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Vol. 5 Number 2 Ohio Archaeologist

APRIL - 1955 OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY COLUMBUS, OHIO

(Formerly Ohio Indian Relic Collectors Society)

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GET ACQUAINTED by The Editor It has been our policy in the past to show pictures of various members, as well as of their collections, on what we called a "Get Acquainted" page. We feel that this is a good idea as it is a means of getting acquainted with individual and it adds more interest to read an article when you feel you know the author. Also, when you attend our meetings you will recognize the various members and feel at ease to make their actual acquaintance. They are all people you can feel proud to call your friends. It is with a great deal of pleasure that I wish to present to you on the opposite page, Dr. Paul E. Bennett of Portsmouth, Ohio. To his close friends, it is Dr. Paul. My personal ac­ quaintance with Dr. Paul has impressed me in various ways that makes it hard to put into words. To me, he is a dynamic personality, who is living an exceptionally full life. He is a very busy practicing physician and surgeon. Every minute is full. He is an ardent student of archaeology and the very interesting feature of his fine collection, is that he has and is going his own dig­ ging and hunting. Each piece has a personal significance to him. One outstanding feature of his explorations is the far-rflung places he has visited to carry on his digs. He will speak one minute of the Sahara and show you the pieces uncovered and tell of hardships encountered, next you may be over at Pompeii or at Hurculeum, the Koman and Phonecian civilizations, and then suddenly be transported to the ancient Mexican ruins, but his main interest is the "Ohio River Complex." Dr. Paul E. Bennet was born in Indiana and all of his time was spent on a farm. Any avail­ able time was spent hunting, fishing and trapping, considerable time being spent out of doors, Pursuing these activities anything involving some unusual design whether it be stone, wood, etc., always held quite a bit of intrigue. Any Indian artifacts or unusual stone formations were brought home and placed in the barn. This continued on until graduation from high school at which time he took a job running a boat for a Cincinnati lawyer on the west coast of Florida, during which time he developed an interest jn sea shells and marine life, the former having grown to a sizeable and quite unusual collection. On returning north he then entered college, subsequently medical school, hospital internship and residency, which afforded no time for any of his earlier interests. In July 1942 he was sent to Europe with the 77th Evacuation Hospital where served approx­ imately four years. During that period while not on available duty many of his earlier interests suddenly became renewed. For example near the Algerian and Tunisian border and during a rest period in the African campaign a good deal of excavating was done with the assistance of Arabs who worked many hours for one PX handkerchief. From these excavations several beau­ tiful urns, Koman lamps, coins, etc., were obtained, this particular group having been dated by archaeologists as Second Century. All of these specimens are now in his private collection. Also at this time many rural Arabic specimens of Jewelry, etc., were obtained. Similar expedit­ ions were made both on the island of Sicily and Italian mainland and many photographs were taken of Koman historical ruins. This interest persisted during the duration of the war and many unusual specimens found a place in his private museum. On his return to the States from Europe to Portsmouth, Ohio in October 1945, at which time he established his practice of medicine and surgery, he has been an ardent student of archaeo­ logy and has personally obtained from digging and surface hunting many thousands of Indian artifacts. In 1951 he made his first trip to Mexico where he excavated a fine collection of the Aztec and Toltec artifacts. Also in March 1954 he made a second trip to Mexico and obtained many more fine Aztec and Toltec specimens. He is now planning a trip to the ancient city of of Timgad which is some 800 miles south of Bone, Algeria, North Africa, on the edge of the Sahara Desert, to increase his collection of Roman artifacts. It has been my pleasure to have visited with Dr. Paul several times and each visit has left indelible impressions in my mind as to the appeal this diversified collection would make on others, especially those who enjoy seeing a variety of subjects. I feel it will be an ed­ ucation for everyone into a different phase and a different angle in collecting, and probably an appreciation of the different materials that accompany same.

- 35 - CONTENTS Page Get Acquainted by the Editor 35 Contents 36 Officers 37 President's Page 38 Editorial Page 39 Tips On How To Tell A Fake Point - H.Mewhinney 40-41 Huron County Collection fei Carl C. Reynolds 42—43 One On The Old Sarge - Arthur George Smith 44-45 The Weeping Eyes - Dr. Paul E. Bennett 46^47 Burial Association -i Dr, Paul E. Bennett 48-49 Flint from the Frank Sharp Collection 50 Neither Man Nor Ape — Poem 51 Lead Mines - W. V. Sprague, M. D. 52 Dr. Young Birdstones 52»-53 A Collectors Dream - H. C. Wachtel 54-56 A Donated Collection — Arthur Jones 56 — 57 The Little Stone Man - Jacob S. Koyer 58-59 The Panther Pipe - H. C. Wachtel 60 Mid-South Observations - H. H. McPherson 61-68 Henry Clyde Shetrone — A Memorial Sketch 69 — 72 Miscellaneous - New Members 73 In Memoriam to Dr. Leon Kramer 74

- 36 - OFFICERS

President Dr. Lawrence E. Hicks, 8 Chatham Rd., Columbus 14, Ohio Vice-Pres Mr. Kobert M. Goslin, 316 Wilson Ave., Columbus 5, Ohio Sec'y-Treas - Mr. Arthur George Smith, 65 N. Foster St., Norwalk, Ohio Editor Mr. H. C. Wachtel, 307 Elmhurst Rd., Dayton 7, Ohio.

DIRECTORS Mr. Charles L. Kisling, 228 Oakland Ave., Washington C.H., Ohio Mr. George C. Collins, 627 Snow Hill Blvd., Springfield, Ohio Mr. C. S. Kruger, 1035 Superior Ave., Dayton 7, Ohio Mrs. Vernon Barrett, Box 304, Chillicothe, Ohio Dr. Stanley G. Copeland, 1138 E. Whittier St., Columbus 6, Ohio PUBLISHING COMMITTEE Dr. Gordon F. Meuser, 2248 Summit St., Columbus, Ohio (Chairman) Mr. P. F. Mooney, Mount Sterling, Ohio Mr. LaL'ow Johnston, 2001 Toledo Trust Bldg., Toledo 4, Ohio Mr. B. E. Kelley, 138-140 S. Fayette St., Washington C.H., Ohio Mr. H. C. Wachtel, 307 Elmhurst Rd., Dayton 7, Ohio Prof. William P. Holt, 319 S. Summit St., Bowling Green, Ohio Mr. Donald McBeth, Route 1, Kingston, Ohio Mr, Ernest L. Spoon, Route 2, •Miamisburg, Ohio Mr. Kobert E. Craver, 121 Mercer Ave., Wheatland, Penna. PROGRAM COMMITTEE Mr. ii. S. Baby, Ohio State Museum, Columbus, Ohio Mr. Arthur G. Smith, 65 N. Foster St., Norwalk, Ohio (Chairman) Mr. LaDow Johnston, 2001 Toledo Trust Bldg., Toledo 4, Ohio Mr. Lynn .vlunger, Route 3, Angola, Indiana Mr. Dwight Koon, Koute 4, Elm Grove, W. Va. Mr. Frank C. Sharp, Kingston, Ohio

OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY The Ohio Archaeological Society is organized to discover and conserve archaeological sites and material within the State of Ohio; seek and promote a better understanding among collectors of archaeological material including individuals,museums and insti­ tutions and to disseminate knowledge as to subject matter of archaeo­ logy. The membership is composed of United States citizens of suit­ able character and interest. The annual membership dues are $3.00 payable June 1st each year. The annual membership dues (up to 18) are $1.50. The funds are used for mailing notices of meetings and publishing of "Ohio Archaeologist" of which we put out four issues each year, Articles and pictures are furnished by the members. Send application with membership dues to Secretary. * * * * Due credit should be given this publication and the author for any article or data copied and published by others. - 37 - THE PRESIDENT'S PAGE by Lawrence S. Hicks How would you like to belong to the exclusive 500? What have you done to put our membership over the 500 Mark? We are going to reach it soon but we can count only paid-up members. Too much energy of officers is dissipated in getting delinquents up- to-date. Why not pay your dues now - - or for a few years in advance •» - so we'll be able to plan all the new projects in sight We need more Junior as well as Senior members. It's been a long cold winter with the biggest migration on record of Canadian birds to the Ohio Area. A score of kinds visited us in unprecedented numbers. We are making a detailed report to the Ohio Academy of Science on the event. Now they are gone along with the cold and the snow and we can begin to search for what the winter rains uncovered. My 200 clumps of crocus did not bloom until March 1- the latest in years. Nearly all the wildfowl - - ducks and geese - - have already passed through. If you get a 'lift' out of the break of spring, think what the thoughts of the prehistoric Indians must have been as the warming rays of the vernal sun put an end to the long months of misery, disease, exposure and starvation. Who of us could have lived as they lived and survived - - with a bit of energy left over to fashion the beautiful artifacts which have come down to us? Many of us have been reading about the opening of the Pyramid of Cheops in Egypt, In a great limestone-sealed gallery was found a solar boat of cedarwood (5000 years old) in which the ancient ruler hoped to journey to paradise. Did it occur to you of a possible parallel between the Egyptian solar boats and the boatsones of the North American Indians? This is just one of the many seemingly related aspects of separated continents. Twenty-two miles northeast of Mexico City a second Mammoth has been found on the same site as the first in 1952 with evidence that the ancient Mexicans (Tepexpan Man) 11,000 years ago hunted these elephants. Along with the fossilized bones were the weapons that felled the beast - three projectile points (atlatls) which had apparently been released from a shaft and shot into the animals ribs. The American Archaeological Society, publisher of American Antiquity and nine memoirs to date, was organized in 1934. In 1953 it had 224 institutional and 901 indi­ vidual members. Two impressive Indian mounds (1) the one at Moundsville, W. Va,, along the Ohio River, said to be the largest in the United States, and (2) Ohio's conical mound at Miamisburg (now 68 feet high but originally about 20 feet higher). This mound was purchased and given to the State by Charles F. Kettering. In 1673 Father Marquette in his journey down the Mississippi saw a pictograph on the face of the rocky bluff near the present site of the city of Alton, Illinois. He described it as Representing "two painted monsters which at first made us afraid, and upon which the boldest savages dare not long rest their eyes, They are as large as a calf; they have horns on their heads as large as a deer, a horrible look, red eyes, a beard like a tiger's, a face like a man's, a body covered with scales, and so long a tail that it winds all round the body, passing above the head and going back between the legs, ending in a fish's tail'^ - one of these figures known ss the Piasa (Pee-a-saw) bird, drawn from Marquette's description, was published in 1887 in McAdams Records of Ancient Races of the Mississippi Valley. The original cliff is now destroyed. A few years ago Gregory Perino of Belleville, Illinois, discovered a clay pot fragment with some of the features of Marquette's Piasa Bird.

