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DE012158-Preview.Pdf GENE WADDELL CREATING THE PANTHEON Design, Materials, and Construction Ε «L'ERMA» di BRETSCHNEID R Ρ Interior of the Pantheon by Giovanni Paolo annini with its original attic design, c. 1750 (FU 12526F) GENE WADDELL Creating the Pantheon © Copyright 2008 «L'ERMA» di BRETSCRNEIDER Via Cassiodoro, 19 - 00193 Roma http://www.lerma.it Progetto grafico: «L'ERMA» di BRETSCHNEIDER Tutti i diritti riservati. È vietata la riproduzione di testi e illustrazioni senza il permesso scritto dell'Editore. Special funding for the research and publication of this volume was provided by: College of Charleston Evans & Schmidt, Architects A conscientious attempt has been made to determine the rightful owner of all copyrights. Copyright claimants are asked to provide proof of ownership and an invoice for appropriate compensation. ISBN 978-88-8265-493-1 Contents Abbreviations 9 1. Concrete 39 Preface 11 2. Proportion 39 3. Space 40 4. Enframements 40 PART I. INTRODUCTION 5. Scale 40 6. Precedents 41 1. Preliminary Considerations 15 7. Embellishment 41 A. Brief Description of the Pantheon ... 15 8. Light 41 B. Date of Construction 17 9. Variety 42 C. Confirming the Identity of the Three 10. Permanence 42 Pantheons 21 D. Purpose of the Existing Pantheon 22 4. Concrete Construction 43 E. Main Problems to Be Solved A. Advantages 43 by the Architect 23 B. History 44 F. The Client and the Architect 23 C. Materials 44 1. Pozzolana 44 2. Major Advances in Knowledge 27 2. Aggregate 44 A. Serlio 27 D. Early Types of Facings 45 B. Palladio 27 E. The Use of Bricks 45 C. Desgodetz 28 1. Brick-faced Concrete 45 D. Francesco Piranesi 28 2. Through-courses 46 E. Leclère 29 3. Concrete Voussoirs 47 F. Lanciani 29 4. Tile Linings 48 G. Chedanne 29 F. Construction Methods 49 H. Beltrami and Armanini 30 G. Curing 50 I. Terenzio 31 J. MacDonald 31 5. General Sources of Design 51 K. Licht 32 A. Related Building Types 51 L. Wilson Jones 32 Baths 51 Tombs . 52 3. Basilicas 53 PART II. ROMAN DESIGN AND 4. Round Temples 53 CONSTRUCTION 5. Triumphal Arches 54 6. Theatres 54 3. Standard Design Procedures 35 B. Related Design Features 54 A. Vitruvius' Basilica at Fano 36 1. Domes 54 B. What the Pantheon's Architect Took 2. Internal Buttressing 55 for Granted 38 3. Attached Porticoes 56 6 6. Specific Sources of Design and 4. The Need for Models 84 Construction 57 5. Interlocking Spirals 85 A. Sources for Design Elements 57 D. Forecourt and Basilica of Neptune ... 86 1. Dome with Coffers and an Oculus 57 2. Free-standing Building with an Attached Portico and Forecourt .. 58 PART IV. CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION 3. Intermediate Block with Stairs 58 4. Cylindrical Drum with Solid Walls 58 9. Lower Drum and Block 91 5. Various Separate Elements in A. Site Preparatio 91 Combination 59 B. Materials and Methods 6. Proportions 60 of Construction 91 B. Sources for Structural Elements 61 1. Foundations 91 1. Dome with Steprings and 2. Walls 91 Through-courses 61 3. Vaulting 92 2. Wall Chambers Open to the Outside 4. Load-bearing Columns 94 on Multiple Levels 61 C. Surveying the Site 95 3. Concrete with Horizontal Layers Preparing Foundations 95 of Graded Aggregate and Construction Methods Used for the Through-courses 62 Lower Two-thirds of the Drum and 4. Concrete Voussoirs 62 Block 95 5. Concrete Vaults with Tile Linings . 