Osteochondrosis
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Investigating the Genetic and Genomic Basis of Osteochondrosis in Thoroughbred Horses from Australia and New Zealand
Investigating the genetic and genomic basis of osteochondrosis in Thoroughbred horses from Australia and New Zealand Kao Castle The University of Sydney A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2012 i Declaration I declare that the work presented in this thesis is, to the best of my knowledge and belief, original, except as acknowledged in the text, and that the material has not been submitted, either in whole or in part, for a degree at this or any other university. (Kao Castle) 17 December 2012 ii Statement of Contributions The identities of the studs and horses that participated in the research described in this thesis are protected by confidentiality agreements. On this basis, the names of stud staff and veterinarians who provided data for this research are not listed as authors or named in the acknowledgements, although their input was invaluable. Chapter 2, Skeletal lesions and injuries in Australasian Thoroughbred weanling and yearling radiographs (draft manuscript). Castle K., Tammen I., Thomson P.C., Jeffcott L.B., Raadsma H.W. and Nicholas F.W. • Dr Tammen supervised components of this work, contributed to discussions, and provided feedback on the presentation of results. • Associate Professor Thomson provided advice on statistical techniques to compare results between the weanling and yearling populations, and provided feedback on the presentation of results. • Professors Jeffcott and Raadsma contributed to planning the data collection strategy, and provided feedback on the presentation of results. • Emeritus Professor Nicholas supervised components of this work, contributed to discussions and provided extensive feedback on the presentation of the results, and edited the manuscript. -
Case Report Chondroblastoma of The
CASE REPORT CHONDROBLASTOMA OF THE PATELLA ASSOCIATED WITH AN ANEURYSMAL BONE CYST R. TREBŠE1, A. ROTTER2,V. PIŠOT1 Chondroblastoma is a rare, benign tumor of bone, cartilage germ cells, and they redefined the tumor accounting for about 1% of all bone tumor cases. It as “benign chondroblastoma”. tends to affect the epiphyseal ends of long bones, Chondroblastoma is rare, representing about 1% most often in males during the first and second of all primary bone tumors (1, 5, 9). It is typically decades of life. It has well-characterized radio- centered in an epiphysis. Although it occurs most graphic and histologic features but despite its histo- often in the end of a long tubular bone, it can logically benign appearance a few cases of metastases appear in any secondary center of ossification. It is have been reported. Local recurrences after curet- tage and bone grafting occur in 11% to 25% of cases. most probably a tumor of cartilaginous origin and The features of a patellar chondroblastoma are the is more common in males by a ratio of about 2-to- same as for other locations. In reviewing the litera- 1 (1, 5, 9). Seventy percent of chondroblastomas ture we found an unusually high male-to-female occur during active epiphyseal plate growth, and ratio. It is interesting that the usual treatment of the about two-thirds of the patients are in the second patellar chondroblastoma has been patellectomy, decade of life (5). whereas curettage and bone grafting has predomi- Local pain of several months’ duration and nated in the other locations. -
Osteochondrosis and Arthrosis in Pigs Ii
Acta vet. scand, 1974, 15, 26-42. From the Department of Pathology, Veterinary College of Norway, Oslo. OSTEOCHONDROSIS AND ARTHROSIS IN PIGS II. INCIDENCE IN BREEDING ANIMALS By Trygve Grendalen GR0NDALEN, TRYGVE: Osteochondrosis and arthrosis in pigs. 11. Incidence in breeding animals. Acta vet. scand. 