- 38 - EDITORIAL PAGE One always derives a sense of satisfaction in feeling a job is well done and that he can feel proud of his part. I kinda have that feeling concerning this, issue and feel it will make up for some of the short-comings of the last issue. Our previous issue did not quite come up to our usual complement of pictures and articles to my way of thinking, but there always comes a time in every organiz- ion when it is necessary to reorganize and take stock. Such was the case in Volume 5, Number 1. When an organization is made up of a membership banded together by a mutual thought which is to enjoy a hobby it is rather difficult to get members to give unselfishly of their time and effort to make a successful, smooth running society for the enjoyment of the rest. These members have a lot of necessary duties that are required in any business to function properly. The change in name has been considered for a long time and was finally de­ cided upon at our December 7, 1954 meeting, so now we are the Ohio Archaeological Society, which does seem more appropriate in association with our publication, The Ohio Archaeologist. There are a few who disagree with this change, but was a change ever made that didn't have a dissention? Some will say, "What right does that gang of "pot hunters" and "rock hounds" have to such a sophisticated name which lends a more scientific regard to them." Be as it is, I believe our motives are of the high­ est and our love of fine artifacts and earthworks far transcend that of some whose life work is archaeology and who consider it a reflection on his science to desire to own nice artifacts. I wonder. Of course, ones hobby can be over worked until it isn't a hobby anymore. Organizing of a Junior Group has been another dream of quite a few members for several years, so now that is also accomplished and the younger, interested mem­ ber of your family might gain an increased interest if he or she were also enrolled. Maybe some gift memberships, as starters, would bring in a younger group and that special programs and activities should be developed for their interest. We again have an active Warren County Serpent Mound Committee. The saying "Where there is a will there is a way" might possibly result in a workable project yet. You will be kept informed as to progress being made. A long desired membership list appeared in the previous issue. Please noti­ fy the Secretary, Mr. Arthur George Smith or the Editor of any discreptancies in your address, other than a typographical error. This was substituted at the last minutes notice. In speaking of talent from within our own group to participate in our meeting programs, we really got off to a good start in our last meeting when Dr. Copeland of Columbus gave us one of the most interesting and instructive programs we have had. It was what might be said "down to earth" and I think all of us in attendance were appreciative and would enjoy seeing it again. Another participant at the same meeting was one of our newer, younger members Carl B. Kobinson of Jeffersonville, Ohio, who showed us one of the nicest birdstones I have ever seen and told us how he found it during the past year. I hope to picture it lifesize in some future issue for everyone to enjoy. They can still be found. AGAIN I am asking all members to submit some articles of their own personal experiences, interesting articles they may have read as we will always have a space for them in future issues and they add to the variety for the spice.

- 39 - TIPS ON HOW TO TELL A FAKE POINT by H. Mewhinney Houston,Texas I do not consider myself an expert on the identification of faked artifacts; but the Old Sarge asked me to write this, and he has been very kind to me, so here it is. I am neither a professor nor a collector. My sole qualifications for judging flints consists in the fact that I have made five thousand projectile points, drills, etc.,with my own hands and thus have acquired a rough-and-ready knowledge of what sort of stroke and what sort of tool produces what sort of effect when applied to a piece of flint or obsidian. That is to say, I have made five thousand more artifacts than the average professor ever made. My knowledge may be rough, but it is extremely pract­ ical. On a purely rough-and- ready basis, these are the criteria for judging whether an artifact was made by an ' Indian or by a white man: (1) Does it corresponcf to a recognized type, as reported from an actual site in the literature. That is to say: If an Indian wanted to make an image of an eagle, a crawfish, or a human being, he made it out of pottery, ground it out of slate or gran­ ite, or sculptured it out of the stone of his choice. He did not flake it out of flint. A flaked eagle is an obvious phony.

(2) Is the stone what it purports to be? An astonishing number of faked cere­ monial spearheads, knives, etc., which are actually made of colored glass have been foisted off on an unwary collector. A physicist could identify glass by its specific gravity, its refractive index and so on. But there is a simpler test. Hold the artifact up to a light and look through it. Such pieces are always represented as being made of Obsidian. Now obsidian has certain qualities. Usually, it is black, gray, orange, almost purely translucent, or striped, banded or clouded in combinations of any of the four. No matter how black it seems when viewed by reflected light, it is always more or less translucent when viewed by transmitted light. And it is always more or less clouded or striped. Hold the artifact up to a light. If it is of a pure and mathematic­ ally uniform color -. whether rose-.red, golden, or purple - the stuff is not obsidian. It is glass.

(3) Was the artifact made with an iron or copper tool? No matter how skillful the faker, his pressure-flaking tools or his chisel will slip once or twice before he finished the artifact and will leave a tiny streak of iron or copper that can be detected under the microscope. There are, unfortunately, two ways of beating this rap. The faker can put his finished product in hydrochloric acid and take that tiny streak of metal off it. Or he can make the product with a bone or buckhorn tool in the first place. (4) Is the artifact entirely too geometrically straight and even? Pick the thing up and sight down each face and each edge, like a man sighting a rifle. If the two faces are geometrically parallel and the two edges are geometric straight lines, the thing is a fake. It was made from a piece of glass or from a blank cut with lapidary saw. That is to say: The ideal blank for making a large and pretty projectile point is what is variously called a blade, a lamellar flake, or a prismatic flake. Now those prismatic flakes will be either triangular (flattened scalene or flattened isoceles), or vaguely lenticular, or trapezoidal in cross section. The man never lived - - either Solutrean, or Neothlithic Egyptian, or Aztec - who could make one that was strictly rectangular in cross-section, all the way from one end to the other. (see continued on page 59)

- 40 - • * Carl. C. Reynolds Collection Norwalk, Ohio.

* f HURON COUNTY COLLECTION by Carl C. Reynolds Norwalk, Ohio BOTTOM ROW (left to right) Knobbed gorget of banded slate, brought to surface in woods by a woodchuck. Fairfield Township. Grooved bar, half-round section, grey-green slate, Bronson Township, aeworked double crescent banner, reddish brown slate. The lower arms were broken off and the breaks smoothed. The upper arms broken off but not smoothed. Hartland Twp. CENTER ROW(\elt to right) Both faces covered with short grooves. The finder cut "Ohio" into it, later gave it to me. Fitchville Township. A poor specimen of the type knife described by A. G. Smith in the Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 4, No. 2. Made of a very scarce mottled flint of unknown origin. Hartland Township. A fine specimen of the same type. This one made of same chert as the center figure in Smith's article. These are found elsewhere in loose association with Yuma types. Hartland Township. A nice Hopewell spear of brown chert that weathers pinkish. Hartland Township. An Adena "chopper" (W. S. Webb). The cutting edge is much worn. Fairfield Township. A nice Adena spear of greyish white flint. Hartland Township. Combination knife and scraper. The blade is percussion chipped on both faces. Ernest Spoon has an identical specimen. Fairfield Township. Grey slate, thick, drilled from rounded face. The hole is worn transversly on flat face. One of a pair found in same field. Hartland Township. (lower center) A reworked fluted point of white Flint Ridge Flint. The other face also shows a flute, Fairfield Township. TOP ROW (left to right) All from one farm in Hartland Township. Slightly fluted point of greyish white flint. A slightly stemmed "Ohio Yuma" showing the striking platform at base and tiny pro­ jections at base line, characteristic of this type. Veined grey chert. This type of oval knife is found elsewhere with "Ohio Yuma" points. Grey-chert, basal edges not ground. The notch is a concave scraper.Important specimen, lilack flint, parallel flaking, ground edges at base. A very fine specimen of the Ohio Yuma. White flint ridge flint. One face flat, one ridged, crude chipping. Dark grey chert, slight basal grinding. A fine "Ohio Yuma." Dark grey chert, very slightly stemmed. Streaked brownish grey flint, looks like Plum Run. Has been resharpened until edges are very steep. Broken slightly. Stemmed point of grey and black chert. The materials found on this "Ohio Yuma " site in Hartland Township are the same as the materials found on Smith's "Sawmill Site," in Erie County, Ohio ana closely correspond to those found on Piatt's Mosquito Reservoir Site. *****

WANTED I am still in the market for a fine, large, notched quartz spear. Lloyd A. Dugstad Box 867 Albert Lea, Minnesota. - 43 - ONE ON THE OLD SARGE by A. G.Smith Last September on my way down to the meeting at the Warren County Serpent Mound, I stopped to see my friend Ernie Spoon, and he showed me his fine collection and I most thoroughly broke that one of the Ten Commandments that forbids us to covet our neighbours goods. Ernie has some specimens that even the biggest museums can not show in their collections. I was pretty well crippled up at the time with arthritis, but Ernie took me out to show me local mounas and sites. First we went to see the Great Miamisburg Mound. I had not seen it for over forty years and it is even larger than I remembered it. What a dig that would make! Then we went elsewhere. Walking on rough ground was pretty painful, but we rambled all over the countryside, Ernie had taken his two youngsters with him, which is something I like to see as we will need new members ten years from now for O.A.S. But whenever I fixed my eyes on a chip, inside of seconds I was trying to see it through the back of a head. Finally Ernie took me to see a mound that he wants to dig out but the owner says NO! However,, Ernie said that he had a trained woodchuck living in it, who produced nice relics regularly. We climbed a fence, the Youngsters just bounced over and Ernie started an intensive search of the ground below the woodchuck hole. He didfind a bit of copper there, I walked up on top of the mound and found some hew entrances to the underground den. One of these appeared to be dug through a stone slab grave On the other side of the mound I spotted a new entrance. As I stood looking at the dirt below, 1 spotted something green laying against a tree root, I started down hill, full speed, slip­ ped and wrenched myself and fell but I fell reaching for that bit of green stuff. Something flashed under me and grabbed. I missed by a foot and a split second. It was one small boy with the finest solid rod copper bracelet I have ever seen, with a bit of arm bone in it. For a minute I had thoughts of braticide in the first degree, but I calmed down when I nralized that after all it was Ernie's site and Ernie's boy and even Ernie's trained woodchuck that brought it up, most probably that very morning, and one consolation, said small boy had something in his own collection that Daddy could not match.