62 1. Lower Section 95 C. Unparalleled Features of the Dome ... 62 2. Middle Section 97 10. Upper Drum and Block 99 PART III. PRELIMINARY DESIGN PHASE A. Upper Third of the Drum 99 1. Exterior 99 7. The Site 67 2. Spaces Within the Drum 100 A. Site Selection 67 3. Buttress 100 1. Campus Martius 67 B. Upper Block 100 2. Vicinity 67 1. Exterior 100 B. Orientation 68 2. Rooms 101 C. Relative Altitudes 68 3. Stairs 102 D. Existing Conditions 71 1. Agrippa's Foundations 71 11. Dome 103 2. Other Existing Conditions 73 A. Lower Dome 103 1. How the Dome Could Have Been 8. Structural Design 75 Constructed 103 A. Plan 75 2. Steprings 104 1. Proportions 75 3. Materials 105 2. Circular Plan 77 4. Constructing the Coffers 106 3. Exedras 78 B. Upper Dome 106 4. Interior Attic 79 C. Oculus 106 5. Transitional Block 79 D. Steps 107 B. Elevations 81 E. Bronze Roofing 107 1. Proportions 81 F. Cracks in the Dome and Walls 107 2. Exedras 81 G. Conclusion 109 3. Exterior 82 C. Coffers 83 Alignment 83 PART V. EMBELLISHMENT Precedent 83 The Need for Computation 84 12. Comparisons of the Orders 113 7 Α. Proportions 113 Bibliography 165 Columns 113 Index 177 Intercolumniations 116 Plans 117 Entablature 118 ILLUSTRATIONS Β. Materials 120 Differences Between the Interior and Frontispiece: Pannini's View of the Interior of the Portico 121 Pantheon Construction 121 1. Photographs of the Pantheon 13. The Porticoes 123 General views, pls. 1-7 Α. Architectural Evidence 123 Details, pls. 8-29 1. Description of the Present Portico 123 Construction, pls. 30-48, 49Β 2. Structural Relation of the Portico Comparable Hadrianic Sculpture, pls. 49Α, 50 to the Block 124 -55 Β. Archaeological Evidence 126 C. Further Evidence of Change 128 2. Drawings and Prints of the Pantheon 1 Inscription 129 Peruzzi to Dosio, c. 1490-c. 1569 2. Entrance 129 Peruzzi and others, c. 1490-c. 1535; pls. 3. Upper Block 130 56-58, 60B, 70 4. Pediments 130 Heemskerck, 1535-1536; pls. 59-60 Α 5. Reuse of Material 132 Serlio, 1540; pl. 61 6. Solecisms 132 Dosio, c. 1550-1569; pl. 62 7. Later Buildings Influenced by the Palladio, c. 1550-1570; pls. 63-69 Pantheon 133 Desgodetz, 1682; pls. 71-73 D. Proposed Explanations for Changes 134 Piranesi, c. 1750-1790 Some Early Explanations 134 G. B. Piranesi, c. 1750; pls. 74-75 Sixty-foot Columns 135 Francesco Piranesi, 1790; pls. 76-104 E. Conclusion 135 Fea to Lanciani, 1806-1892 Fea, 1806; pl. 105E 14. Finishing 139 Leclère, Choisy, and others, 1813-1873; 105Α, 106 Β A. Main Story 139 -111, 115 Exedras 139 Lanciani, 1882-1901; pls. 112-113 Aedicules 140 Middleton, 1892; pls. 114-115 Α Wall Facing 140 Chedanne, Beltrami, and Armanini, B. Attic Story 141 