1974, 15, 26-42. - Joint and bone lesions in breeding pigs are described on the background of an investdgatlon involving 174 sows and 155 boars from 7 months to 4% years old . Lesions, which consisted pre dominantly of arthrosis, degeneration of intervertebral discs, spon dylosis and epiphyseal separations, were demonstrated frequently in both sexes. Osteochondrosis, a condition previously demonstrated frequently in slaughter pigs, had either completely healed, undergone repair or developed into an arthrosis by the time the animal reached an age of about 1% years. Whereas a higher incidence of arthrosis of the intervertebral joints was found in boars than in sows, the reverse was true as regards degeneration of the intervertebral discs and anchylosing spondylosis. Possible reasons for this are discussed. Norwegian pigs show a higher incidence of lesions in the lumbar region of the vertebral column than has been described up to the present time in other countries. os teo c h 0 n d r 0 sis; art h r 0 sis; pig. A high incidence of osteochondrosis in joints and epiphyseal plates, and arthrosis, especially in the lumbar intervertebral joints, the distomedial hock joints, the elbow and stifle joint in pigs up to 120 kg live weight has been previously described (Grpndalen 1974). A review of the literature showed that osteo chondrosisand archrosis are widespread in pigs in various coun tries. -
Osteochondritis Dissecans
Osteochondritis Dissecans John A. Schlechter, DO Pediatric Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine Children’s Hospital Orange County Osteochondritis Dissecans • Developmental condition of the joint − Described by Paget as “quiet necrosis” − Named by Konig 1888 • Lesion of the articular cartilage & subchondral bone before closure of the growth plate Is it OCD? • OCD vs Normal Variant of Ossification • Normal Variants − Tend to be younger patients age <10 − Tend to affect both condyles − Posterior aspect of condyle − Resolves as the child ages OCD Stats • Highest rates − appear among patients aged between 10 and 15 y. Male-to-female ratio ~ 2:1 − ADHD? • Bilaterality − typically in different phases of development, are reported in 15% to 30% of cases Osteochondritis Dissecans • Etiology unknown • Proposed causative factors: − Ischemia − heredity − mechanics (trauma) Osteochondritis Dissecans • Repetitive mechanical trauma or stress, in highly active children & adolescents • Impaction of the tibial spine Osteochondritis Dissecans Symptoms, Signs & Imaging • Nonspecific knee pain • Activity-related • Wilson test • “tunnel view” • MRI - stability of the subchondral bone, arthrography AP view – does not always show OCD Notch view – reveals OCD Location • Cahill described a method of localizing lesions by dividing the knee into 15 distinct alphanumeric zones Am J Sports Med 1983;11: 329-335. Osteochondritis Dissecans Symptoms, Signs & Imaging Osteochondritis Dissecans MRI Staging Hefti et al. JPO-B 1999 • Stage I: Signal change, NO clear margin • Stage II: Clear margin, NO Dissection • Stage III: Partial Dissection of fluid • Stage IV: Complete Dissection, Fragment In Situ • Stage V: Free Fragment I - No Clear margin II- Clear margin III- Partial Dissection Hefti et al. JPO-B 1999 IV- Partial Dissection V- Loose Body Case Example – Hefti 3 MRI Coronal T2 Cartilage Breach Osteochondritis Dissecans Natural History • Patients with open physes fare better than adults. -
Osteochondrosis – Primary Epiphyseal (Articular/Subchondral) Lesion Can Heal Or Can Progress
60 120 180 1 distal humeral condyles 2 medial epicondyle 3 proximal radial epiphysis 4 anconeal process Lab Ret study N=1018 . Normal . Affected . Total 688 (67.6%) . Total 330 (32.4%) . Male 230 (62.2%) . Male 140 (37.8%) . Female 458 (70.7%) . Female 190 (29.3%) Affected dogs N=330 1affected site - 250 (75.7%) 2 affected sites - 68 (20.6%) 3 affected sites - 12 (3.6%) immature skeletal diseases denis novak technique for skeletal radiography tissue < 12 cm “non-grid” (“table-top”) technique “high detail” system radiation safety diagnosis X – rays examination Ultrasound CT bilateral lesions - clinical signs ? unilateral present > one type of lesion 2ry arthrosis Common Osteochondrosis – primary epiphyseal (articular/subchondral) lesion can heal or can progress Osteochondritis dissecans – free articular fragment will progress Arthrosis Osteochondrosis talus / tarsus Lumbosacral OCD Lumbosacral OCD Inflammatory diseases Panosteitis – non infectious Hypertrophic osteodystrophy (HOD) – perhaps infectious Osteomyelitis - infectious Panosteitis New medullary bone Polyostotic Multiple lesions in one bone Symmetrical or nonsymmetrical Sclerotic pattern B I L A T E R A L periosteal new bone forms with chronicity Cross sections of a tibia different locations Hypertrophic osteodystrophy (HOD) Dogs are systemically ill, febrile, anorectic, reluctant to walk most will recover Radiographic changes of HOD . Polyostotic . Metaphyseal . Symmetrical . Changes of lesion Early Mid Late lytic “plates” in acute case HOD - 4 m ret – lesions are present -