Editor's Note: There is some further information to be added to the above to thoroughly clarify the subject. I am informed The Old Sarge (A.G.Smith) rather inca­ pacitated himself for a short time and had to retire to the car for a short rest to recover from the accident encountered when his ardor percipitated him down the mound grade in his endeavor to get the green colored object. I wonder if this short retirement wasn't more to recover his composure of mind rather than the physical discornforture. Years mean nothing in the excitement of a find. To elaborate further: The bracelet to the left in facing picture with small fragment of arm bone is the one that caused all the furore and excitement, BUT, you will also notice the other bracelet. I wonder if Sarge would be with us today if he had experienced the second find. Ernie visited the mound the following Wednesday to see how his trained woodchucks were doing and they had oblingly brought out another bracelet for him. The Old Sarge hasn't seen this one yet. I don't know how much Ernie charges for the use of his trained woodchucks.

- 44 - Copper Bracelets E.L.Spoon, Miamisburg,Ohio.

THE WEEPING EYES Collection of Dr. Paul E. Bennett Portsmouth, Ohio

At a time in the lives of the prehistoric peoples of our country, there evidently was premonition of impending doom to their easy, honorable way of life. This was probably engendered in their minds by the rumors of the contacts with contem­ porary tribes or civilizations at the same time, who passed on their experiences of their first contacts with the white mans' advanced, cruel civilization which they had been unable to combat, either physically or mentally. Their overtures of friendship to these white invaders of their domestic tranquil­ ity had left in their minds the futility of facing a future, of which their experiences or experience of others by heresay, left them with the prospect of extinction. This can be easily understood by delving into the early history of the Spanish Conquest of Mexico by Cortez, DeSoto's murderous trip of exploration through the Southern and Mississippi sections of our country and also Coronado:s search for the elusive "Eldorado" in the southwest. May we condone these early white man contacts by saying that their rapacious grasping for the yellow metal and their compulsory method of extending their relig­ ious fanaticism, were a product of their time. Whatever we think, they evidently left an impression of disaster in their wake, which predestined dire results to the superstitious minds of these primitive peoples. The reflections of the above are shown on the opposite page by five "Weeping Eye" designs on shell gorgets. These gorgets were found in burial association in the "Ohio River Complex" and selected at random from the collection of Dr. Paul E. Bennet. They will be shown later with their associated material as found, which shoulG be of added interest to students who wish to compare them with like situa­ tions from other sections. As far as we are able to ascertain by study and deductions, we would of necess­ ity have to place them in the "Fort Ancient" culture, which has been dated by prev­ ious studies to somewhere in the late prehistoric, ranging from 1300 to 1700 A. D. Some writers say this "Weeping Eye" motif follows the same pattern as that of the Southern Death Cult (also called Buzzard Cult).1 It is supposed to have been a religious trend of the early 1500's, either as result of the above mentioned con­ tact or possibly climatic influence or strange epidemics. Regardless of ones personal ideas, we will all have to agree that the "Weeping Eye" does present a very sorrowful appearance. This same design is reflected at times in the designs on pipes , pottery and other ceremonial objects. Of interest to us is, that they are found in our locale. H. C. Wachtel Editors note: 1. - Indians Before Columbus - Quimby & Collier. See Middle Southern Area. 2. - Ohio Archaeologist, Volume 1, No. 2, July, 1951, The Schlistler Pipe by Philip Kientz. By the Editor - 47 - BURIAL ASSOCIATION by Dr. Paul E. Bennett

Quite a lot of the burial associations encountered in the "Ohio River Complex" are found to have cannel coal objects with them. In a great many cases, cannel coal was used to make imitations of real objects, or imaginative articles,such as bear claws, tusks, and many others of which the original was hard to come by. This is especially true in southeastern Ohio, West Virginia and Kentucky and as is usually the case, the aboriginal artisan made use of available materials that could easily be worked into their pattern of articles desired. In the vicinities we are speaking of, the harder grade of cannel coal was available and not being too hard to fashion into the desired shapes, was made general use of throughout the region. When finished and polished they retain a beautiful lustre for a great length of time.

On the opposite page we are showing a burial association from my collection which contains (21) carved and fashioned cannel coal beads which were originally in a very attractive necklace and the contrast of this necklace with the accompany­ ing engraved shell gorget, would possibly not be too much out of place in the odd scheme of adornment of today. This engraved shell gorget should be of interest to the more advanced theorists who try to decipher the odd designs and read into the theory his imaginative idea of what the symbols meant to the original owner. This gorget is an exceptionally handsome artifact and design is plainly discernible, also the two perforations used for suspension. These are usually found in such position in burial as to impose the idea they were suspended over the breast. These large shell gorgets are made from the larger section of the Conch shell, a native of our Gulf Coast, which lends credence to the theory in the preceding article, of the contact of this group with the other groups living far to the south along the Gulf of Mexico, who were aware of the first white man contact and its direct effect on their future. These engraved gorgets, at times, take on a very grotesque design that could well make one wonder if they really did convey a definite idea. There are simil­ arities in a lot of cases, for instance, the rattlesnake design, the weeping eye, cross motif, spider motif and human figure design. I cannot help but wonder what the general reaction these articles will have on our readers? The material and topic is somewhat different than the subjects that are usually touched upon. If this reaction stirs up an expected interest we have some additional articles and pictures for future publication that might really be surprising.

Strange to say, but the beautiful bannerstones which have so often been shown in the past issues of the Ohio Archaeologist in the past are seldom met with in the same locality where this type of material is found. This, no doubt, is because the bannerstones and birdstones must have antedated this culture by many years and neither is the grooved ax common to the same territory, and are seldom met with. The celt being more prevalent. You may think it strange to hear us speak of the Ohio River Complex but it seems to be compatible with our situation, as their is such an overlapping of cultures as well as territory. By naming it such one need not be so strictly held to a confined area such as our Ohio Side of the river as comparable material is also found on the opposite side.

-48 - Dr. Paul E. Bennett Collection Portsmouth, Ohio. - 49 - ^f^M M X

From Frank Sharp Collection Kingston, Ohio.

- 50 NEITHER MAN NOR APE Sahara Find May Link Us With Our Forebears Fossil skulls locked in Africa's age- all their similarities as primates, ascended old rocks give evidence that Man's earl­ from common roots For the first time iest forebears possibly lived south of the generalized forms of "protohominids,'* Sahara. or "pre-men," havebeen found, going back From both south and east Africa in the perhaps 25 million years - and thought by past 30 years have come convincing finds some scientists to be the ancestors of of ancient creatures neither true man nor man's ancestors. true ape, but perhaps older than both. By comparison, the earliest known in­ South Africa's manlike Australopith­ habitants of the Americas-Folsom man and ecus and Kenya's Proconsul, far older Sandia Man in this country, Tepexpan Man fossil ape from the Miocene Age, thought from Mexico-^go back a mere 10,000 to yet unconnected, raisenew guideposts back 25,000. into the dim time when man - a new animal Those first Americans were "modern" was beginning to inherit the earth. men. Behind them, somewhere in their fam­ Europe, Central Asia, the Far East, and ily tree, stood Neanderthal Man of Europe now Africa, all have been called the cradle and Asia - the well-known "cave man." of man. In varying senses they all were, He still had sloping brow and bulging for each knew extremely ancient men, the jaw, but Neanderthal Man knew how to National Geographic Society says. chip stones into crude tools and weapons, Europe's oldest human inhabitants are how to make and use fire, how to survive represented by Heidelberg Man, known only in the Ice Age against cave lions and from a fragment of lower jaw found in Ger­ woolly mammoths. many in 1907 - unlike the Piltdown hoax- Cro-Magnon Man, his immediate suc­ definitely human and of great age. His age cessor, stood straighter, had a larger brain is measurable in hundreds of thousands and developed religion and a cave wall of years, art. Java's giant primitive men, Pithecan­ Before these lived Heidelberg Man, thropus, and China's Peking Man, or Sinani Java Man, Peking Man-the record grows thropus, still stand as the Orient's oldest dim indeed, how and where the very first inhabitants. Science puts them very close creatures worthy to be called man began to the beginning of human genealogy, to reason intelligently is still a matter of 500,000 years or more ago. much questioning. The pattern of millions Africa's fossils, however, suggest that of years must be read from a few fossil Darwin theorized: that men and apes, with teeth and stone skulls. ******* THE FLINT ARROW HEAD O'er new plowed fields How oft this flint on deadly errand sped I tramped along; I may not know - And in a furrow found Nor will the silent arrow tell An arrow point of stone. How long ago. Then fancy led to days agone, Were its grim story told, Seeking the light - The tales might chill - What wurrior sighted it I know but this with certainty, On its last flight. 'Twas made to kill. Ages have gone, and Warrior's Bones are now in dust - But the craftmans skill survives, Left in my trust. Rewritten from stanzas contributed by member Robert Allison, Deer Isle, Maine. The stanzas were marked "author unknown."

