60 120 180
1 distal humeral condyles 2 medial epicondyle 3 proximal radial epiphysis 4 anconeal process
Lab Ret study N=1018
. Normal . Affected . Total 688 (67.6%) . Total 330 (32.4%) . Male 230 (62.2%) . Male 140 (37.8%) . Female 458 (70.7%) . Female 190 (29.3%)
Affected dogs N=330
1affected site - 250 (75.7%) 2 affected sites - 68 (20.6%) 3 affected sites - 12 (3.6%) immature skeletal diseases
denis novak
technique for skeletal radiography
tissue < 12 cm “non-grid” (“table-top”) technique “high detail” system radiation safety
diagnosis
X – rays examination
Ultrasound CT
bilateral lesions - clinical signs ? unilateral present > one type of lesion 2ry arthrosis Common Osteochondrosis – primary epiphyseal (articular/subchondral) lesion can heal or can progress
Osteochondritis dissecans – free articular fragment will progress
Arthrosis
Osteochondrosis talus / tarsus Lumbosacral OCD Lumbosacral OCD Inflammatory diseases
Panosteitis – non infectious Hypertrophic osteodystrophy (HOD) – perhaps infectious
Osteomyelitis - infectious
Panosteitis
New medullary bone Polyostotic Multiple lesions in one bone Symmetrical or nonsymmetrical Sclerotic pattern
B I L A T E R A L
periosteal new bone forms with chronicity Cross sections of a tibia
different locations Hypertrophic osteodystrophy (HOD)
Dogs are systemically ill, febrile, anorectic, reluctant to walk
most will recover Radiographic changes of HOD
. Polyostotic . Metaphyseal . Symmetrical
. Changes of lesion Early Mid Late lytic “plates” in acute case HOD - 4 m ret – lesions are present in all long bones - mid cuff of ossified tissue is separated from the bone as it forms - mid to late rapid progress of lesion Treatment: Supportive Medical TLC
Complicated cases can be fatal!
Osteonecrosis of the femoral head Legg Calve Perthes
Small breeds A developmental disorder Occurs 3-11 months of age Male = female Usualy unilateral disease
Radiographic changes LCP
Early stage Middle stage Later stage
the articular cartilage remains relatively intact
the cavity formation within the necrotic bone
Ulna growth
Trauma to distal growth plate Retained cartilage core Chondrodystrophic breeds abnormality Normal distal ulna
Normal - plate-like distal radial physis, inverted cone shaped distal ulna physis Retained cartilage core -Distal ulnar metaphysis remains cartilaginous Retained cartilage core
Lucent cone-shaped core Usually bilateral Can delay ulnar growth A cause of “radius curvus” Small no clinical importance
Error in growth of physeal plates idiopathic/traumatic
Delayed growth -entire or only part of the plate Growth can temporally stop Premature closure of plate Injury to entire or only part of the plate
Premature closure of distal ulna with ulnar shortening and secondary radial bowing Premature closure - ulna - 10 m GDD Premature closure of the distal radius with elbow subluxation Incongruity of elbow joint resulting from closure of distal radial growth plate Bone infection
Osteomyelitis Osteitis Myelitis Periostitis Bone infection hematogenous monostotic/polyostotic 2ndry infectious arthritis 2ndry puncture wound/surgery 2ndry to soft tissue infection Radiographic changes
Usually destructive Minimal cortical destruction More medullary destruction Fungal disease is more productive Reactive new bone forms Usually with a pattern and mature appearance Sequestrum may form + involucrum other diseases...
transitional vertebrae patella luxation malformation metabolic
... transitional lumbosacral vertebrae patellar luxation congenital
“Life is movement and movement is life”