Osteochondritis Dissecans (OCD) Results in the Destruction of Subchondral Bone with Secondary Damage to Overlying Articular Cartilage (1,2)
Copy Editor: Selvi S Osteochondritis 45 Dissecans Cecilia Pascual-Garrido, Taylor M. Southworth, Mark A. Slabaugh, Neal B. Naveen, Nicole A. Friel, Ben U. Nwachukwu, and Brian J. Cole prohibited. INTRODUCTION is Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) results in the destruction of subchondral bone with secondary damage to overlying articular cartilage (1,2). The prevalence of this condition is estimated to contentbe between 11.5 and 21 per 100,000 (3,4). OCD is classically divided into juvenile and adult forms based on the patient’s skeletal maturity (1). Juvenile OCD (JOCD) lesions occur in childrenthe and young adolescents with open growth plates. Although adult OCD lesions may arise de ofnovo, they more commonly result from an incompletely healed and previously asymptomatic JOCD lesion (5). JOCD lesions have a better prognosis and higher rates of spontaneous healing with conservative treatment than do adult OCD lesions (6). Adult OCD lesions have a greater propensity for instabil- ity and, once symptomatic, typically follow a clinical course that is progressive and unremitting (7). While lesions most frequently occur on the femoral condyles, they are also found in the elbow, wrist, ankle, and femoral head (8–12). The highest incidence rates in JOCDreproduction are among patients ages 10 and 15 years old, ranking among the most common causes of knee pain and dysfunction in young Fig. 45-1 adults (6,7,13) (Fig. 45-1). The typical presentation of OCD in the knee includes pain and swelling related to activity. Instability is not usually reported, though mechanical symptoms, such as catching and locking, usually occur in the presence of a loose body and are frequently the initial presenting symptoms. -
Osteomyelitis 78
Osteomyelitis 78 SECTION K: Bone and Joint Infections 78 Osteomyelitis Kathleen Gutierrez Osteomyelitis is inflammation of bone. Bacteria are the usual etio- months, providing a vascular connection between the metaphysis logic agents, but fungal osteomyelitis occurs occasionally. Osteo- and the epiphysis.8 As a result, in infants, infection originating in myelitis in children primarily has hematogenous origin, occurring the metaphysis can spread to the epiphysis and joint space. The less commonly as a result of trauma, surgery, or infected contigu- risk of ischemic damage to the growth plate is greater in the young ous soft tissue. Osteomyelitis due to vascular insufficiency is rare infant with osteomyelitis.9 Before puberty, the periosteum is not in children. firmly anchored to underlying bone. Infection in the metaphysis of a bone can spread to perforate the bony cortex, causing sub- ACUTE HEMATOGENOUS OSTEOMYELITIS periosteal elevation and extension into surrounding soft tissue. Bony destruction can spread to the diaphysis. By age of 2 years, Pathogenesis the cartilaginous growth plate usually prevents extension of infec- tion to the epiphysis and into the joint space. When the metaphy- Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis (AHO) is primarily a disease sis of the proximal femur or humerus is involved, however, of young children, presumably because of the rich vascular supply infection can extend into the hip or shoulder joint at any age, of their rapidly growing bones.1–3 Infecting organisms enter the because at these sites, the metaphysis is intracapsular. bone through the nutrient artery and then travel to the metaphy- Histologic features of acute osteomyelitis include localized sup- seal capillary loops, where they are deposited, replicate, and puration and abscess formation, with subsequent infarction and initiate an inflammatory response (Figure 78-1). -
1019 2 Feb 11 Weisbrode FINAL.Pages
The Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Department of Veterinary Pathology Wednesday Slide Conference 2010-2011 Conference 19 2 February 2011 Conference Moderator: Steven E. Weisbrode, DVM, PhD, Diplomate ACVP CASE I: 2173 (AFIP 2790938). Signalment: 3.5-month-old, male intact, Chow-Rottweiler cross, canine (Canis familiaris). History: This 3.5-month-old male Chow-Rottweiler mixed breed dog was presented to a veterinary clinic with severe neck pain. No cervical vertebral lesions were seen radiographically. The dog responded to symptomatic treatment. A week later the dog again presented with neck pain and sternal recumbency. The nose was swollen, and the submandibular and popliteal lymph nodes were moderately enlarged. The body temperature was normal. A complete blood count (CBC) revealed a marked lymphocytosis (23,800 lymphocytes/uI). Over a 3-4 hour period there was a noticeable increase in the size of all peripheral lymph nodes. Treatment included systemic antibiotics and corticosteroids. The dog became ataxic and developed partial paralysis. The neurologic signs waxed and waned over a period of 7 days, and the lymphadenopathy persisted. The peripheral blood lymphocyte count 5 days after the first CBC was done revealed a lymphocyte count of 6,000 lymphocytes/uI. The clinical signs became progressively worse, and the dog was euthanized two weeks after the initial presentation. Laboratory Results: Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of bone marrow and lymph node sections revealed that tumor cells were negative for CD3 and CD79α. Gross Pathology: Marked generalized lymph node enlargement was found. Cut surfaces of the nodes bulged out and had a white homogeneous appearance. The spleen was enlarged and meaty. -
Osteochondral Injury of the Knee
® Volume 2, Part 3 December 2005 ORTHOPAEDIC SPORTS MEDICINE Board Review Manual Osteochondral Injury of the Knee Endorsed by the Association for Hospital www.turner-white.com Medical Education Your vision is our new bottom line. The company long respected for advancing the science of cartilage repair has more to offer than you ever anticipated. An established leader in the development of biomaterials and cell therapies, Genzyme Biosurgery is excited to now be driving the marketing and distribution of Synvisc® (hylan G-F 20). And our pioneering research into novel OA and cartilage repair solutions is destined to redefine the field of orthobiologics. So take a second look at Genzyme Biosurgery. What you see may surprise you. Genzyme Biosurgery 55 Cambridge Parkway Cambridge, MA 02142 GENZYME and SYNVISC are registered 1-800-901-7251 trademarks of Genzyme Corporation. www.genzymebiosurgery.com ® ORTHOPAEDIC SPORTS MEDICINE BOARD REVIEW MANUAL STATEMENT OF EDITORIAL PURPOSE Osteochondral Injury The Hospital Physician Orthopaedic Sports Medi- cine Board Review Manual is a peer-reviewed of the Knee study guide for orthopaedic sports medicine fellows and practicing orthopaedic surgeons. Contributors: Each manual reviews a topic essential to the current practice of orthopaedic sports medi- Jason M. Scopp, MD cine. Director, Cartilage Restoration Center, Peninsula Orthopaedic Associates, PA, Salisbury, MD PUBLISHING STAFF PRESIDENT, GROUP PUBLISHER Bert R. Mandelbaum, MD Bruce M. White Fellowship Director, Santa Monica Orthopaedic EDITORIAL DIRECTOR and Sports Medicine Group, Santa Monica, CA Debra Dreger ASSOCIATE EDITOR Editor: Tricia Faggioli Andrew J. Cosgarea, MD EDITORIAL ASSISTANT Associate Professor, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Farrawh Charles Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT Barbara T. -
Anterior Impingement with Exostosis and Fragmentation of the Talus
ANTEROIR IMPINGEMENT WITH EXOSTOSIS AND FRAGMENTATION OF THE TALUS, NAVICULAR AND TIBIA IN A MALE COLLEGIATE BASKETBALL PLAYER Belter CA, Lopez RM, McDermott BP; University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT Background: During a regular season game, a 20-year-old male collegiate division I basketball player landed on an opponent’s foot after an offensive rebound. He inverted his right ankle but did not feel or hear a “pop.” He had experienced a grade one ankle sprain on the same ankle during preseason play. Upon evaluation, the athlete showed no signs of deformity. He was point tender over the anterior talofibular, calcaneofibular, and posterior talofibular ligaments. Passive range of motion (ROM) was within normal limits; however, active ROM was limited in plantarflexion and dorsiflexion. Manual muscle testing elicited soreness, but was within normal limits. All neurological tests were normal. An anterior drawer test was positive with increased laxity when compared bilaterally. The