- 51 - LEAD MINES by W. V. Sprague, M. D. Chauncey, Ohio

Since early days many tales havelieen told of lead mines in Ohio known only to the Indians. If such mines were in existence they surely would have been found in later years by the white man who built roads and canals, who opened mines for iron ore, coal and clay, who', drilled thousands of wells for water, salt, gas and oil,and who also cleared and tilled the soil. The Indian did little digging except for flint, and with the surface of the land obscured by dense forests, there is little possibility that he had a supply of lead close at hand when none has since been found. Before the coming of the white man, the Indians carried on an exten­ sive commerce over great distances. They obtained obsidian from the Rocky Mountains, shell from the sea and Gulf of Mexico, mica from Virginia and steatite from Maryland and Virginia. These and lead ore are found in some Ohio mounds, and while they had no special use for the lead they occasion­ ally fashioned it into an ornament. From a mound one mile east of Amesville, Athens County, Ohio a lead comb was unearthed. When later the Indians possessed rifles and really needed lead they procured it from Illinois, Kentucky and Wisconsin, as their ancestors had done. This ore is probably what the early settlers encountered and believed to be of local origin. Indians usually buried their surplus flint until needed and probably did so with their lead. One settler in Ames Township begged the Indians to let him see their lead mine. They finally consented and then blindfolded the man and led him through the forests for many hours to their cache of ore. He thought he had been shown a real lead mine. He was unable to find the location later. ******

SOME DR. YOUNG BIRDSTONES 24 — Gray quartz, found in Cleveland, Ohio in a celery patch. From the Dr. Kramer collection. 25 — Slate from collection of Joseph Wigglesworth to Dr. Kramer collection. 5 1/4 inches long. 26 — Gray granite, found in Huron County near Slate Run Creek in 1931. From the Dr. Kramer collection. 27 — Slate. Franklin County, Ohio. From the Dr. Kramer collection. 28 — Slate, knobbed eyes. From the Dr. Kramer collection.

- 52 - Dr. T. Hugh Young Collection Nashville, Tennessee. From H. C. Wachtel Collection Dayton, Ohio A COLLECTORS DREAM by H. p. Wachtel Do you agree? Even if you do not, I am sure if these, artifacts wore lying within arms reach and you could pick each piece up in your hands and look them over carefully you would, no doubt, change your mind. Most of these artjfacts, with the exception of axes and spears, you would have to imagine under that "Problematical" classification and of these the artistry, finish and enigma status would be bound to warrant more than a casual glance. Picks, bar amulets, bedstones and butterfly. Bannerstones or atlatl weights? Which would b your conjecture?

In this picture, I fael you are looking at the pejfection \n each class. The actual pieces have to be available to handle foi the real appreciation of each. Most of these pieces were formerly in the collection of the old connoisseur, Mj,Frank Burdett(deceased) of Springfield, Ohio, and many of us who had known him foi years, know he was quite selective in his collecting. I will endeavor in the following (probably biased) description of each individual piece to give you the general characteristics of the artifact as it appeals to me. No. 1 A trophy type ax of black and white granite, with predominance to the white. The customary shape of the, type with th« blunted edge. This type ax is never sharpened ^o be, used as a weapon as they are said to be the token of peace betwe|n the controversial parties. Size 5 1/8 inckes long. Weight 1* oz. Formerly in Burde*t collection. Ohio. No. 2 A large Michigan type ax. Quaitzite granite material of black and white. Size 9 1/2 inches long. Weight 4 1/4 lbs. Formerly Burdett collection. No. 3 THE AX. For shape, material, finish and type, I believe this is my finest ax. I feel that Frank Sharp of Kingston, Ohio, has a better one but this is also very desirable. Black and white speckled granite,highly polished. It is hard to keep a tag or inscription on this ax as it is im­ possible for one to handle it without automatically rubbing over the polished surface as the "feel" infects you. Size 6 1/2 x 3 1/8. Weight 2 3/4 lbs. From Ohio. Formerly in Burdett collection. No, 4 Ceremonial pick. Black and white granite. Both ends have restorations. This type is so rare that they are worthy of restoration. Length 13 inches. Formerly in Payne collection. From Indiana. No. 5 Ceremonial pick. Material is diorite which is more commonly used in the making of these picks. Length 19 1/4 inches. Formerly in the Burdett collection. From Ohio. No. 6 Bar amulet. Brownish slate, black stripes, knobbed ends, drilled and art­ istically proportioned. Length 6 1/2 inches. From Ohio. Burdett Coll. No. 7 Popeye birdstone. Bust type, black and white gjanite, restoration on one eye. From Ohio. Formerly in Dr. Bunch collection. No. 8 Spotted po«phyjylbirdstone , elongated type with conical eyes, partially re­ stored head. Shelby County, 0h\o. Fornjetly in Burdett collection No. 9 Bar amulet. Banded slate, slightly flared knobbed ends, drilled. White bands in material similar^ to deposits seen in slate at times. Length 6 3/4 inches. Ohio. Formerly in Burdett collection.

^55 m No. 10 Ceremonial Pick. Material is diorite. Length 12 inches. Miami County, Ohip. Formerly in Burdett collection. No. 11 Ceremonial Pick. Material is diorite. Length 16 1/2 inches. This is one of the longest picks I know of although I do know of another from Ohio 1/4 inch shorter made of same material. Auglaize County, Ohio. No. 12 Round slate pendant with one hole with engraved human figure, which is seldom met with on slate pendants. 1 7/8 inches in diameter. Ohio. Formerly in Burdett collection. No. 13 Banded slate butterfly. The size and condition makes this artifact an outstanding piece. Sixe 6 3/4 wide x 4 3/4 high. Double notch, raised center portion. Formerly from Burdett collection. No. 14 Another engraved slate gorget. No, holes, 4 15/16 inches long. Thunder bird designs etched on both sides- Miami County, Ohio. Formerly in the Burdett collection. No. 15 A very beautiful slint spear, Flint ridge chalcedony, quite translucent with varigated colors and stripes. Size 4 1/2 inches long x 2 1/4 wide. Seneca County, Ohio. Formerly in Burdett collection. No. 16 Banded slate birdstone of elongated type. 6 1/8 inches long. Found in LaGrange County, Indiana. Formerly in Dave Warner coll., Howe, Ind. No. 17 Another broad Hopewell type chalcedony spear. Several translucent quartz inclusions add to its beauty. 4 3/8 inches long x 2 1/2 inches wide. Medina County, Ohio, Formerly in Burdett collection.

Published weekly by Students of the Three Rivers High School, Michigan.

ARTHUR JONES PRESENTS INDIAN RELICS TO SCHOOL If you have been in the lower halls lately, you must have noticed the new collection that has appeared in a special case near the superintendent's office and you must be somewhat curious about it. Arthur L. Jones presented to the school the late Ned G. Poe's collection of Indian artifacts . Mr. Poe, over a long period of years, had been interested in early American history and had acquired quite a collection of these artifacts. A large part of the collection, consists of ceremonial axes, many of which were picked up in this immediate, vicinity. In addition there are tobacco pipes, banner stones, pendants, hoes and spear heads. Altogether there is a total of 164 stones which were effectively arranged by Mr. Alexis Prause, director of the Kalamazoo Museum. (left to right) J. Kenneth O'Dell, schoolboard President, Arthur Jones and Walt Horst, superintendent of schools. Note: Mr. Arthur L. Jones is a member of our society and very generously furnished the accompanying picture and newspaper clipping. He is practicing somewhat along the lines we advocate.

i 56 -

wm» ft Jnte-Othare As You V'oulrt Ha

The Little Stone Man Jacob Royer Collection Dayton, Ohio. THE LITTLE STONE MAN by Jacob S. Royer Dayton,Ohio From the top of one of my relic cabinets a little stone man looks down with an inscrutable expression on his face His nose is long and straight, both ears are well represented, and in place of a mouth a tiny hole runs back into the head about 3/4 of an inch, giving him somewhat the appearance of a boy whistling. The eyes are well outlined, His two hands press against his stomach as if he had eaten a green apple and felt misgivings of coming trouble One hand has five fingers, the other has four. There is a shallow conical hole on top of the head as if it might be the start of a pipe bowl Perhaps the legs of the figure got broken off while the Indian worked on it long ago and he never finished the pipe, The figure is apparently made of gray limestone much weathered at places. It is 9 1/2 inches tall and 3 1/2 x 4 inches through the body. It weighs 8 1/2 lbs. The way I came to get this piece is as follows. One sunny September morn­ ing in 1939 I answered the doorbell and a man asked me if I was interested in Indian relics. He said he had an unusual piece in his car he would like to show me. When he brought it in I was much surprised and examined it closely while I asked him to tell me where he got it. He said he had picked it up in a woodsy ravine up near Englewood Dam in Montgomery County, Ohio north of Dayton. Only part of the head and face showing so he dug it up and brought it in to town with him, wondering just what it was. He took it to our local museum to find out. The director there said he thought it was undoubtedly an< Indian effigy and if he would leave it with him he would take it to Columbus in a week or so and ask the opinion of the Director, Mr. Shetrone. This he did and was reassured in his opinion. Later in a letter from the Director to the local museum he stated "It is a genuine and very good image of the Indians and perhaps an unfinished pipe." This letter the man who was showing me the pipe produced from his pocket. I asked why he had not shown me the letter in the first place as there are so many fake pieces on the market and the Director's opinion was very reassuring to me as to the genuineness of the piece. He said he didn't know anything about relics and asked if I would like to purchase it, I told him he came at a bad time for me to buy, as the day before I had settled a big plumbing bill and was even now getting ready to go on a camping trip that day, But finding he didn't want a big price for the piece we struck a figure suitable to both and I carried the little stone Indian up to my den where he has patiently looked down over my room full of relics ever since, like a guardian from the past