1891-1898; pls. 116-125 C. Floor 141 Gismondi to Terenzio D. Color Combinations 143 Gismondi and others, 1927-c. 1930; pls. Β E. Dome 143 126-127, 132 -133 Interior 143 Beltrami, 1929; pls. 128-129 Exterior 143 Terenzio, c. 1932; pls. 130-132 Α F. Furnishings 144 Licht to Wilson Jones; 1966-2000 G. Drum Exterior 144 Licht, 1966; pls. 134-137 H. Block Exterior 145 Pelletti, 1989, and others; pls. 138-139, 144, 145Β I. Entrance 145 J. Portico Ceiling 146 Wilson Jones; 2000, pls. 140-143, 145Α K. Sculpture 146 L. Forecourt 146 3. Comparable Buildings A. Republican Period, 500-29 BC Conclusions 149 c. 100 BC, Round Temple by the Tiber, Notes 151 pl. 146E c. 80 BC, Temple of Fortuna, 8 147Α Praeneste (Palestrina), pl. c. 80 BC, 189, 196, 200-201, 209E Β Round Temple at Tivoli, pls. 147B-148 c. 130, Temple of Venus and Rome Augustan Period (29 BC-14 AD), c. 30 (largely completed in. c. 135; platform 148Β 28 BC, Basilica at Fano, pl. BC, survives; rebuilt c. 307), pl. 202-203 Mausoleum of Augustus (first used), C. 130, Hadrian's Library, Athens, pl. pl. 149 c. 25 BC, Tomb of Caecilia 204-205Α Metella, pl. 150 16 BC, Maison Carrée, c. 130, Triumphal Arch at Antinoopolis, 151 Α 205Β pl. c. 11 BC, Theatre of Marcellus pl. (completed; begun c. 44 BC), pl. 151B C. 130-139, Hadrian's Tomb and Bridge Α 2 BC, Forum of Augustus completed (Pins Aelius), pls. 206-209 (including the Temple of Mars Ultor), C. 130, Temple of Trajan and Plotina, pl. pls. 152-156ΑΑD 6, Temple of Castor 210 and Pollux (rebuilt), pl. 156B 10, Temple c. 130, Hadrianic Buildings at Ostia, pl. 157Α 10 of Concord , pl. -27, Triumphal 211 158Α 38 Arch at Orange, pl. -c. 50, c. 130, Other Hadrianic Buildings at Aqueducts and Temple of Mercury, Baia, Rome and Baia, pls. 212-214 pl. 158-159 Antonins Period (AD 138-193) Nero and the Flavians, AD 54-96 c. 64, c. 138, Temple of the Deified Hadrian 161 Α 215Α 140, Nero's Aqueduct, pl. c. 64, Nero's (Hadrianeum), pl. Temple of Golden House (Domus Aurea), pls. 161 B- Faustina (dedicated also to Antoninus 162 Pius in c. 160), pl. 215B 70-80, Colosseum (interior and upper Severan Period (AD 193-235), pls. 216- story largely rebuilt from c. 217-240; 222 Α often repaired), pls. 163-165 c. 80, c. 203, Arch of Septimius Severus, pl. 6Α Flavian Amphitheatre, Pozzuoli, pl. 165E 2 1 C. 90, Domitianic Baths at Albano, pls. C. 203, Portico of Octavia (reconstructed Α 166-167 c. 90, Domitíanic Great Hall, by Septimius Severus and Caracalla), pls. Roman Forum, pl. 167E 216E-217 Trajanic Period, AD 98-117 211-216, Caracalla's Baths, pls. 218-221 104-109, Trajan's Baths, pls. 168-174 c. 230, additions to Agrippa's Baths by 107-112, Trajan's Forum (with the Alexander Severus, pl. 222 Basilica Ulpia and Trajan's Column, pls. c. 230-240, Round temple at Ostia, pl. 175-177 223, 224E 107-110, Trajan's Markets, pls. 178-184 Diocletian and Maxentius, AD 284-312 C. 110, Trajan's Arch at Beneventum, pl. C. 300, Temple of Minerva Medica 185 (Licinii garden pavilion), pls.
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