talar tilt test was negative. Differential Diagnosis: Ankle syndesmodic sprain, tarsal stress fracture, osteochondritis dissecans (OCD), lateral ankle sprain, anterior impingement with exostosis. Treatment: The team physician ordered an X-ray due to the athlete’s previous history of ankle sprains. Radiographs were negative for fractures but revealed bone spurs that were deemed asymptomatic. The athlete was given a walking boot for two days. He completed rehabilitation for a lateral ankle sprain that consisted of ice and compression, proprioception exercises, calf raises, calf stretches, and stability and agility exercises. Four days post injury, the athlete participated in a competition for approximately twenty minutes. He did not compete in subsequent competitions secondary to pain, weakness and an inability to complete prior practices. -
Human Osteology Method Statement N
Human osteology method statement N. Powers (ed) Published online March 2008 Revised February 2012 2 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Museum of London Archaeology Centre for Human Bioarchaeology Service (MoLAS) (CHB) Brian Connell HND MSc Jelena Bekvalac BA MSc Amy Gray Jones BSc MSc Lynne Cowal BSc MSc Natasha Powers BSc MSc MIFA RFP Tania Kausmally BSc MSc Rebecca Redfern BA MSc PhD Richard Mikulski BA MSc Don Walker BA MSc AIFA Bill White Dip Arch FRSC FSA 3 CONTENTS Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 8 1 Preservation and archaeological data................................................................... 9 2 Catalogue of completeness ................................................................................... 10 2.1 Cranial elements ..................................................................................................... 10 2.2 Post-cranial elements.............................................................................................. 10 2.3 Cartilage.................................................................................................................. 11 2.4 Dentition ................................................................................................................. 11 3 Age at death estimation........................................................................................ 12 3.1 Subadult age at death............................................................................................. -
Juvenile Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Knee: Current Trends in Diagnostic and Treatment
www.medigraphic.org.mx Revista Mexicana de ORTOPEDIA PEDIÁTRICA Vol. 20, Núm. 1 Enero-Abril 2018 REVIEW pp. 34-43 Juvenile osteochondritis dissecans of the knee: current trends in diagnostic and treatment Javier Masquijo* Sanatorio Allende, Córdoba, Argentina. SUMMARY RESUMEN Juvenile osteochondritis dissecans (JOCD) is an acquired La osteocondritis disecante juvenil (OCDJ) es una condición ad- condition of the joint that affects the articular surface and quirida de la articulación que afecta a la superficie articular y el the subchondral bone in skeletally immature patients. Natural hueso subcondral en pacientes esqueléticamente inmaduros. La history is poorly characterized based on limited information historia natural ha sido pobremente caracterizada basada en in- from retrospective case series. Although JOCD generally formación limitada de series de casos retrospectivas. La OCDJ se presents as a stable lesion amenable to nonoperative treatment puede presentar como una lesión estable que puede ser tratada or minimally-invasive drilling, unstable forms can require a en forma no quirúrgica, o en ocasiones con tratamientos míni- more aggressive approach. Early diagnosis and treatment is mamente invasivos como la perforación artroscópica. Las formas essential to prevent further cartilage destruction, and preserve más inestables pueden requerir un tratamiento más agresivo. El joint function. This article review the most recent literature diagnóstico y tratamiento tempranos son esenciales para prevenir available, and focuses on the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and la destrucción del cartílago y preservar la función articular. Este treatment of JOCD of the knee. artículo es una revisión de la literatura más reciente enfocándose Evidence level: V en la fisiopatología, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la OCDJ.