*****

(continued from Page 40) Tips On How To Tell A Fake Point. So: If your artifact has geometrically parallel faces and gemoetrically straight edges, it was made from a sawed or a molded blank. For a minor illustration, a photograph is offered herewith, (see page 41) No. 1 from the left is the real thing, a parallel—flaked dart point, found on the surface in Lavaca County, Texas, given to me by Jim K Smith. It looks more or less like a Scottsbluff point. But Alex Krieger, the famous typologist from the University of Texas- who is always beating the other typologists over the head - says it is probably a recent trade piece from California No. 2 is one that I made • an obvious typological phony. It has oblique flaking but a V shaped base There is no such type of point. Also, if you put it under a microscope, you might find that it was made with an iron tool. No.3 is the perfect modern copy. It is a standard Texas style point, made by E.T. '(Bull) Adams of Glen Rose, Texas. Mr. Adams is one of those purists who use only bone and buckhorn tools. Put his point under the microscope, and you would find no evidence. Nobodv in the world could prove that Mr. Adam's point is modern - Hm- - - — 59 - THE PANTHER PIPE by H. C. Wachtel In rummaging through my old scrapbook I came up with the above photograph and it recalled many memories that older collectors like to reminisce about with each other, so I'll just have to do a little of this reminiscence with you I became acquainted with this Panther Pzpe a good number of years ago while visiting with my old collector friend, Joseph J. Geringer from Indianapolis. You know how it is when two collectors get together. Out comes the finest pieces to impress the visitor and among the first few that Joe would hand me would be this Panther Pipe, and I would hear the story again. As you know, an exceptional artifact, is unforgetable and with me and the Panther Pipe, so is the case. This pipe was in the second collect­ ion Mr. Geringer had made, This second collection contained a fine group of quartz banners which is another weakness of mine, in fact, I believe it was this collection that developed my liking for these beautiful quartz ban­ ners. Yes, I have a few of them. This Panther Pipe was a surface find in Posey County, Indiana. When found the right front foot was missing. The missing foot was found a number of years later, This pipe is a beautiful piece of caricature that ordinarily would be considered far above the artistry of that day but again, some individual with ability, imagination and gifted w^.th an artistic trend, made a piece of art, true to form and proportions. The material is black pol­ ished steatite, approximately 6 1/2 inches long and 2 1/4 inches high. Due to a period of ill health, Mr. Geringer sold the second collect­ ion and I can recall his remarking to me several times after his recovery, "i wish you had gotten that collection, then maybe I could have gotten some p eces back." I often find myself having the same wish. He later formed a third collection before his death. The pipe in question changed hands several times and I understand it is now on display at the Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn, N Y. on loan by Mr. Alastair B. Martin.

- 60 - MID-SOUTH OBSERVATIONS by H. R. McPherson Memphis, Tenn. After living three score years in Ohio - my native state - during which time more than forty years were devoted rather assiduously to the prehistory of the state, I naturally be­ came rather familiar with the archaeological resources of that area. One grows to admire and love his surroundings and thousands of happy hours came and went my way in the pur­ suit of this self-chosen diversion from trials and tribulations. One strives to learn about and grows to respect the mounds and earthworks, the various archaeological remains, the many types of artifacts fashioned and employed by early man and unintentionally left by him to later peoples, the traits developed, the unwritten record left by them, and the influence they reflected upon today's civilization. It is a broad, fas­ cinating and challenging subject - one which is attracting an increasing number of those who yearn to learn. I collected long and regularly the artifacts of those people - person­ ally "finding" by far the greater portion of my modest collection. After coming to the Mid-South less than three years ago I quickly discerned that I had entered "another archaeological world" - so to speak. Most everything archaeological was quite different. There was no Flint Ridge Flint«and the arrows and spears for the most part, were small and very different in type. There were no grooved axes in this local area. Celts, while similar in design, were fashioned largely from jasper-^like flint pebbles and stone taken from the river beds. Occasionally one encounters very nice celts - some of mammoth proportions -» fashioned from hard stone similar to Ohio Valley specimens - yet this material must have been imported from some distance. Banner stones and ceremon­ ial objects do not appear here with the same frequency as in the North. One quickly observes that the cultures were vastly different and that there may have been, in this area, from two to more of the old cultures • including the Archaic and Wood­ land - and several eras of the later and late cultures -i without attempting to delve more deeply into a subject about which there is much, indeed, yet to be learned even liy the professional archaeologist. To these later cultural eras or periods may be attributed the vast amount of pottery to be found in this area, Mounds attributable to the older cultures appear by the hundreds over this area. Upon these sites may be found notched arrows, celts, very fine ceremonial objects, and other types of artifacts. Very frequently the later peoples occupied the ssme sites as those of the older cultures of some centuries earlier. Thus two distinct types of artifacts may be noted upon the same site — for ex­ ample, the notched and the willow-leaf arrowhead, the stone and the flint celt- the flint spade, and hoe may have been used by either; the so—called banner stone by the older; the discoidal perhaps by both; shell beads, shell gorgets, and the shell mask by the later peoples; shell —tempered pottery in great frequency, by the more recent occupants, as con­ trasted by only occasional clay or fiber-»tempered sherds to show for archaic occupancy, and the bi — conoidal clay objects which are found occasionally on Archaic or Woodland sites in the great river valley from Louisiana on northward into Indiana. These same bi — conoidals are encountered even more frequently on the Archaic or Woodland sites in Ten­ nessee well back from the big river. This diversity of artifact types, due to cultural traits^ is a very interesting subject and has commanded the attention of those far better versed than the writer, who has been trying to learn a great deal very quickly. It is quite possible that I am yet confused in some of the deductions hereinabove set forth.

- 61 - The thumbnail flint scraper appears with great frequency on some of the sites of later occupancy, while on others, attributable to the same culture, these scrapers are almost, if not completely absent. On the sites where they appear with great frequency, the willow- leaf arrow is likewise found in great frequence. On some of these later culture sites there is little evidence to indicate much usage of flint, and flint arrows are not at all com­ mon. On these same sites the writer may have detected greater usage of the antler arrow- which observation, admittedly, may easily prove inconclusive. The use of bone was employed by the several eras of the later cultures — perhaps more frequently by the earlier components thereof The bone fish-hook is encountered infreq­ uently, yet it must have been standard equipment. The antler flaker, or chipping tool, is found occasionally — in my experience on the more recently occupied sites. Specimens of this implement are roundish in cross—section and appear to be sections of antler with a minimum of shaping thereupon. Ulna awls and split bone awls are encountered infrequently, the latter type being the more common of the two. As in Ohio, the deer and the fishes seem­ ed to provide major resources for the meat diet. Skeletal remains of the raccoon, opossum, rabbit, squirrel, fox, muskrat, beaver, rice rat, wildcat, mountain lion and other mammals appear with varying frequency on the sites. Occasionally the bear and the elk are in evi­ dence — but not the groundhog because this handsome fellow has never yet taken a liking to the delta. Bones of many of the birds and the waterfowl, the latter in frequence, like­ wise make their appearance.

The later peoples in this area were numerous, indeed, and they occupied many sizeable towns along the Mississippi River and the tributaries thereto. Town sites, which frequently covered several acres, occur one after another in this area. There are scores of such sites, of varying extent, within a fifty-mile radius of Memphis - not taking into consideration the even more numerous, yet smaller for the most part, sites representing the earlier occupancies, The later peoples are known as the master pottery makers of the eastern area of the United States. They fashioned pieces of pottery by the tens of thousands. The jar or cook­ ing pot, the bowl or dish, and the water bottle were in continuous use in every household. The breakage among these was high and the person charged with replenishing the supply must have been engaged steadily. These types of vessels occur in great frequency in all of the sites of any extent which were occupied by the several variants of the later culture. They were very adept in the art of fashioning pottery and their dexterity and skill devel­ oped to the point where it must be recognized as an "ART". They reproduced, for the most part very faithfully, fine and symmetrical specimens portraying forms of many of the birds, mammals, fishes, sea shells, clam shells, the pumpkin and the squash, human forms, and the human face and head. They fashioned pottery from the diminutive to the huge. The workmanship and the artistry on many of these specimens is superb and they were fashioned quite symmetrically. They entered the realm of "conventional forms," and recognized no limits wherein to curb their imagination. They created strange and unheard—of monsters of almost unlimited range and seldom, if ever, resorted to duplication. The serpent seemed to have been of great influence in their creation of conventionalized forms. They evolved a highly—skilled technique of painting pottery with pigments after it had been fashioned and just before the burning. Types vary from the solid brick-red to the red and white stripes and polychrome effects. Red and white striped vessels appear in a wide range of designs, the most common of which is the Nodena Red and White with Swastika whorls, Polychrome designs were employed more frequently by the peoples living to the south and southwest of the Memphis area. Polychrome colors include red, white and black. Buff may have been applied on occasion.

- 62 - Peoples living along the Mississippi River, and between this and the St. Francis River, created the rather rare "head pot" type of ues'sel of both the bowl and water bottle types. These vessels were fashioned to represent the human head with all its external features and they were almost invariable well painted with red and white. As many as fifty or so of these vessels have been found in this area - and the Rose Mound near Parkin, Arkansas, has produced at least five of these. All of the vessels recorded from this area have been found in the latitude between the extreme northern limits of Memphis ano southeastern Missouri. One such vessel, uncovered by the writer on Thanks­ giving Day, 1952, soon so strangely and mysteriously disappeared and has not yet been heard°from. It was of the bowl type and was taken from the Bradley Site, so designated by Clarence J. Moore following his explorations there about 1910, in Crittenden County, Arkansas. To the writer's knowledge this is the southermost-found authenticated vessel of this type on record.

