hallaréis una particular reflexión de E. M. del Ponte, A. H. Sparks y E. González- Domínguez, sobre la transparencia y reproducibilidad de los datos y métodos utilizados en nuestra área de investigación. En la sección de la ENTREVISTA a un fitopatólogo de relevancia y socio de la SEF, tenemos el placer de presentaros en este número a Nuria Durán-Vila,Durán-sVila, unauna magníficamagnífica fitopatólogafitopatóloga y y extraordinaria persona que nos describe cómo el azar y la necesidad pueden moldear una exitosa carrera investigadora. No os la perdáis. Su trayectoria es un claro ejemplo que pone de manifiesto que, para hacer una investigación de calidad, Sección de H hay que tener una actitud apasionada y colaborativa. ISTORIAS DE LA FITOPATOLOGÍA La actividad de nuestros socios queda muy bien reflejada en el resto de secciones, RESEÑAS DE CONGRESOS Y REUNIONES CIENTÍFICAS, TESIS DOCTORALES y COMENTARIOS DE ARTICULOS. Este número, coordinado por Nieves Capote y Carmen Hernández, mantiene, pues, los estándares de calidad que nos hemos propuesto en esta revista de la SEF. Espero que lo disfrutéis. Vicente Pallás Presidente de la SEF y SOCIEDAD ENTREVISTA a Nuria Durán-Vila ITOPATOLOGÍA Sección de F Q Fitopatología 6 Artículos de revisión Introducción El cambio climático como paradigma para estudiar las relaciones de los parásitos con sus huéspedes JOSÉ M. MORENO Catedrático de Ecología Miembro del equipo de autores del IPCC y exvicepresidente de su Grupo II Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha Desde que se inventó la máquina de vapor a mediados del siglo XVIII hasta nuestros días (2017), se han emitido a [4] la atmósfera 2314 gigatoneladas de dióxido de carbono (GtCO2), haciendo que la concentración atmosférica XIX de CO2 pase de 278 ppm a 415 ppm (mayo, 2019). Sabemos desde finales del siglo que el CO2 es un gas que absorbe radiación infrarroja, que es la que emite la superficie de la Tierra al espacio, contribuyendo así al calentamiento de la atmósfera. Al aumentar la concentración de este gas, entre otros, la pregunta obligada era, ¿cuánto afectaría al clima de la Tierra, y cuándo y cómo empezaríamos POR CADA a notarlo? TONELADA El clima es la resultante media de los fenómenos meteorológicos ADICIONAL DE CO2 (temperatura, precipitación, viento, etc.) que ocurren QUE HEMOS EMITIDO, en un periodo que, por convención, se fija en 30 LA TEMPERATURA MEDIA años. Esto permite incluir la variabilidad del sistema climático debida a ciclos internos, de duración DE LA SUPERFICIE DE LA variable, que acontecen tanto en la atmósfera como TIERRA HA AUMENTADO en el océano. Detectar una relación entre el aumento EN UNA CANTIDAD FIJA de la temperatura y el aumento de la concentración atmosférica de CO2 parece una tarea imposible. Pues bien, DETERMINADA a veces la naturaleza hace simple lo muy
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