As practiced by the Mississippi itiver peoples, the placing of pottery in mortuary association was a distinctive trait. In a high percentage of instances, on most sites, there was placed one or more vessels with each burial - most generally near the head. Two vessels appear on the average - a bowl and a water bottle. Occasionally, but in­ frequently, there may have been several - and again, there was none - which occurrence is more frequently encountered than the highly multiple association. More than one water bottle is very unusual in any one burial association.

Only a low percentage of the vessels so deposited with burials can be removed in perfect condition. This is due to one or more of several reasons. The pottery was freq­ uently chipped or fire cracked before ceremonial deposition; the weight of superimposed earth, settling upon uneven base and unstable support from beneath; contact with farm tools in burials which have become shallow due to erosion or other means of reducing the original levels, the occasional "slip" in the use of the digging tool during removal, and another - and one I believe to have been a frequent cause - the fact that the pottery was broken or "killed" intentionally on some occasions, while on others it appears ex­ actly as though it had been crushed by big feet in the long ago. Wether this crushing was done during the burial ceremony - or wether intentionally or unintentionally, it is not safe to presume. However, the writer will go far enough to state that he has repeatedly en­ countered vessels which could have been broken intentionally, and then all the pieces placed near each other; and again, frequently, there are vessels which must have been in perfect condition, at the time, and which, when removed, appear to have been crushed - or to have collapsed under weight during the burial ceremony.

Numerous have been the hours that have been spent afield in the Mid-South and even more were those spent in the reconstruction of vessels which now appear in my collection which by this time has attained some proportions.

Plates I and II, which are illustrated herewith, show 24 specimens of pottery from the writer's collection.

*Moore, Clarence B., "Antiquities of the St. Francis, White and Black Kivers, Arkansas." Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Vol. 14, Part I. 1910. More recently this site has been referred to as the Banks and Danner Place.

- 63 - All Specimens in Plate I are painted ware.

No. 1 bears the Nodena Red and White striped design of swastika whorls with step—up designs on the neck similar in type to No. 3. This vessel is in the effigy of a sea shell known as the "whelk" — sometimes incorrectly referred to as "conch," Both ends of the shell may be noted with the spiral whorls to the left. The "deck" on the bottle is broad and well flattened. This vessel was obtain­ ed from the Bradley Site, more recently known as the Banks and Danner Place in Crittenden County, Arkansas, by the writer in December, 1950. No. 2 bears alternating red and white stripes which extend vertically. Around the entire neck at the top is a broad, red band, while below it is a white band of about equal area. This is the carinated type or design of vessel which appears somewhat infrequently. It is re­ corded from Mississippi County, Arkansas, the extreme northeast corner of the state., No. 3 bears the Nodena Red and White swastika whorls, The paint finish on this water bottle is exceptionally well preserved. The upright and alternately inverted step—up designs are shown very clearly on the neck. It came from the Togo Site, along the St. Francis River, a few miles above Parkin, Arkansas. No. 4 likewise, bears the red and white swastika whorls. The paint on the upper portions of the neck has pretty nearly disappeared, perhaps due to much handling in the long ago, This vessel - along with No. 7 — came from the well-known ftose Mound, along the St. Francis River, a few miles below Parkin, Arkansas. This is one of the rare instances where two water bottles came from the same burial association. No. 5 has been painted a solid brick—red color. It is of the so—called "canoe type" which appears quite infrequently in the Memphis area. It came from a site along the St. Francis River near Parkin, Arkansas. No. 6 is a square bowl — also solid red in color — from the Potter Site, near Lepanto, Arkansas. This type of vessel is rather unusual. No. 7 bears a fine illustration of the Nodena Red and White stripe. This ves­ sel sets on a nicely—fashioned annular base and stands approximately 12 inches in height. The design effect on the neck is carried entirely around the circumference, with the top and bottom of each repetition being alternated with respect to each other. As stated previously, this vessel, along with No. 4, were in mortuary association and came from the Rose Mound. No. 8 is from the Gant Site, along the Little River, a few miles northeast of Lepanto, and in Mississippi County, Arkansas. Numerous vessels from this site bear the pleasingly fashioned, flaring neck. No. 9 has been painted entirely red. However, the surface finish has deter­ iorated to some extent. Four roughly—executed human faces decorate the vessel around the upper rim of the bowl of the water bottle. This came from along the St Francis River, near Marked Tree, Arkansas. No.10 is of the plain-type water bottle with an unusually long neck. It has been painted entirely red. It, too, came from the Rose Mound. No,11 is a vessel of similar type and finish and from the Rose Mound, also. No.12 is rather unusual in type in that it stands upon four bulbous, hollow legs which are not sealed off in the interior. This, has been painted entirely red. It, too, came from the Rose Mound. ' ' - 64 - PLATE I H. R. McPherson Collection Memphis, Tennessee - 65 - PLATE II H. R. McPherson Collection Memphis, Tennessee - 66 - The vessels illustrated in Plate II are of both the painted and gray-ware types. All are gray or black in finish except Numbers 5, 7 and 8.

No. 1 is an effigy of the eagle, portraying the big bird with curved beak and broad tail with well-executed inscribed tail-feathen designs. It is a well—executed specimen and came from the Walls Site, near Walls, in the extreme northwest corner of Mississippi. No. 2 is the effigy of a bat. As is the custom with bat effigies, the face looks inward upon the bowl. The tail features as wellas the four claws may be noted. Conventionalized leg forms are encircled about the ex­ terior surfaces of the bowl. This vessel came from the Sycamore Bend Site, near Hughes, Arkansas. No. 3 portrays a very fine representation of the wood duck. The crest of the bird is depicted by a strap which extends down to and attaches to the rim of the bowl - with an opening between the back of the bird's neck and the crest. The tail feathers are also protrayed. This vessel, too, came from the Walls Site. No. 4 is in the effigy of the wild turkey with the distinguishing feature on the top of the head. It came from the Togo Site, along the St. Francis Kiver, above Parkin, Arkansas. No. 5 is of the bowl-type of effigy, representing a fish - with the head to the right. It has been painted completely red on the exterior. A striped whorl design, somewhat faded, can be detected on the interior. It is from the Rose Mound.

No. 6 is a well-executed specimen of the "canoe type" of water bottle which appears infrequently in this area. It is rather symmetrical and tip ends point upward somewhat extremely. The neck rises gracefully from the "deck!* This vessel came from the Young Site, Crittenden County, Arkansas.

No. 7 represents some sort of conventionalized form - most likely that of a bird. The interior has been painted a brick red over the entire surface while the exterior bears a series of designs more or less indistinguish­ able, due to the deterioration of the surface finish. The head of the bird looks inward upon the bowl. The vessel came from the Kose Mound.

No. 8 is a fish - effigy bowl approximately eight inches in diameter. It bears a solid—red painted finish and portrays fins and broad tail. This, also, came from the Rose Mound.

No. 9 is a water bottle, of the Bell Plain type, bearing the Walls incised design of swastika whorls. Vessels of this type, typical of the lower area, are distinguishable due to their wide—mouthed necks. It came from the Young Site, Crittenden County, Arkansas.

No. 10 is of the bowl-type effigy portraying a human head looking inward. The tail of the vessel is fairly representative of the human-head effigy bowls. This vessel came from the Togo Site, along the St. Francis River, above Parkin, Arkansas.

- 67 - No. 11 is an examples of those "monsters" of the so-called plumed serpent type. The head rises well above a large bowl and bears long, erect ears, bulbous nose and deeply incised teeth. The tail is massive and overhangs heavily from the rim of the bowl. This is the distinctive type of tail for that type of effigy. The bowl is approximately eight inches in diameter and four inches in depth. The vessel came'.from near Marked Tree, Arkansas. No. 12 is a bowl bearing the effigy of the human head which looks outward. Four ridges bise-to the top of the head - one in front, one,in the rear, and one on each side. These ridges are of near the same proportions as the prominent nose - the extension of which rises to the top of the head. On the back of the neck, at the base of the rear ridge, •is a hump or knot, which might depict a knot of hair. Even though these features are, perhaps, somewhat conventionalized, they may represent, in part, some type of hair-do. Some effort has been made to show the ears at the base of each lateral ridge. The top of the head is flat. This vessel is fairly representative of several which have borne from the Walls Site, • near Walls, Mississippi. ******

Editors Note: To acquaint many of our newer members with Mr. H. R. McPherson, the author of the preceding article, the Editor will take this limited space to enumerate some of his background. We, as a society, owe a great deal to Mr. McPherson for editing the Ohio Archaeologist starting in 1950 and 1951, which greatly assisted us in our growth as a Society. The State of Ohio, in turn, owes him a deeper debt of gratitude for the many com­ mendable accomplishments along the line of Archaeology and State Parks during his service with the Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society. He did more for the State of Ohio, parkwise and for the conservation of archaeological heritage than any one individual, before or after. It was during his association with the State Society when it was so ably directed by William C. Mills and later by H. C. Shetrone, that Ohio gained pre-eminence in the country for its outstanding archaeological contributions and preservation of its archae­ ological sites. Mr. McPherson was business agent for the Society in 1927 and shortly thereafter, was placed in direct charge of State Parks, with the title of Curator of State Memorials, in which capacity he made his most notable contributions to the State of Ohio. In little more than a decade he corrected conditions at the then existing 15 areas and added 25 additional parks, notably among which were Fort St. Clair, Tarlton Cross Mound, Williamson Mound, Fort Recovery, Glacial Grooves and Inscription Rock on Kelleys Island, McCook Memorial, Newark Works, Miamisburg Mound, Fort Jefferson, Campus Martius, Fallen Timbers, Turkey Foot Rock, Seip Mound and Buffington Island. We, as a society, will only hope his outstanding work, which only he could do, may result in the Warren County Serpent Mound being preserved as another site for posterity. I would like to refer the reader to Ohio Archaeologist, Volume 3, Number 3, July 1953 for additional information by H. C. Shetrone, former Director of Ohio State Museum, in his article "Biographical Sketch of Harry Raymond McPherson," page 27. We hope to have more interesting articles appear in future issues from the pen of Mr. H. R. McPherson.

- 68 - HENRY CLYDE SHETRONE - A MEMORIAL SKETCH by H. R. McPherson Within the past few months the State of Ohio has lost, through death, two prominent archaeologists - one in the professional field, the other from the amateur, or lay ranks. Dr. Leon Kramer, of Columbus passed on in December, 1954, and a biographical sketch, relating to him, appears elsewhere in these pages. While beginning as a collector, he soon became much more than that and made a considerable study of artifacture and of the archaeology of his state. His passing means more than a little to the lay archaeology of Ohio — and upon the "lay archaeology" rests much of the responsibility for the advance­ ment of that science — not only in Ohio but in every state of the Union. A successful pro­ gram for the development of the archaeological resources in Ohio, as elsewhere, pre-suppos- es a definite coalition and a harmonious working arrangement between the professional and the amateur. Such a plan is working to great advantage in some states at present time — and recognition of the advantages thus accuring are no longer open to question. One state, in particular, recently has built the membership in its State Archaeological Society well above the 1,000 mark — primarily because it is welcoming the support and assistance of the layman and a very cordial relationship exists. Other state societies — over a period of de­ cades — have failed to grow in membership commensurate to their development otherwise and may well be decadent in some respects. Growing obese from extended absorption of substantial subsidies emanating primarily from tax payer dollars, some, seemingly at times appear independent, have lost perspective and have strayed far afield, on occasion, from the objectives and purposes for which they were founded, and fail, at times, to operate properly subservient to the best interests of the public — those for whom they were created to serve and who provide for their continuance. On November 23, 1954, Henry Clyde Shetrone of 3038 Crescent Drive, Columbus, passed on, one of the foremost American archaeologists of the Older Group — a man emin­ ently and widely known in his field during the 1920*s, the 1930's and the 1940's. Having been irrVited to prepare a sketch touching upon the life of this individual, it is considered an honor to speak briefly regarding a friend and colleague with whom I was intimately associated for so many years. It is an assignment upon which I find it difficult, if not impossible, to do justice — taking into consideration the breadth of his undertakings and achievments — his contributions to archaeological science — his service to Ohio's < history and archaeology, and to his home state in ways numerous. One should grow to know another rather well over a period of thirty-six years — particularly when many of them were by way of daily association. Beginning in 1918, and until 1927, contacts with Mr. Shetrone were infrequent. Vacation periods were spent with him and Dr. William C. Mills at their field headquarters and camps during seasonal archaeo­ logical explorations at Mound City in 1920—21, with Mr. Shetrone, himself, at the Ginther Mound, in iioss County in 1922; at the Hopewell Mound Group explorations, Ross County in 1922-25, and at Seip Mound No. 2, itoss County iai 1925-28. When the writer was carrying on personal ana private archaeological explorations in Preble County, Ohio during the early 1920's, and while engaging in the activities of the Preble County Historical Society in the acquisition of the site of Fort St. Clair, near Eaton and its development into a state park, it was to Dr. W. C. Mills and H. C. Shetrone that we so often went for counsel and assistance — and were not disappointed. The same may be Said of many others who sought similar information and guidance. After 1927, and for a decade or more, contacts and associations between the writer and Mr. Shetrone were continous, almost daily, and those years with the staff of the Ohio State Museum were pleasant indeed. Henry Clyde Shetrone (known as "Harry") was born at Millersport, Fairfield County, Ohio, on August 10, 1876. He occasionally referred to the fact that he arrived on the scene during the Centennial Year of American Independence.

- 69 -, He received some educational advantages in the public schools of Fairfield County and at Denison University, at Granville, Ohio, which institution, recognizing his achiev— ments, honored him with an honorary Doctor of Science degree in 1944. From early life his yearn lay not in "the languages" or in "mathematics," but in archaeology and a museum. He studied whatever he could lay hands upon, collected arti­ facts, and "bided his time until the day would come." His early years were filled in with service in the Spanish-American War, during which he was affiliated with the Signal Corps Service, a three-year sojourn thereafter in Cuba as manager and superintendent of telegraph for the Cuban Government; and by a num­ ber of years of journalistic activities, principally in connection with newspapers and press associations in New York City and in Columbus, Ohio. His yearning desire finally came into reality in 1913, when he was invited by Prof. William C. Mills, then the Curator of the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society's Museum, to come into the institution as Assistant Curator of Archaeology. Then followed pleasant years of closely-supervised training under Prof. Mills - the foremost exponent of mound exploration, as he was termed during a score or more of years beginning with 1900 - during this time a number of the great mound groups in Ohio were explored and archaeolog­ ical history was made and recorded. In 1921, Dr. Mills was elevated to the Office of Director of the Ohio State Museum, a newly created position in keeping with modernized museology. Thereupon Mr. Shetrone was made Curator of Archaeology - the post just vacated by Dr. Mills - and thereafter assumed charge of the Society's Department of Archaeology and the active archaeological field work carried on by the Society during the 1920's - during which time the archaeolog­ ical displays in the Ohio State Museum were greatly enhanced by an extensive array of the rarest and choicest archaeological specimens which had thus far been brought to light in the United States. The explorations of the Mound City Group at Chillicothe had just been completed by Dr. Mills and Mr. Shetrone when the latter assumed his new duties. In the late summer of 1921, he carried on archaeological explorations at the Campbell Village Site and the Hine Mound and Village Site, near Hamilton in Butler County, at the Wright Group of Mounds near Dublin in Franklin County in the spring of 1922; the Ginther Mound in Ross County was examined during the summer of 1922, and work on the famous Hopewell Group of mounds in Ross County was begun in the late summer of 1922 and completed in August, 1925. In the spring of 1926, he spent a short time investigating caves and rock shelters in southern Ohio including Canter's Caves, Echo Cave and Indian Cave in Jackson County and Kettle Hill Cave in Fairfield County. A report of this work "Some Ohio Caves and Rock Shelters Bearing Evidence of Human Occupancy," appeared in the Ohio Archaeological and Historical Publications, Vol. XXXVII, pp. 1-34, 1928 with numerous plates. With the exception of the sites in Butler, Jackson and Fairfield Counties, all those during this period were those representing the Hopewell Culture in the area where these prehistoric peoples had attained the zenith of their cultural attainments in the Ohio Valley. Detailed reports relating to these explorations were published by the Ohio State Archaeolog­ ical and Historical Society both in the "Ohio Archaeological and Historical Publications" and in a deluxe edition as "Certain Mounds and Village Sites in Ohio." Mr. Shetrone is author of Volume IV of this series and this particular publication records some of the most interesting Ohio archaeological history unfolded by the Society during its lengthy experience in this work. Beginning in the late summer of 1925, work was begun on Seip Mound No. 2, a Hopewell Mound, near liainbridge, Ross County. Examination of this large mound was con­ tinued through 1926 and 1927 and completed in 1928. From this site, also, were brought to light numerous artifacts of exceptional beauty and rarity. The rebuilding and restoration of this huge mound was brought to completion under the supervision of the writer during the seasons of 1928 and 1929 - and this great mound again came into being just as it is

- 70 - seen today - enclosed within a State Park to insure its perpetuity. Funds for purchase of the mound and surrounding acreage were raised by selling shares in the popular enter­ prise - and one of those participating there was the subject of this sketch. The writer, too, is proud that his name is included therewith. A near-tragedy occurred during the exploration of this mound when Mr. Shetrone, in charge of the work, and Mrs. Vernon Barrett of Chillicothe, a visitor, were caught and partially buried beneath a sudden cave-off of earth from an exposed side. Both were in­ jured, Mr. Shetrone being hospitalized due to injuries to his neck. He never fully recov­ ered from this ordeal which persisted in limiting to an extent some of his physical capa­ cities and endurance. A complete report of the explorations of this mound was published by the Society in the "Ohio Archaeological and Historical Publications," Vol. XL, 1931. This report is co-authored by Mr. Shetrone and Emerson F. Greenman, who had succeeded the former as Curator of Archaeology in February, 1928, "Museum Echoes," a monthly periodical and one of the Society's regular publi­ cations was founded on January 1, 1928. Its second issue recorded the death on January 17, 1928, of Dr. Mills who had largely directed the activities of the Society for thirty years and under whose guidance it had made wholesome and substantial progress. Vol. 1, No. 3 of Museum Echoes carried a biographical of Henry C. Shetrone, the newly-elected Director of the Ohio State Museum, who succeeded Dr. Mills.' While the writer did not officially become Associate Editor of Museum Echoes until the follow­ ing October, he, nevertheless, had some part in the preparation of this particular bio­ graphical sketch. A second biographical sketch of Mr. Shetrone, quite succinct, was published in Museum Echoes, Vol. WU, December 1954. While what was said was well said, it is hoped that the Society will yet cause to be published a biography comprehensive and worthy of him who stuck to the helm during the "lean years" and whose hand did much to shape the destinies of the organization and to bring to fruition much of what the Soc­ iety represents today. During Mr. Shetrone's tenure as Director of the Society from February, 1928, to January 1, 1947, the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society made some of the most notable progress in its history, its administrative headquarters and the Ohio State Museum grew substantially in size and its scope broadened extensively; its operating budgets were increased many fold; its staff was expanded and its influence was noted far beyond the confines of the State; it paved the way and was responsible, more than from any other source, for the awakening of the public, which lead to a keener apprecia­ tion of Ohio's archaeological and historical heritage, as typified in the creation of numer­ ous state parks and memorials within which were included outstanding archaeological and historical sites - and those park areas grew in number and significance; its library of books and newspapers was expanded tremendously and became a vast source of hist­ orical reference; its numerous and diverse activities were brought well in hand and be­ came of vital and recognized service to the public; and withal, the scope of its influence steadily broadened and expanded until the institution merited the respect and support of Ohio and the nation. Mr. Shetrone retired from active service on January 1, 1947, and was elected Director—Emeritus, in which status he was honored until his death. During this period he also acted in advisory capacities, carried on research in prehistory, and served as a member of its Board of Editors. His contributions to the written record were numerous and continued from 1914 until comparatively recently. His first effort of particular importance was in rendering major assistance to Dr. ;W. C. Mills in the preparation and publication of the "Archaeo­ logical Atlas of Ohio, which was published by the Ohio State Archaeological and Hist­ orical Society in 1914.' His first production of particular note, appearing under hrsoown

- 71 - name, was "The Indian in Ohio,1' which was published in the "Ohio Archaeological and Historical Publications," Vol, XXVII, pp. 274 - 509, 1|19, with a map of the Ohio Country. This is of book length and represents ainajor effort, worthy of a place on the bookshelvesb of all who delve into this subject. His most notable work, a major achievment, was the book, entitled "The Mound Builders,'.' D. Appleton and Company, 508 pages, published in 1930. The writer treasures a copy of this work, now out of print, which was autographed by the author under the date of December 2, 1930 His contributions to the columns of Museum Echoes, to the Quarterly of the Ohio Archaeological and Historical Publications, and other publications issued by the Society, were numerous and varied and extended over a period of a quarter century. His contribut-' ions to outside scientific publications of nation-wide circulation, were not infrequent. "A Unique Prehistoric Irrigation Project,'-' was reprinted by the Smithsonian Insti­ tution in 1946, as Publication No, 3834, 5 pages, with plates. The monograph originally appeared in the Ohio Journal of Science, Vol. 44, No. 5, and was an address delivered before the Ohio Academy of Science at its annual meeting in May, 1944. At that time Mr. Shetrone was retiring as its president. The paper treats upon the subject of intentional diversion of water from its natural channels for irrigation purposes by prehistoric peoples- on this occasion in the arid Salt River Valley in south-central Arizona. Following his retirement as Director in 1947, he busied himself, in part, in re­ search and wrote articles such as "Fauna of the Mound Builders," which appeared in the publication "Fauna," in June, 1948; "Aboriginal Art of the Eastern United States," which appeared in the "Art Quarterly," Autumn of 1948; as well as others of varied nature. As a hobby he made a rather intensive study of, and brought together an interesting collection of marine shells - and turned this into a useful and instructive paper entitled "Marine Shells in Ohio's Prehistoric Mounds," which will be published by the Ohio State Museum. He was a member of a number of scientific groups, including the Ohio Academy of Science, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Society for Amer­ ican Archaeology, and others. He was married in 1905 to Lillie Mae Klinger who preceded him in death by sever­ al years. Their union was childless. The name of Henry Clyde Shetrone will be added with honor upon the roll of Archaeologists of renown who could claim Ohio either as their birthplace, or chose it as the area within which they carried on some of their important work. Upon this scroll would be inscribed names including those of Caleb Atwater George Frederick Wright Col. Charles Whittlesey William Henry Holmes Ephriam George Squier Warren King Moorehead Edward Hamilton Davis Gerard Fowke Charles L. Metz Clifford Anderson Frederick Ward Putnam Willram Corless Mills J. P. McLean Henry Clyde Shetrone Emerson F. Greenman All except the last, now associated with the Museum of Anthropology, Univer­ sity of Michigan, have passed on to the great beyond.

Ohio may justifiably be proud of her archaeological heritage - and equally appreciative of those who selected archaeology as their chosen field of endeavor, and did so much toward the advancement of that science as well as for the develop­ ment of the archaeology of that state. The name of the subject of this sketch merits a position among the foremost of these.

- 72 - WANTED: Back issues of Ohio Indian Relic Collectors Society's bulletins prior to Vol. No. 24. Would like to have the following: Nos. 1— 2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-13-14-15-18-19-21-22-23. These are desired by writer to complete my file. Is there any way that s I might buy these back issues from the club or from individual members. I have received 12—16—17—20 from the editor. Norman W. Beck 509 North Main St Columbia, Illinois. WANTED: I am specializing in pipe tomahawks, tomahawks with solid pole or pean, squaw axes of different types, etc. Should you know where I can pick up any of this kind of material please advise. Clark B. Baird 407 Schleckler St Bucyrus, Ohio. WANTED: I am still in the marker for a fine, large, notched quartz spear. Lloyd A. Dugstad Box 367 Albert Lea, Minnesota. WANTED: Back issues Nos. 1—2—7 and 8 to make up a complete set of all issues for reference and should be property of the Society. H. C. Wachtel - Editor 307 Elmhurst Rd Dayton 7, Ohio. *******

NEW MEMBERS Beebe, Louise P., 617 Pipestone St., Benton Harbor, Michigan Behme, Arthur Kenneth, Jr., 8835 Dayton Ave., Dayton 3, Ohio Bruder, E. G., Dr., 1134 West 3urleigh St., Milwaukee 6, Wisconsin Burgner, Douglas, 1302 Croydon Rd., Troy, Ohio Detroit Public Library, Book Sec. Dept., 5201 Woodward Ave., Detroit 2, Michigan Greene, Mel B. Jr., 4305 Woodside Haven Drive, Columbia 5, South Carolina Hake, Henry, R. R. Edon, Ohio Hays, Davis, 417 North Thomas St., Arlington, Virginia Lipscombe, Thomas F., Rt. No. 2, Axton, Virginia Noward, L. W., 119 South Walnut St., Pickneyville, Illinois Rogers, Carl A., -202 Faulkner St., Clover, South Carolina Sipple, Robert, Rt. No. 1, Albert Lea, Minnesota Van Devier, I. R., 316 N. Court St., Medina, Ohio Welles, G. D. Jr., 3659 Corey Kd, Toledo 6, Ohio Withrow, Eldon D., 1189 Allen Ave.,Hamilton, Ohio

********

If you keep your nose to the grindstone rough And keep it there long enough You will cease to hear the birds that sing And the brooks that babble in early spring And finally all that your world will compose Will be the grindstone . . and your poor old nose. Sent in by Lynn Munger - 73 - IN MEMORIAM 'to Dr. Leon Kramer Dr. Leon Kramer of Columbus, Ohio, one of our better known and well beloved mem­ bers passed over the great divide December 27, 1954. He was one of our more active members and at one time served as the President of our Society. He was always a member of various committees and chairman of the Warren County Serpent Mound Committee until the past year, when illness incapacitated him to a great extent. His presence will be missed in other Societies as well as ours. He was well known throughout the country for his interest in Ohio Flint and his col­ lection of this colorful flint was one of the best ever assembled in any one collection. This is still an intact collection now in Dr, Young's collection in Nashville, Tennessee, where it is kept on display for anyone interested in viewing it. The interest and study of artifrac- ture was greatly enhanced by his studies and theories. Many of us remember many wonderful visits and trips with Dr. Kramer, the writer especially, who attended many out of State meetings with him. He was always a congenial host and visitors were always welcomed at his home by both Dr. Kramer and Mrs. Kramer. Dr. Leon Kramer was a widely known Surgeon and family Physician who had spent long vigils at the portals of either life or death through his 48 years as practicing physician. He attended Muskingum College where he was a member of the football team. In 1906 he was graduated from the old Starling Medical College, which was later merged into the Ohio State School of Medicine. Appointed emergency surgeon for the former Ralston Steel Car Co. in 1911. There was substantial evidence that during the years 1913 and 1914, prior to the ad­ vent of the Industrial Commission of Ohio, and the newer safety—first movements andappliance in industry, Dr. Kramer was one of the busiest emergency surgeons in Ohio. On Jan. 18th, 1933, the Columbus Board of Health appointed him as relief physician for the Shepard, East Columbus and Whitehall districts and the physical needs and depriv­ ations of persons in those areas became a very serious problem with the doctor, who was always so considerate of the human race, Kecords reveal that Dr. Kramer, in connection with other duties, had twenty years ago assisted at the birth of over 2,000 babies. Although no recent figures are available to show how much that figure had increased, it is a well-known fact that this phase of the doctor's life was a very busy and active one. Faithful to his patients, the rich and poor alike, Dr. Kramer was ever prompt to to answer their calls for medical assistance no matter what hour of the day or night, or condition of the weather. The Doctor's main hobby in later life was the collection of flint and American Indian relics, and it was through his interest in those fields that he became known as "The Flint King," to his friends and acquaintances. He was known to be the possessor of some of the most outstanding and spectacular flint pieces in the world, obtaining them on travels through the United States but mostly from Ohio. The distinctive stone retaining wall in front of his former residence is constructed of native flint which the Doctor acquired one summer through numerous trips to Flint Ridge on the William Burrier farm near Brownsville, Ohio, where the finest flint in the world was to be found. The Doctor's living room contained a beautiful crystal seven—foot wood—burning fireplace and when moved to the Carpenter Road address he had a smaller replica built into his living room there. He collected the rock for the fireplace and most of the stone work in the retain­ ing wall and fireplace was done by a very dear friend of his, Mr. Philip Kientz. The Doctor contributed a number of articles to this publication in recent years and we also remember him as an accomplished pianist of the classics. Dr. Kramer was born December 29th, 1881, just north of Gahanna, Ohio. His mother was Laura Neiswander Kramer, and his father Israel Kramer.

- 74 - Dr. Leon Kramer *

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